g^ijarji' _.ai^;

.%. r

is^ , w.;i^.. «^. ^.. ^^.. «^^. .^ w »' * '^..

:^%i«iir.-*f

-^■♦..'^'^'"ifer' ** ?^ *^ ^, B. If- f.. 1.. *■ t ._'r,... w„

:. ":il?:^fL' T...

1^ -m? w.

Sfe ^'^^^^

2^: f;r:r

M. tr-' 1^; r

^, r f :_ :r

frir: B-;: :rl'r'^t/'!i•

5r T^ •«! " :r 'S» »' fe ©^ r- w w T It: '

f. *■ ^ -^

t^: t

. e i? '3?

»\ »■

■. !^ , 3*' i

b5\Hb

2.H37 V.6

Divis,on.ti";i.\^5 Secti on j_^iVri O i

Explanation of Jhvh, Colors, &c.

For Jhvh (that is, Va/rcvav), the Hebrew name of the Supreme Being, erroneously written and pronounced Jehovah, see Introductory Remarks prefixed to the Translation, p. viii, 1. 39'.

^Explanation of the Colors employed in the Book of Joshua is jjiven on p. 45, 11. 43 ff

Explanations of Critical Marks, Italics, Footnotes, Marginal Figures, Heavy-faced Numerals, References to Biblical Passages, Untranslated Hebrew Words, Transliteration of Oriental Names, Spel- ling, Abbreviations, are given in the Introductory Remarks, pp. v-viii.

\

EGYPTIAN AND IinTlTK CHAKlOTS ( AUL" SIMRHL) (See p.gi, /.j7>

ZU (§oo& of ^oefim

BENNETT

Co/'yi^kt, tStjg, by Paul Haupt

L_x^u.\\^T^. \ o-\ o . \\U\uvi\

^T

THE SACRED BOOKS

OP~ THE

Oft) an^ (Ttett) Zc^tamcnt^

A NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION

With Explanatory Notes and Pictorial Illustrations

9

PREPARED BY

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AND EDITED WITH THE ASSISTANCE ^OF HORACE HOWARD FURNESS

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PROFESSOR IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

BALTIMORI-

«

PART 6 Z^e (good of Joogua

TRANSLATHD BY

W ■ H • BENNETT

(new ^orft

DODD, MEAD, AND COMPANY

1899 £on6on ^tutfgarf

JAMES CLARKE AND COMPANY DEUTSCHE VERLAGS-ANSTALT

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THE

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A NEW FNGLISH TRANSLATION

PRINTED IN COLORS EXHIBITING THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK

(PE)tt0 6irpfana(orj (llotce

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The Rev. AV • H • BENNETT, M.A.

PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND LITERATUkE,

HACKNEY AND NEW COLLEGES, LONDON, SOMETIME

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iMr^

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J^v'' I' ^,",' i 1 1" present rendering of the Old Testament is not a revision of S . 1 ./^^ t'i>^ Authorized Version, but a New Translation from the Hebrew,

1

((^'\' I' ' ' 3 '" modern English. The aim has been to render the sense of ( -^^ t,'-'^ i^ tlie original as faithfully as possible rather than to sacrifice that 5 ( TL>-1<:. T)} S'^"se in order to give a literal translation.

jg, ^^f- ^x Tliis new Translation appeals to all interested in the Bible.

H ^ X The Explanatory Notes are free from technical details which .0. A .a. have no interest for the average reader. We had no desire (as

the translators of the Authorized Version say in their Preface) 10 /t> wciiiy the unlearned, ivho need 7iot know so imich; and trouble the learned, who know it already. The reader may rest assured, however, that all variations from the Authorized Version in the present Translation are the results of the ripest Biblical scholarship of the present generation both in Europe and in America. The translation is based throughout on the new critical edition of the 15 Hebrew text of the Old Testament, published under the auspices of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Departures from the Received Text are indicated by special marks, whereby the reader can see at a glance whether a variation is based on parallel passages, or on the authority of the Ancient Versions, or is merely a conjectural emenda- 20 tion, &c. These critical marks are, designedly, so unobtrusive as not to inter- fere with the comfort of the ordinary reader ; they are mainly intended for the benefit of those who are interested in the details of textual criticism.

<Expfa«a''on of Crittcaf (Jllarfto.

(i) - > (/. f. \ = Versions) indicate a reading adopted on the authority of 25 the Ancient Versions {Septuagint, Pcshita, Targums, Vulgate, &c., in reference to which the reader may consult the Preface to the Authorized Version, also the List of Abbreviations below, p. viii, under LXX, Pesh., Targ., Vulg. ). The marks «">, -*-, &c. indicate that the footnotes [cf. below, p. vi, 1. 32) to which those letters refer are omitted in the Ancient Versions. Punctuation marks 30 enclosed in <» (e. g. Joshua, p. 22, 1. 15) indicate that this punctuation has been adopted on the authority of the Ancient Versions.

(2) < > {i. e. Q = conjecture) indicate Conjectural Emendations.

(3) ■ ' (;'. f. 3, the first letter of the Hebrew word "lip: niqqi'id 'punctua- tion ' ) indicate changes involving merely a different division of the consonantal 35

yoshtta

VI — »+e^*!BSs- 3nlro6uc'org (Rctnarfta -«»«3*<^

text, or a departure from the vowel-points which tlie so-called Masorites added to the original consonantal text in the eighth and ninth centuries A. D.

(4) - « (/. e.Q= Qire) indicate that the marginal reading (Heb. QPrC' 'what is to be read') has been adopted instead of the Kf/hib 'what is written.' 5 (5) ' ' indicate changes introduced by reason of Parallel Passages.

(6) ' ■ indicate Doubtful Words or Passages.

(7) • • indicate deviations from the Received (or Masoretic) Text, suggested by the Versions as well as by Parallel Passages.

(8) ■ > indicate departures from the Masoretic reading of the consonantal 10 text, which are supported by the Ancient Versions.

(9) In cases where critical marks occur without any letters or words between them («-, <>, &c. ), Omissions are indicated, based on the Versions or on Conjectural Emendations, &c.

(10) •• indicate words implied, but not expressed, in the Hebrew. These 15 marks, therefore, take the place of Ilalics in the Authorized Version.

(11) [ ] indicate Transposed Passages, the traditional position of the words in the Received Text being marked by [], while the transposed words are enclosed in [ ] ; see e. g. p. 5, II. i . 31 ; p. 29, 1. 40 ; p. 30, I. 2.

(12) I {e. g. p. 22, 1. 15; p. 25, I. 4 ; p. 29, 1. 39) indicates transposition of the 20 Masoretic ": " which marks the end of a verse in the Hebrew Te.xt.

{13) indicate Corrupt and Unintelligible Passages.

{14) « * * * * indicate Lacunce in tlie Hebrew Text. (15) For the symbols --, see below, p. 46. 1. 27.

(Erpfanafion of Cofore.

25 Older incorporated documents or later sections in Biblical Books of a com-

posite character are printed on backgrounds of different colors. The explana- tion of the colors employed in Joshua is given on p. 45, 11. 43 ff.

3faftce.

Passages printed in Italics (e.g. p. 7, 11. 16-22) represent Redactional 30 Additions ; cf. p. 46, 1. 15 ; p. 61, 1. 37, &c.

Words or passages printed as notes at the bottom of the pages of the translation {e. g. p. 35) represent subsequent additions to the original text.

(Jtlargtnaf jftgurce.

35 In the Explanatory Notes the figures in the margin on the right refer to

the chapters and verses commented on ; the figures in the margin on the left merely number the lines. On those pages, however, where there are no references to chapters and verses in the margin the line-numbers are placed in the outer margin. In the Translation the lines are always numbered in the

40 inner margin, while the traditional numbers of the chapters and verses are placed in the outer margin.

15«a»g-fac«6 (Uumt-rafo.

Heavy-faced numerals are used instead of Roman letters to distinguish the number of the chapter from the number of the verse ; c. g. Ps. 88 , 8 = Psalm 45 Ixxxviii, verse 8; but Pss. 88. 89 = Psalm Ixxxviii and Psalm Ixxxix.

— •■*e#^*- 3nfto>ucforg (JlemarRe

(Pefe«ncc6 (o (JftBficaf (paaaagcs.

References to Biblical passages follow, throughout, the Authorized Version, not the Hebrew Text. It is well known that the division of the chapters is occasionally not the same in the Hebrew and in the English Bibles. Where the numeration of the Hebrew te.Kt differs it has sometimes been added in parenthesis 5 {e- S- P- 59. 1- 51)-

(UntranafatcS ^tixtn (JDorie.

A few Hebrew words have been left untranslated, viz. ben, the Hebrew word for son (e. g. Joshua beti - Nun = Joshua, the son of Nun); Shedl (Heb. shi'ol), the abode of departed spirits, the habitation of the dead (Greek Hades); 10 Ashcrdh, the sacred post or pole beside an altar (see Ezekiel, p. 106, 1. 47J ; Negeb, the steppe-like region in the South of Palestine (see Joshua, p. 73. 1. 19); Arabah, the deep depression of the Jordan Valley extending from the Sea of Galilee to the eastern gulf of the Red Sea (see p. 60, 1. 17) ; Selah at the end of certain stanzas in the Psalms (see Psalms, p. 165, 1. 8) ; Satan, in 15 Hehre-w = adversary, accuser (see Notes on Ps. 109,6); Hallelujah (Ps. 104,35 &c.) = Praise ye Jah (a shorter form of Jhvh) ; Sabaoth (cf. Jas. 5,4; Rom. 9, 29 = Is. 1,9) in the name Jhvh Sabaoth, Jhvh of the Hosts, /. e. the God of the armies of Israel (i Sam. 17,45; cf. Pss. 44,9; 60 , 10 = 108, 11). For Jhvh, see below, List of Abbreviations, p. viii. 20

S^ranefitcratton of Ortcnfaf (Hamce.

All Biblical names are given in the form used in the Authorized Version. In the transliteration of other Hebrew words, or of modern Oriental (Arabic) names, the vowels have their Italian sounds: a is like the a m far ox father; i is the i in marine ; and li = 00 in cool ; e = a in name ; short / = / in pin ; 25 &c. (e. g. Tel-Abu-Oudes = Tel-Aboo-Koodace). As to the consonants, j awA y are pronounced as in English ; g has about the same sound as English c in cool (not as k in keel, or qu in queen) ; ' is the Arabic Ain, the voiced form of the Arabic h which may be described as a stronger variety of our /; ; kh is the guttural ch in German or Scotch loch (Spanish x or/); f is a modification of 30 our J (with an inner rounding), which aflects the pronunciation of the following vowels (e. g. (in, not = seen, but more like sane; (d = saw. Sec). In the majority of English books of a popular character the letters k and 5 are used for q and f, respectively (e. g. el-Aksa for el-Aqfd; see Psalms, p. 235, 1. 3S).

^fcffing.

English readers who object to the 'American' spelling, honor, &c., may be referred to Henry Sweet's New English Grammar (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892), p. xi and § 1710, &c., or to Dr. Murray's remarks on the spelling of a.v in the Nezv English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Clarendon Press).

ilSBrevtattone.

I, 2, 3, &c., before the name of a » stands for first part (or first line) Biblical book, stand for First Book, of a verse. Subdivisions of parts of Second Book, Third Book, &c.. respec- verses are indicated by ° ", respec- tively: I Kings is the First Book of lively; e. g. 2,14a* (Judges, p. 54, Kings. 1. 36) refers to the second clause (*) 45

^, or 3, S:c.. after the title of a book of the first part (^) of the verse (and stands for second or third editions, re- _ delivered them to spoilers who despoiled

spectively. — For E', &c., see E, &c. them). In reference to lines of pages

— »*e^«ai- 3t>tro6uctorg (RcmarRs -^xmff^t^ —

piiiiled in two columns, -i and L> mean first and second columns, respectively.

(u/ loc. = On the passage.

A KV = Authorized and Revised 5 Versions.

AV = Authorized Version.

AV" = Authorized Version, mar- gin.

*> = Second part (or second line) 10 of a verse ; also second column ; see '^.

c = Third part (or third line) of a verse ; see ".

c, or C. = Cha])ter.

cc, or CC.= Chapters. 15 Cant. = Song of Solomon ( Canli-

c/es).

Chr., or Chron. = Chronicles.

d = Fourth part (or fourth line) of a verse ; see ». 20 D = Deuteronomy, or the author of

Deuteronomy; see Joshua, p. 44, 1. 11.

E = Ephraimitic Document ; see Joshua, p. 45, 1. 48 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 24.

E'^ = Later additions to E ; see 25 Joshua, p. 45, 1. 49 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 40.

f =: and the following verse (or line, or page, &c. ).

IT.= and the following verses (or lines, or pages, &c. ). 30 H = The Law of Holiness (Lev.

17-26) ; see Leviticus, p. 56, 1. 22.

)= Judaic Document; see Joshua, p. 45, 1. 44 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 23.

J^= Later additions to J; see 35 Joshua, p. 45, 1. 45.

JE = The Prophetical Narrative of the Hexateuch, composed of J and E ; see Joshua, p. 45, 1. 51.

Jhvh = the Hebrew name of the 40 Supreme Being, erroneously written and pronounced Jehovah. The true pronunciation is Yahivay, or Jahveh, the j =y, as in Hallelujah, and the e as in English where, there ; the first // 45 should be sounded as an aspirate, and the accent is on the last syllable. The

monstrous form Jehovah (which is a combination of the consonants of Jhvh with the vowels of the Hebrew word for Lord, Adonai) was first introduced by a Franciscan Friar, Petrl's Galatinus, in 1516 A. D. See Psalms, p. 163, 11, 36 ff.

LXX = Septuagint, the ancient Greek Version of OT, made in Egypt by Hellenistic Jews (3<'-is< cent. B.C.).

" = margin. CJ. AV, RV.

NT = New Testament.

OLZ = Orientalistische Literatur- Zeituiig ( Berlin).

OT = Old Testament.

P = Priestly Code ; see Leviticus, P- 56 ; Joshua, p. 44, 1. 19.

P* = Later additions to P ; see Joshua, p. 46, 1. 7 ; Leviticus, p. 58, 1. 7.

Pesh.= Peshita, the earliest Syriac Version of the Old Testament.

PSBA= Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology (London).

R = Redactor or editor.

R'' = Deuteronomistic editors ; see Joshua, p. 46, 1. 24.

RJE = Redactor of JE ; see Joshua, p. 46, I. 21 ; Judges, p. 46, II. 26.45.

R''= Priestly editors; see Joshua, p. 46, I. 19.

RT = Received Text ; see above, p. vi, 1. 7.

RV = Revised Version.

RV*' = Revised Version, margin.

Sir. = Ecclesiasticus (The Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach).

Targ. = Targum, the Jewish trans- lation or paraphrase of the Scriptures in the Western Aramaic dialect.

v., or V.= Verse.

vv., or VV.= Verses.

Vulg. = X'ulgate, the ancient Latin Version of the Bible, made by St. Jerome about 400 A. d.

ZA = Zcitsehrift fiir Assyriologie.

ZAT = Zeitschrijt Jiir die alttesta- nientliche Wissenschaft (Giessen).

For a complete List of Abbreviations (including a large number which would not require explanation if the present Translation were for the exclusive use of American or English readers) as well as for the extremely instructive 50 Extracts from the Preface to the Authorized Version, admirably illustrating tlie principles which have guided us in preparing this new translation of the Scrip- tures, the reader may consult the Introductory Remarks prefixed to the Books of Judges, Isaiah, and Psalms, pp. vii-.xii.

ybshua

CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF DL'SHRATTA TO AMHNol'HIS IV. <Sff /.JO, l.igy

^oe^ua

U C^e ConquBt

^fl

Z?>i Borb'e Charge (o ^oegua.

)FTER the death of Moses, the Servant' of Jhvh, i , i Jhvh spoke to Joshua ben-Nun, the Minister' of 'm Moses, thus : My Servant' Moses is dead ; now 2 *;''"i|* therefore arise, pass here over the Jordan, thou and all this people, to the land which I am about to give them.<°> I have given you every place upon 3 *^ ^^ * which the sole of your foot shall tread, as I said J 'a* I to Moses. Your territory shall extend from the 4 10 ■'• Wilderness and the Lebanon yonder to the Great

River, the river Euphrates,-*- and westward to the Great Sea.' No 5 one shall hold his own against thee all the days of thy life : as I was with Moses, I will be with thee ; I will not fail thee nor forsake thee.'' Be strong and firm, for thou thyself shalt 6 15 cause this people to inherit the land which I swore to their fathers to give them. Only be thou very strong and firm to observe 7 faithfulh' alU'. that my Servant Moses commanded thee; do not turn from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayst deal prudently whithersoever thou goest. This book of the Law 8

1,2 -to the Israelites

4 *all the land of the HittitesS

7 ' the Law

1,9-2,2 ^'S'OjtEafr ^oe^uA ■

I shall not depart from thy mouth, but thou shalt meditate thereon day and night,' that thou ma)-st observe faithfully all that is written therein ; then wilt thou make thy way prosperous, and thou wilt

9 deal prudcntl)-. Have I not commanded thee? Be strong and firm, neither fearful nor dismayed : thy God, Jiivh, is with thee 5 whithersoever thou goest.

^oe^ua'e Cgarge (0 t^i ©fftcere

and to the Two Tribes and to the Half-tribe.

'°'J

OSHUA commanded the officers* of the people, as follows: Pass through the midst of the camp, and thus command the people : 10 Prepare yourselves food; for, three days hence, ^ ye shall here pass over the Jordan to take possession of the land, of which your

12 God, Jhvh, is about to give you possession. And to the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh Joshua spoke, as follows:

13 Remember the charge which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave 15 you: your God, Jhvh, gives you a permanent abode, and n givetsi

14 you this land. Your wives, little ones, and cattle, shall dwell in the land which Moses gave you beyond the Jordan;^ but )-ou yourselves, all the fighting men, shall pass over in battle array at

15 the head of your brethren, and shall help them, until Jhvh give 20 rest to your fellow-tribesmen as well as to you, and they also pos- sess the land which your God, Jhvh, is going to give them ; then shall ye return to the land of your possession,*"- which Moses, the

16 Servant of Jhvh, gave you beyond the Jordan, eastward. They answered Joshua: All that thou hast commanded us, we will 25

17 do; and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go ; we will obey thee in all things as we obeyed Moses ; only thy God, Jhvh, be

18 with thee, as He was with Moses! \Vhosoe\-er rebels against thy commandment, and does not obey in all that thou commandest him, shall be put to death; only be strong and firm! 30

(Kafiafi anb f6c ^ptee.

, I T OSHUA ben-Nun sent secreth' from Shittim' two men as sjjies,

I commanding them: Go, note the land and ♦city of* Jericho. -

Tlic\- went, 3 and entered the house of a harlot, whose name

2 was Kah;il),' and there they la)' ilnw n to sleep, And it was told 35

to the King of Jericho : Behold, some Israelites came here last

I, 15 "and possess it

z ■;

^«*e#8€Bi- ^o^^"" -'v'***^'*'*^^ 2,3-19

night to spy out the land. Then the King of Jericho sent to 3 , 3 Rahab, thus commanding her : Bring forth the men who came to thee ;" they have come to spy out the whole land. But the 4 woman took the two men, and hid=> *them*, and said: The

5 men, indeed, came to me, but I knew not whence they were; when the gate was about to be shut at dark, the men went out; 5 I know not whither they went ; pursue them quickly, and ye will catch them. But she had taken them up to the roof, and 6 hidden them under the fla.x-stalks which she had there spread out.

10 So the men pursued them by the road toward the Jordan, as 7 far as the fords, and as soon as the pursuers had gone out they shut the gate. »The men* were not yet lain down, when .Rahab* 8 came up to them on the roof and said: I know that Jii\h 9 has given you the land, and that the fear of you has fallen upon

15 us, and that all the inhabitants of the land are faint-hearted at your approach ;5 .for we have heard how Jhvh dried up the 10 waters of the Red Sea before you, when ye came out of Egypt, and what ye did to Sihon and Og,'' the kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the Jordan. When we heard that, our hearts n

20 trembled, and there was not a man here whose spirit did not sink at your approach; your God, Jhvh, He is God in heaven abo\'e

12

and on earth beneath. Therefore, now swear to me by Jh\ii that because I have dealt kindly with you, )-e also will deal kindly with my family, and give me a sure sign,' and that ye will spare the 13

25 lives of my father and mother and brothers and sisters and all that belong to them, and that ye will deliver us from death. The 14 men said to her: Our lives for yours,* if ye do not betnu' this matter of ours; and when Jhvh gives us the land, we will deal kindly and truly with thee. She let them down by a rope through 15

30 the window ;9 <'''(she dwelt upon the wall). She said to them : i5 Get to the Hill-country, lest the pursuers come upon you ; hide there three days, until the pursuers are returned ; afterward ye may go your way. The men said to !icr .- Wc ivill not be bound by 17 this oath ivhich thou hast made iis s7oea/-, ^unless., when wc come is

35 into the land, thou tie this scarlet thread to the window throui^h iv/iieh thou hast let us down, and gather to thee into the house thy father and mother and brothers and all thy relatives. No 19 blame shall attach to us for the death of any one who goes forth from the doors of thy house into the street ; but for the death

>

2,3 "who came to thy house 15 ^for her house was upon the town-wall

2,20-4,3 — •*«^«sas- 3«s6"i -s®*^**"*— 4

2 of any one who is with thee in the house, if any lay hand on

20 him, thou mayst call us to account ; if, however, thou betray this matter of ours, we will not be bound by the oath which thou hast

21 made us swear. She said: Be it according to your words! Then she sent them away, and they departed ; and she tied the scarlet 5

22 thread to the window. They departed, and came to the Hill-country, and stayed there three days until the pursuers were returned. The

23 pursuers had searched all the way, but did not find them. Then the two men returned, and came down from the Hill-country, and crossed over, and came to Joshua ben-Nun, and told him all that 10

24 had happened to them. They said to Joshua: Juvii has given the whole land into our hand, and the inhabitants of the land are faint-hearted at our approach.

, I TOSHUA rose early in the morning, and they moved from 15 I Shittim, and came to the Jordan,' he and all the Israelites, and (,'

2 spent the night there before they crossed ov'er. After three

3 days the officers went through the camp, and commanded the people, as follows : When ye see the Ark of the Covenant of your God, Jrvh,"" and the Levitical priests bearing it, then shall 20

4 ye also bestir yourselves, and follow it; (but between you and it there shall be a space of about tiuo thousand cubits,^ do not draw too {_y near;) that ye nmy knozv the way by which ye are to go, for yc have

5 never crossed over this Zi'ay before. Joshua said to the people: Purify*

6 yourselves, for to-morrow Juvit will do wonders among you. And 25 to the priests Joshua said : Take up the Ark of the Covenant, and pass on at the head of the people ; so the\' took up the Ark

7 of the Covenant, and went at the head of the people. Jiuii

said to Joshua: This day will I begin to exalt thee in the eyes ^O ' of all the people of Israel, that they may know that as I was 30 , I with Aloses so will I be with thee.' t[jH\'H spoke to Joshua as

2 follows : Take twelve men of the people, a man from each

3 tribe, and thus command them : Take from the midst of the Jordan, from the place where the feet of the priests .shall stand firm, twehe stones, and carr}' them o\'er with you, and lay 35

5 ^**e#e@> 3"*^'"* "*SSs#a** — 3.S-4,7

them down in the place where ye are to spend the night.] Thou 3,! shalt thus command the priests who bear the Ark of tlie Covenant : When ye come to the edge of the water of the Jordan, ye shall stand still in the Jordan. Joshua said to the Israelites : Come 9 r\ 5 hither, and hear the words of your God, Jhvh. Joshua said : 10^ Hereby shall ye know that there is a Living God" among you who will assuredly at your approach dispossess the Canaanites, Hittites, Hivitcs, Perizzites, Girgashites, Amorites, and Jebusites. Behold, the n Ark of the Covenant 0/ the Lord of tlic ivliolc earth passes 'on into

10 the Jordan at the head of you. Now take twelve men of the tribes 12 of Israel, a man from each tribe. When the soles of the feet of 13 the priests who bear the Ark of Jhvh, the Lord of the zvliole eartli, rest in the water of the Jordan, the water of the Jordan shall be cut off: the water that comes down from above shall stand in one

15 heap. When the people moved from their tents to cross the 14 Jordan, the priests bearing the Ark of the Covenant at the head of ,-'' " the people, — when the-^ priests> who bore the Ark came to the 15 Jordan, and the feet of the priests who bore the Ark were dipped v

in the edge of the water (now the Jordan overflowed all its /

20 banks all the days of the harx-esf), the waters which came down 16 -^ from above stood still : they rose up in one heap, very far off at Adam,^ the city which is beside Zaretan ;» and the water that went down to the Sea of the Arabah,'° the Salt Sea," failed, was cut off; so the people crossed over opposite Jericho, and the priests 17

25 who bore the Ark of the Covenant of Jhi'H stood still on dry ground, firm in the midst of the Jordan, while all Israel were passing over on dry ground, until the whole nation had finished passing over the Jordan.

(Etechon of a QUonumcnt.

30 "\ ^ THEN the whole nation had finished passing over the 4,1 V V Jordan [] Joshua called the twelve men whom he had 4 provided from the Israelites, a man from each tribe. Joshua said 5 to them : Pass into the midst of the Jordan before the Ark of the Covenant of your God, Jhvh^ and let every man take up a stone

35 on his shoulders, according to the number of the tribes of Israel, that there may be a monument among you, so that when your chil- 6 dren ask you hereafter: What is the meaning of these stones? then 7 ye may tell them : ^They are a memorial of the day* when the water of the Jordan was cut off at the approach of the Ark of the

40 Covenant of Jhvh (when it passed over the Jordan the water

4 of the Jordan was cut off); they shall be a memorial to the

5 Israelites for ever. So the Israelites did as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones from the midst of the Jordan, according to the number of the tribes of the I'sraelites, as Jhvh had com- manded Joshua ; they took them to the place where they passed 5

9 the nii^ht, and there laid them down. Twelve stones did Joshua set u]} in the midst of the Jordan, in the place where the feet of the priests who bore the Ark of the Covenant stood firm,

10 and those < stones* are still there to-day. The priests who bore

the Ark stood still in the midst of the Jordan until cvcrytliing -was 10 T) accoinplislicd wJiicIi Jhvh liad cininnandcd Joshua to speak to tin-

\\ people y' ■ and the people passed over in haste; and when the people had finished passing over, the Ark of Jiivii and the

12 priests^ passed over to the head of the people. The Reubenites, - the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh passed over in battle 15,:^ array at the head of the Israelites, as Moses had commanded them. 3

13 About forty thousand men equipped for ivar'' passed over in the

14 presence of Jhvh to battle, to the plains of Jericho. On that day Jhvh exalted Joshua in the eyes of all Israel, and they feared him

15 as they feared Moses all the days of his life,^ Jhvh said to Joshua: 20 i5 Command the priests who bear the Ark of the -Covenant- ,'' that

17 they come up out of the Jordan. Then Joshua commanded the

18 priests : Come up out of the Jordan! When the priests who bore the Ark of the Covenant of Jhvh came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests were set 25 upon dry ground, the water of the Jordan returned to its place,

19 and overflowed all its banks as before. The people went up from the Jordan on the tenth day of the first month,'' and encamped

20 in GilgaP at the eastern extremit\- of the territory of Jericho. Those f\ Q t-welve stones 7ohieh they had takoi from the Jordan Josluia set up in 30 ' '- '

21 GUgal. Tiien he spoke thus to the Israelites: When hereafter

22 your children ask their fathers : What mean these stones ? then \'e may tell your children : Israel passed over the Jordan on dry

23 land, because your God, Jh\ii, drictl up the water of the Jordan

at your approach until ye had passed o\er (as your God, Jhvh, 35 had done to the Red Sea, which He dried up at our approach j^

24 until we had passed o\'er) ; so that all the peoples of the earth may know that the hand of Jii\ii is strong, and that itheyi may fear' your God, Jhvh, for ever.

4,10 "ju.st ;i,s Moses had commanded Josliua'

7 — !>*^gS»- ^oe^ua -sS?*|eM-=— 5,1-12

When all the kings of the Amorites beyond the Jordan, westward, 5,1

and all the kings of the Canaanites near the Sea, heard how Jhvh

had dried up the water of the Jordan at the approach of the

Israelites until otheya ' had passed over, their heart trembled,

5 and at the approach of the Israelites there was no more spirit in them.

Ctrcumcteton/

AT that time Jhvh said to Joshua: Make thee stone knives, 3 2 1\. and circumcise the Israelites again, a second t'uiic -, and Joshua 3 made him stone knives, and circumcised the Israelites at the Hill

10 of the Foreskins. This is the reason^ why Joshua circumcised 4 ♦them* : all the people who came out of Egypt, tlic males, all tlic armed jiicii, had died in the Wilderness, on the journey as they came out of Egypt. All the people who came out were circumcised, 5 but all the people born in the Wilderness on the journey, as they

15 came out of Egypt, had been left uncircumcised. The Israelites 6 journeyed forty years in the Wilderness until an end zvas made of the ivholc nation, the figlijing men tvho came out from Egypt, zvho did not listen to the voice of fHVH, to whom [hI'H szcore that He zcould not shozu them the land, zvhich jHl'H had szvorn to their fathers to give

20 ns,^ a land flozving zvith mUk and honey ; their children zvhom He 7 had raised up in their stead, those did foshua circumcise, because they zcere uncircumcised, they had not been circumcised on the journey. After the whole nation had been circumcised, they remained there S in camp, till they were healed. Jhvh said to Joshua: This day 9

25 have I rolled off from you the reproach of Egypt;*" and the name of that place was called Gilgal *and so remains* to this day.

THE Israelites encamped at Gilgal, and kept the Passover, on 10 the fourteenth day of the month,' in the evening, on the plains 30 of Jericho. They ate what the land produced, unleavened cakes ^ n and wheat roasted at the fire, on the day following the Passover, on that very da)'. The manna ceased*"* when they ate what the 12 land produced ; the Israelites had no manna, but in that year they ate the fruit of the land of Canaan. * * * * *

5, 12 "on the following day

5>i3

5,13-6,13 _,,e»e6i:s-3oa§ua-«s*iei4->— 8

Capfam of tgc '§06t of tt)t £orb.'

(Fragment; of uiiknouii source)

WHEN Josliua was near Jerichu, he lifted up his eyes, and looked, and beheld a man standinij in front of him with a drawn sword'" in his hand. Joshua went to him, and said: Art;

14 thou for us or for our enemies? He said: Not so, but as the cap- tain of Jiivh's host am I now come. Then Joshua fell on his face to the ground, and worshiped, and said to him : What does my

15 lord say to his servant? The captain of Jhvh's host said to Joshua: Take off thy shoes, thou art standing on sacred ground!" 1 Joshua did so ***** *

J

faff of Jcrtcgo.

6,1 TERICHO had shut its gates, and was shut up at the approach of the Israelites: none went out, and none came in." But Jhvh said to Joshua: Behold I have given Jericho and its 15

3 king and fighting men into your hand ; ye shall compass the city, ij// the armed men, going once around it ; thus shalt thou do

4 six days. Seven priests shall carry in front of the Ark seven rams' horns-/ on the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven

5 times, ii'/z/A' the priests shad h/oiv the /lorns. When they blow a 20 long blast on the ram's horn, when ye hear the sound of the horn, all the people shall give a great shout, and the wall of the city will fall down flat, 3 and the people shall advance, every man

6 straight forward. Then Joshua ben-Nun called the priests, and said to them : Take up the Ark of the Covenant, and let seven 25

7 priests carry seven rams' horns in front of the Ark of Jhvh. And to the people oheo't said : Pass on, and march around the city, and

S let the armed men pass on in front of the Ark of Jhvh; .let>5 the seven priests who carry the seven rams' horns in front of Jhvh'' pass on, and bhni' the Itorns, the Ark of the Covenant of Jhvh fol- 30

9 lowing them, and the armed men going before the priests tvJio bloio the horns, the rear-guard following the Ark, /'/(n^'ino;- the Iioriis

10 as they tj^o. Joshua commanded the people, saying : Ye must not shout, nor let your \'oice be heard, nor must a word come forth out of your mouth, until I say to you: .Shout! then sliall ye 35

11 shout. He caused the Ark of Jhvh to be borne around the city, going around it once ; then they came to the camp, and spent

12 the night there. When Joshua rose early in the morning, the

13 priests took up the Ark of Jii\'h, and the se\en priests who

• 3o8^ua ^®*g3*« — 6.14-27

carried in front of the Ark of Jhvh seven rams' horns advanced, 6 b/int'ing the horns as they went, the armed men going before them, and the rear-guard following the Ark of Jhvh, I'/oi^'ing the horns ^as they z^'eiit^. On the second day they marched once 14 5 around the city, then they returned to the camp; thus they did for six days. But on the seventh day, they rose up early, when 15 the dawn began to break, and marched in this way around the city seven times. It was only on that day that they marched seven times around the city. The seventh time, when the priests blew 16

10 the horns, Joshua said to the people: Shout! Jhvh has gi\en you the city, but the city and all that is therein shall be devoted' 17 to Jhvh -, only the harlot, Rahab, shall be spared, she and all who are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers whom we sent; only beware of the devoted things lest ye <covet>* j8

15 and take any of them, and thereby make the camp of Israel 'devoted,' and bring calamity upon it; all silver and gold and 19 \'essels of bronze ' and iron are to be consecrated to |h\ii : they shall come into the treasury of Jhvh. The people shouted, while 20 ♦the priests* blew the horns, and when the people heard the sound

20 of the horn, they gave a great shout, and the wall fell do\Yn flat, 3 and they advanced to the city, each man straight onward, and took it. They 'devoted' everything that was in the city, 21 putting to the sword bcith men and women, young and old, oxen, sheep, and asses. Then Joshua said to the two men who went 22

25 to spy out the land : Go to the harlot's house, and bring out from it the woman and ev^erything belonging to her, as ye swore to her. So the young men, the spies, went, and brought out 23 Rahab, and her father and mother, and all that belonged to her; they brought out all their kindred, and plaeed them outside the camp

30 of Israel. ^° Then they burnt the city and all that was therein, 24 only the silver and gold and \'essels of bronze and iron they put into the treasury of the house of Jhvh. But Joshua spared the 25 lives of the harlot Rahab and her father's family, and all belonging to her, and she li\'ed among the Israelites, ^and her descendants

35 are here* down to this day, because she hid the messengers whom Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. At that time Joshua laid an 26 oath *upon the people*, saying: Cursed by Jhvh be the man who undertakes to rebuild this cit\- of Jericho ;

The laying of the foundation shall cost him his first-born,

40 The setting up of the gates shall cost him his youngest son ! "

Jhvh was with Joshua, and his fame was spread abroad throughout 27 the land.

7,1-15 ^»*e*etB<- 3»86m<» -**5*s**'«— lo

Jlc^an ani t{,i ©efcaf at £.i.

, I ^T^HE Israelites broke faith in the u/attcr of the devoted things:

-*■ Aehan^ ben- Car mi ben-Zabdi ben-Zerah, of the tribe of Jitdah ,

took some of the devoted things, and the anger of Jhvh was kindled

2 against the Israelites. Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai,° which 5 is near Beth-aven,3 eastward of I5eth-el, and said to them : Go up, and spy out the land. After the men were gone thither, and had

3 spied out Ai, they returned to Joshua, and said to him:'' Do not send all the people to attack Ai , but ^only* about two or three thousand men ; 'do not make all the people toil thither^ ; »the 10

4 men of Ai» are few. So there went up thither about three thou-

5 sand men of the people, but they fled before the men of Ai ; the men of Ai killed about thirty-six of them, and pursued ^tlie rest* from the gate as far as Shebarim,^ killing ♦others of» them at

:the Descent;* and the hearts of the people trembled and became 15

6 like water. Then Joshua rent his garments, and fell on his face to the ground in front of the Ark of Jhvii, until the evening, he

7 and the folders of Israel; they put dust upon their heads. Joshua said: Ah! Lord, Jhvh, why didst Thou let this people cross the Jordan *only+ to give us into the hand of the Amorites to be 20 destroyed? Would we had been content, and remained beyond

8 the Jordan! I beseech Thee,' O Lord — what can I say after

9 Israel has fled before its enemies; so that the Canaanites and all the inhabitants of the land will hear, and encompass us, and cut off

•our name from the earth; what wilt Thou do for Thy great name? 25

10 Jn\ii said to Joshua: Arise! Why art thou thus fallen upon thy

11 face? Israel has sinned, and they have also transgrcssctl my co\'e- nant which I commanded them, and have taken sonic of the devoted things, and stolen, and dealt deceitfulh', and put the de\oted things

12 among their own goods; therefore the Israelites cannot withstand their 30 ienemies; -they flee before their enemies^ because the\' ha\-e become

;' devoted.'^ I will be with \-ou no longer, unless ymi destroy the

i3:de\-oted things in the midst of you. Arise! purify' the people,

and say: Purif\' yourseh'es for to-morrow ; for thus says Jhvh,

the (iod of Israel: Devoted things are in the midst of thee, O 35

Israel, thou canst not withstand thine enemies, until ye send

14 awa\- the devoted things from the midst of you. In the morning ye shall present yourseK'es 'before Jn\l|.,"" tril)e b\- tiibe; the tribe which Jhvh takes" shall present itself, clan b\' clan; and the clan which Jinii takes sliall present itself, family by famil_\- ; and the 40

15 family which Jhvh takes shall present itself, man b)- man. He

Copyr yl t by Ji ippleta lE Co iiUe U *• of A-iieriea

VALLEY OF ACHOR

[Stt /-.ti, 1.341

7, i6-8, 2

who is found with a devoted thing shall be burnt, he and all 7 belonging to him, because he has transgressed the covenant of Jhvh, «and committed crime in Israel*.

So Joshua rose early in the morning, and presented Israel 16 5 ^before Jhvh*, tribe by tribe ; and the tribe of Judah was taken. When he presented the clantsi'^ of Judah, the clan of the Zarhites 17 iwasj tia>kceni; and when he presented the clan of the Zarhites, 'family- by <family>, Zabdi was taken ; and when he presented his 18 family, man by man, Achan ben-Carmi ben-Zabdi ben-Zerah, of the

10 tribe of Judah, was taken. Then said Joshua to Achan: My son,'^ 19 honor"' tlie God of Israel, Jhvh; make confession's to Him, and show me what thou hast done; hide it not from me! Achan answered 20 Joshua: Verily, I have sinned against tlie God of Israel, Jhvh, and thus and thus"* have I done. When I saw among the spoil 21

15 a magnificent mantle from Shinar,"' and two hundred shekels'^ of silver, »and a bar of gold fifty shekels in weight^ , I coveted them, and took them ; -the mantle is hidden*" in the ground within my tent, and the silver under it. Then Joshua .sent messengers, 22 and they ran to the tent, and ^the mantle* was hidden in his tent,

20 and the silver under it.'* They took them out of the tent, and 23 brought them to Joshua and all the Israelites,^" and laid them down before Jhvh. Then Joshua, and all Israel with him, took 24 Achan beii-Zerah,<''>^^ and his sons and daughters, his oxen, asses, and sheep, and his tent, and all belonging to him, and brought

25 them == to the Valley of Achor.^3 Joshua said: Why hast thou 25 brought calamity upon us? Jhvh will bring calamity upon thee this day. And all Israel stoned him, and they burnt them,^^ «and they stoned them- .=' They raised over him a great heap of 26 stones nvhich is* still ♦there* to-day. Then Jhvh relented.'"' There-

30 fore the name of that place is called the Valley of Achor^3 down to this day.

Conqucef of Jit.

JHV^H said to Joshua: Be not afraid or dismayed! Take with 8,1 thee all the fighting men, set forth and march against ,Ai. 35 Behold, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai with his

people, his city, and his land ; thou shalt do with Ai and its king, 2

7,21 "and they are hidden * 24 "and the silver, and the mantle, and the bar of gold

8,3- '9 ^**e*ea>- 3'"^"* ■**'*'^**''^ '^

8 as thou tlidst with Jericho and its king' (onl)- the plunder and the cattle may ye take as spoil) ;^ set an ambush for the city

3 behind it. So Joshua and all the fighting men set forth to march against Ai.' Joshua chose thirty thousand valiant men, and sent

4 them away by night, thus commanding them : Mark ! yc are to 5 lie in ambush behind the city;'' do not go very far from it, and be

5 ready all. I and all the people with me, will approach the city, and when they come out to meet us, as before, we will flee before

6 them I and when they are come out after us until we have drawn them away from the city, they will think: "They flee before us, 10

7 as before," and we will flee before them. Then shall ye come out of the ambush, and take possession of the city ; your God,

S Jin'ii, will gi\'e it into your hand. When ye seize the city, ye must set it on fire, according to the word of Jhvh. Mark!

9 I have commanded you. Then Joshua sent them forth, and they 15 went to the place of ambush, and stayed between Beth-el and Ai, westward of Ai, while Joshua passed that night in the «valley" J

10 Joshua rose early in the morning, and mustered the people ; then he and the Elders of Israel advanced to Ai at the head of the people.

11 All the fighting men with him advanced, and when they came near 20 the city, and opposite to it, they encamped to the north, so that

12 the valley was between cthem^ and it. He took about five thou- sand men, and put them in ambush between Beth-el and Ai, west

13 of -Ai'. Tlicv^ statioiiitl th: people, the iclioh- hosf iclio zccrc north of the citv, and its rear,^ west of the eity, ii'hile Joshua •passed'^ that 25

14 night in the lud/ey.^'^ When the king of Ai saw *them* he hastened, and the men of the city rose early, and marched out to meet Israel in battle, he and his people, to the =Descent^ " opposite the Arabah ; " he knew not that there was an ambush laid for him

15 behind the city. Joshua and all Israel were routed by'^ them, 30

16 and fled by the road toward the Wilderness;"'' all the people of oAia were called out to pursue them ; they pursued Joshua, and

17 ■were drawn away from the city so that there was not a man left in Ai''- who did iiot go forth after Israel. They left the city open,

iS and pursued Israel. Then Jhvh said to Joshua: Stretch forth 35 the javelin in thy hand toward Ai ; I will gi\e it into thy power. When Joshua stretched forth the javelin in his hand toward the

19 city, the ambush came out tjuickly from its place ; they ran when he stretched forth his hand, and came to the cit)^ took it, and

•f*S«gSSS§«-

8, 17 "or Beth-el

13 — »*eg{@5s- 3«83ua <-?*ss»** — 8,20-33

hastened to set fire to it. When the men of Ai turned round, 8,20 and looked, the smoke of the city went up to heaven, and they had no strength to flee one way or the other; while the ♦Israelitish* people who fled to the Wilderness turned upon their pursuers. 5 When Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the 21 city, and the smoke of the city going up, they turned and slaugh- tered the men of the city ; and those ♦who had been in ambush» 22 went out of the city to meet them so that the ♦men of Ai* were in the midst of Israel, some being on one side of them, and some

10 on the other. They were slaughtered until there was left of them neither survivor nor fugitiv'e. The king of Ai was captured alive 23 and taken before Joshua. When Israel had finished slaughtering all 24 the inhabitants of Ai "in the Wilderness, whither they had fled, and they had all been put to the sword, till an end was made of them,

15 all Israel returned to Ai, and put ^the rest of the inhabitants* to the sword. All who fell that day, both men and women, were 25 twelve thousand ; indeed, all the inhabitants of Ai. Joshua did not 26 withdraw his hand which he had stretched '5 forth with the javelin, until he had ' devoted ' all the inhabitants of Ai. Only the cattle 27

20 and the plunder of that city the Israelites took to themselves as spoil, according to the command which Jhvh had given to Joshua. Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap of ruins for ever, ^and it 28 has remained* a desolation down to this day."' The king of Ai 29 he hanged upon a tree till eventide; but at sunset'' they took

25 down the dead body from the tree, at the command of Joshua, and, having cast it down at the entrance of the gate'* of the city, they raised over it a great heap of stones ^which is* still ♦there* to-da)'.

dSftar on QUounf 66af anb (Reading of i^i Ban.

30 '' I ^HEN Joshua built an altar to the God of Israel, Jhvh, on 30

1. Mount Ebal (as Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had commanded 31

the Israelites, as it is written in the book of the Law of Moses),

an altar '9 of unhewn stones, on which no iron tool had been

used; they offered on it burnt-offerings to Jhvh, and sacrificed

35 peace-offerings ; ^° while he wrote there on the stones'" a duplicate 32 of the Law of Moses " which he had written for the Israelites. All Israel, />i>t/i strangers and tribesmen, with their elders, officers, 33 and judges stood on each side of the Ark, opposite the Levitical

S . 24 "in the field

8 . j4 - 9 . 9 — •*ese*s»- ^oe^ua -sss^sw-s — 14

8 Priests who bore the Ark of the Covenant of Juvh, half of them in front of Mount Gerizim, and half in front of Mount Ebal, according to the command which Moses, the Servant of Jiivii, had furmerl}-

34 given for the blessing"^ of the people. •"=■ Afterwards Joshua read all the words of the Law, the blessing and the curse, exactly 5

35 as it was written in the Book of the Law. There was nothing of all that Moses had commanded, that Joshua did not read before all the assembly of Israel, including the women and children, and the strangers who journeyed with them.^''

(Seneraf cSfftance againef ^evixit

J, 1 "\ ^ THEN all the kings on the twesternt side of the Jordan heard

V V thereof, *all the kings who were* in the Hill-country, in

the Lowlands, and on all the coast of the Great Sea as far as the

Lebanon, then the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites,

2 and Jebusites, tall* gathered themselves together with one accord 15 to fight against Joshua and Israel.

^frafagem of (6e (BtBeonttee.

3 T3UT when the inhabitants of Gibeon' heard what Joshua had

4 J_^ done to Jericho and to Ai, they, on their part, acted craftily, and proceeded to 'get> themselves -provisions^ *for a journe)-*. They 20 took worn-out sacks for ^the backs of* their as.ses, and worn-out

5 wine-skins that had burst and been mended ;3 they put on worn- out, patched shoes and worn-out clothes ; all the bread the\^ had

6 provided was dry and crumbled to pieces. t Then they came to Joshua, to the camp at Gilgal,' and said fo liini and to the Men 25 of Israel : We are come from a far country ; now, therefore, make

7 a treaty with us. The men of Israel said to the Hivites .- Per- haps ye live within our .country.; how then can we make a treaty

S with you? They said to Joshua: We are thy servants. I^ut Joshua said to them: Who are ye? and whence do ye come? 30

9 They said to him : Thy servants are come from a country very far oiif, because of the name of thy God, Jhvh ; we have heard

*egS»#—

,33 "Israel

s <

:,il__,_iL^.

IS — »*s#^s- ^'B^ua -*s;*Hf»«-» — 9,10-25

the fame of Him and all that He did in Egypt; all that He did 9,10 to the two kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon, king of Heshbon, and Og, king of Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth. Our Elders'" and all our fellow-countrymen said to n 5 us : Take in your hands provisions for a journey, go to meet them, and say to them : We are thy servants ; iimj, therefore, make a treaty zvitk iis. Here is our bread; we took it hot from our 12 houses for our provision, on the day when we set forth to come to you ; now it is dry and crumbled to pieces. Here are 13

10 wine-skins, which were new when we filled them; they have burst. Here are our clothes and shoes, they are worn out through the great length of the journey. Then the men *of Israel* partook 14 of their provisions, without asking counsel from Jhvh. Joshua 15 made peace with them, and tthe Men of Israel* made a treaty with

15 them, that their lives should be spared, and the Princes of the ' Congregation swore to them *an oath*. But at the end of three 16 days, after they had made the treaty with them, *the Men of Israel* heard that they were their neighbors, and lived within their *couiitry*. When the Israelites advanced they came to their cities on the third 17

20 day ;!■ their cities were Gibeon, Chephirah, Bceroth, and Kirjath- jearim.^ The Israelites did not kill them, because the Princes of 18 the Congregation had sworn to them by the God of Israel, Jhvh; but all the Congregation murmured against the Princes. Then all 19 ^^ the Princes said to all the Congregation : We have sworn to them \J

25 by the God of Israel, Jiivii; therefore we cannot touch them now. But this will we do to them : we will spare their lives, 20 lest wrath corrie upon us, on account of the oath which we swore to them.<"> Spare ye their lives,' and -let- the<m> bec<o>me 21 wood-cutters and water-carriers to all the Congregation. <So all

30 the Congregation did- as the Princes said to them. Joshua called 22 *the Gibeonites*, and .said to them : Wh\' have ye deceived us by saying: We live very far from you, whereas yc li\e within our ♦country*? Now shall ye be accursed, and never cease to be 23 slaves and zcood-eiitters and i^'ater-carriers for tjie house of my God.

35 The\' answered Joshua, and said : Assuredly, thy servants were told 24 what thy God, Jhvh, had commanded His Servant, Moses, that all the land should be given you, and all its inhabitants extirpated to make room for you, and we feared greatly for our lives at \'our approach ; so we did this thing. Now we are in thy hand, do 25

9,21 "and the Princes said to them

9,26-10,11 — »^^smSi- ^oe^ua ism^^^ — i6

9 , 26 with us as it seems to thee good and right. So he dealt with them accordingly, and delivered them from the Israelites, so that 27 ♦the Israelites* did not kill them.'° Joshua assigned them that day as iK'ood-ciittcrs and ivatcr-canicrs to the Coiii^ri.-i^atioii and to the altar of Jhvh, -and they serve* still to-day, in the place which 5 ♦Jiivii* chose."

©cfcaf of five ^ouf^ern 'Kinge at (Btficon.

i,i 'X ^ THEN Adoni-zedec," king of Jerusalem, ' heard that Joshua V V had taken Ai, and 'devoted' it, (as he did to Jericho and its king, so had he done to Ai and its king), and that the 10 inhabitants of Gibeon had made their peace with Israel, and *had

2 been allowed* to remain among them, they feared exceedingly, because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities, ^ and

3 because it was greater than Ai, and all its men were warlike ; so Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, sent a message to Hoham, king of 15 Hebron,* Piram, king of Jarmuth,' Japhia, king of Lachish,^ and

4 Debir, king of Eglon,' saying: Come to my assistance, and let us attack Gibeon ; it has made peace with Joshua and the Israelites.

5 The five kings of the Amorites, the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon united, marched with all their hosts, 20

6 encamped against Gibeon, and besieged it. But the Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua in camp at Gilgal, saying: Let not tin- hands be slack for thy servants, march hither speedih' to our rescue; all the kings of the Amorites who live in the Hill-country

7 are united against us. Then Joshua marched from Gilgal with 25

8 all the armed and all the valiant men. Jhvh said to Joshua: Be not afraid of them ; I have given them into thy hand : not a

9 man of them shall hold his own against thee. Joshua made a

10 march by night from Gilgal, and came upon them; Jhvh discomfited them in the presence of Israel ; so *Israel* routed them with great 30 slaughter in Gibeon, and pursued them along the road to the Ascent of Beth-horon ; they went on slaughtering them as far as

11 Azekah* and Makkedah.'^ As they were flying "° before the Israel- ites, when they were in the Descent of Beth-horon, Jh\ii cast upon them great .hail-stones from the sky, *until the)' came* to Azekah, 35 so that they died; those who were killed by hailstones" were more than those whom the Israelites slaughtered with the sword.

5 C;

o

^ 8.

ca .

17

**^^ii- ^oe^ua <i*im-*^— lo , 12-27

Then spoke Joshua to Jhvh, on the day when Jhvh delivered 12 the Amorites to the Israelites, and said in the presence of Israel:,

Sun, stand tliou still over Gibeon ! I

And thou, Moon, in the Valley of Ajalon!'' |

5 And the Sun stood still, '3 and the Moon stayed, 13

Until the nation had avenged itself on its enemies.

Is it not written in the Book of Jasher?'-* So the sun stood still in the midst of the sky, and delayed to go down almost a whole day. There was no day like it before or after, when Jhvh m

10 hearkened to the voice of a man; so that Jhvh ^Himself* fought for Israel. Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at 15 Gilgal. But those five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave 16 at Makkedah. When it was told to Joshua that the five kings 17 had been found hidden in a cave at Makkedah, he said: Roll iS

15 great stones to the mouth of the cave, and station men thereby to guard them ; ye must not stay, but pursue your enemies, and 19 cut off the hindmost of them ; suffer them not to enter into their cities; your God, Jhvh, has given them into your hand. When Joshua and the Israelites had finished killing them with a 20

20 very great slaughter until they had made an end of them," all 21 the people returned to Joshua, to the camp at Makkedah, in peace: <none> tso much as* moved his tongue against the Israelites.''' Then 22 Joshua said: Open the mouth of the cave, and bring me those five kings therefrom. <''>They brought to him out of the cave 23

25 those five kings: the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon; and when they brought those kings to Joshua, 24 he called all the Men of Israel, and said to the chiefs of the armed men who went with him: Draw near, and put your feet upon the necks of these kings. So they drew near, and put their feet upon

30 'the kings'* necks.'? And Joshua said to them: Be not afraid or 25 dismayed, be strong and firm; thus will Jhvh do to all your enemies against whom ye fight. Then*'' Joshua fell upon them, 26 killed them, and hung them upon five trees ;'^ they were hanging upon the trees until the evening. At sunset they took them down 27

35 from the trees at the command of Joshua, and cast them into the cave where they had been hidden, and at the mouth of the cave they placed great stones *ivhich there remain* dozvn to this z'ery day.

10,20 "and the " survivors '5 thad> entered the fortified cities * 23 »and they did so 26 'afterwards

^^

10,28-42 -^I'i'ts^^if ^oe^via ■!!m^»**— 18

10,28 On that diiy Joshua took Makkedah, and conquered it, and

put its king to the sword ; " he left none surviving, and he did with the king of Makkedah as he had done with the king of Jericho.

29 Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Makkedah

30 to Libnah,'9 and besieged it. Jhvh gave it also, with its king, into 5 the hand of Israel ; they conquered it, and put to the sword all the persons that were in it ; they left none surviving, and they

31 did with its king as they had done with the king of Jericho. Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Libnah to Lachish,

32 and encamped against it, and besieged it; Jhvh gave Lachish into 10 the hand of Israel, and they took it on the second day, and

i^ conquered it, arid put to the sword all the persons that were in

33 it, just as the)' had done with Libnah. When Horam, king of Gezer,'° came to help Lachish, Joshua slaughtered him and

34 all his people, until he left none surviving. Then Joshua passed 15 on, and all Israel with him, from Lachish to Eglon, and they

35 encamped against it, and besieged it, and took it that same day, and conquered it, ^putting all the inhabitants* to the sword, ^ just as he

36 had done with Lachish. Then Joshua advanced, and all Israel with

37 him, from Eglon to Hebron, which they besieged and took, and 30 conquered, *putting* all the persons in it to the sword ; <'> he left none surviving, just as he had done with Eglon. He

38 'devoted' it and all the persons therein. Then Joshua, and all

39 Israel with him, turned against Debir," which they besieged and took, with its king and all its cities ; they put them, to the sword, 25 'devoting' all the persons therein; he left none surviving; as he had done with Hebron, so did he with Debir and its king, just as he had done with Libnah and its king.

40 Joshua massacred *the inhabitants of* the whole land: the Hill- country, the Negeb,''^ the Lowlands, and the Slopes, with all their 30 kings, and left none surviving; he 'devoted' every living creature,

41 as the God of Israel, Jhvh, had commanded. Joshua slaughtered them from Kadesh-barnea ''■' as far as Gaza, ^5 and all the land of

42 Goshen^* as far as Gibeon ; Joshua conquered all those kings and

10,28 "he 'devoted' -it> and all the persons that were in it * 35 *and all the persons that were in it he 'devoted' on that day

* 37 'and its king^' and all its cities

:\^ feji am

'{,;^?

19 —^'■^■tsmai^ ^oe^ua -asmia*^ — 10,43-11,15

their land in a single season ; for the God of Israel, Jhvh, fought 10 for Israel. Then Joshua, and all Israel with him, returned to the 43 camp at Gilgal.

W":

©cfeat of Jafitn, Utttg of l^ajor, ani 6te ilfftee.'

HEN Jabin,^ king of Hazor, heard of it, he sent to Jobab, of Madon, and to the kings of Shimron and Achshaph,3

and to the iNortherm kings in the Hill-country, in the Arabah 2 south of Chinneroth, in the Lowlands, and in the Heights of Dor** near the Sea, the Canaanites on the east and west, the Amorites, 3

10 Hittites, Perizzites, the Jebusites in the Hill-country, and the Hivitess at the foot of the Hermon in the land of Mizpidh.'' They marched 4 out with all their hosts, a great army as numerous as the sand upon the seashore, with a great force of horses and chariots. All 5 these kings met, and marched on, and encamped together at the

15 Waters of Merom^ to fight against Israel. But Jhvh said to 6 Joshua : Be not afraid of them ; to-morrow, at about this time, I will deliver them all up: +they shall all lie* slain in sight of Israel; thou shalt hamstring their horses, and burn their chariots. When Joshua and all the armed men with him came upon them 7

20 suddenly at the Waters of Merom, and fell upon them, Jhvh gave S them into the hand of Israel, and they routed them, and pursued them to Great Zidon* and Misrephoth-maim,' and to the valley of Mizpeh eastward; they slaughtered them until they left none of them surviving. Joshua did with them as Jhvh had said to 9

25 him; he hamstrung their horses, and burned their chariots. '

Then Joshua turned back, and took Hazor, and put its king io^, to the sword (Hazor was formerly the head of all those kingdoms). ' They massacred all the persons that were in it, 'devoting' them: n no living creature was left, and Hazor was burned. Joshua took 12

30 all these kings and their cities, and conquered the cities, putting ♦the inhabitants* to the sword, and ' devoting ' them, as Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had commanded. Vef Isi-acl burnt none of it, till cities sfniidino; on uioinids,^° except Hazor,- that did Joshua burn. All the plunder of these cities, and the cattle, the Israelites took 14

35 as spoil for themselves ; but they put all the men to the sword, until they had extirpated them : they left no living creature. As 15

1^

ii,i6-i2,2 — »*e8«@S<- ^oe^ua «eej«a*« — 20

II Jhvh had commanded his Servant Moses, so Moses commanded Joshua, and so did Joshua; he neglected nothing of all that Jhvh had commanded Moses.

^ummarj of Joe^ua'o Cottqucote.

16 JOSHUA took all this land, the Hill-country, all the Negeb, 5 I all the land of Goshen, the Lowlands, and the Arabah ; and

17 the Hill-country and Lowlands of Israel; from Mount Halak" that rises toward Seir, as far as Baal-gad" in the valley of Lebanon at the foot of Mount Hcrmon ; and Joshua took all their kings,

i.s and fell upon them, and killed them. Joshua made war for a long 10

19 time with all those kings. No city made peace with the Israelites ;<">

20 they conquered the whole land by force of arms; for"' the stubborn resistance tof the Amorites* was inspired by Jhvh -Himself*, in order that they might meet Israel in battle, and be 'devoted' without mercy, extirpated, as Jhvh had commanded Moses. 15

Joe6ua conquers tBe (Btanfe.

21 yfT that tunc Joshua proceeded to extirpate the giants^'' from the -^^ HUl-cmintry, from Hebron, Debir, and Anab,^^ from all the I /ill-eon ntrv both of Jitdali and Israel, foshna 'devoted' them together

22 701th their cities. No giants were left in the land of the Israelites ,- 20 there were remnants of them only in Gaza,^^ Gath,^^ and Ashdod.^^

©eutcronomtc Concfueion of l^tetorp of Conqucef.

23 JOSHUA took the whole land, just as Jhvh had said to Mo.ses, and gave it as an inheritance to Israel, according to their divisions by their tribes. Then the land had rest from war. 25

J

""N

£t6( of €onqucreb "Ktnge.

OW" these arc the kings of the land, whom the Israelites conquered, and of whose land they took possession : Beyond the Jordan eastward from the valley of the Arnon' to Mount 2 Hermon, and all the eastern Arabah :3 Sihon, king of the Amorites, 30

11,19 "except the Hivites who thvelt in Gibeon

• ^oe^ua

who reigned in Heshbon, and ruled from Arocr, which is on the 13 edge of the valley of the Arnon, and from the middle of the valley over half Gilead as far as ••''>Jabbok/ which is the border of the Ammonites, and over the eastern Arabah ; ^northward* to the Sea 3 5 of Chinneroth,* and ♦southward* to the Sea of the Arabah, ^ the Salt Sea, in the direction of Beth-jeshimoth ; and on the south •the border of his territory in the Arabah was* under the Slopes of Pisgah. And -^^^Og, king of Bashan, of the remnant of the 4 Rephaim, who reigned at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, and ruled over 5

10 Mount Hermon, and Salcah, and all Bashan as far as the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and over half Gilead as far as the border of Sihon, king of Heshbon. *These two kings+ 6 did Moses, the Servant of Jhvii, and the Israelites overthrow; Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave ♦their land* as a possession to

15 the Reubenites, and Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh.

These 5 are the kings of the land, whom Joshua and the Israelites 7 overthrew beyond the Jordan westward from Baal-gad, in the Valley of the Lebanon, as far as Mount Halak which rises toward Seir; Joshua gave -the land* to the tribes of Israel as an inheritance

20 according to their divisions ; in the Hill-country, and in the Lowlands, 8 and in the Arabah, and in the Slopes, and in the Wilderness, and in the Negeb.- the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hi\'ites, and Jebusites :

25

30

35

the	King	of Jericho, one;	the	King side	of Ai, which is be- Beth-el, one;	9
the	King	of Jerusalem,* one ;	the	King	of Hebron, one ;	10
the	King	of Jarmuth, one ;	the	King	of Lachish, one ;	II
the	King	of Eglon, one ;	the	Kin<j 0	of Gezer, one ;	12
the	King	of Debir, one ;	the	King	of Geder,' one ;	13
the	King	of Hormah,^ one;	the	King	of Arad,9 one ;	14
the	King	of Libnah, one;	the	King	of Adullam,"° one;	15
the	King	of Makkedah, one ;	the	King	of Beth-el, one ;	16
the	King	of Tappuah," one ;	the	King	of Hepher," one ;	17
the	King	of Aphek,-= <'>	which is	in Sharon, '3 one ;	iS
the	King	of Madon, one ;	the	King	of Hazor, one;	19
the	King one ;	of Shimron-meron, 14	the	King	of Achshaph, one;	20
the	King	of Taanach,'3 one;	the	King	of Megiddo," one;	21
'Sli^jw-.

12, 2 "the river

4 "the territory of

18 '■one; the King of

12 , 22-13,6

\ -^>^^^^»- 2'>B^v.a ■aam^^*'^-

12, 22

23

24

the King of Kedesh,"' one; the King of Jol<neam'* in

Carmel, one ; the King of Dor, in the the King of the nations '» in

Height of Dor, one; G<a>l<i>l<ee>,°° one;

the King of Tirzah,^' one; Thirt\- >" kings in all.

2. ®tpt0ton of t^t Banb

^3c Banl not ^it Conquer^.

13

, I "\ ^ THEN Joshua was old and \\ell-advance( V V said to him : Thou art old and wcll-ai

iced in years, Jhvh -advanced in years,

2 and there is very much land left to be taken in possession. This 10 is the land that was left: all the districts of the Philistines, and all

3 of the Geshu'rites," from Sihor,= which is east of Egypt, as far as the northern border of Ekron (it is reckoned to the Canaanites), the five capitals of the Philistines : Gaza, Ashdod, Eshkalon, Gath,

4 and Ekron; also the -district of the» Avitess | in the south-;- *also» 1.5 all the land of the Canaanites <as far as> Mearah* of the Sidonians.

5 to Aphek, to the border of' the Giblites ; = also all the eastern Lebanon, from Baal-gad at the foot of Mount Hermon to the

6 neighborhood of Hamath ; -in short- .all the inhabitants of the Hill-country from Lebanon to Misrephoth-maim, all the Sidonians. 20 I will disposse.ss them in favor of the Israelites ; only assign the land by lot as an inheritance for Israel, as I commanded thee.

13 • 4 ■ 5 "tlie .'\morites. And the land

23 - -^^i-^ms^ ^oe^ua ■sss^mi*^^- 13.7-23

3n6cntance of f^e Zno t^rtfiee <xni of ttii ^atf-Zviii.

NOW divide this land as an inheritance to the nine tribes * * 13,7 * * *,* and the half-tribe of Manasseh, with which tribe 8 the Reubenites and the Gadites received their inheritance, which

5 Moses had given them beyond the Jordan eastward (just as Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had given to them) from Aroer, on the edge 9 of the valley of the Arnon, and 'from* the city in the middle of the valley, all the plain of Medeba as far as Dibon, and all 10 the cities of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon,

10 to the border of the Ammonites ; also Gilead, and the territory of 1 1 the Geshurites and Maachathites, and all Mount Hermon, and all Bashan as far as Salcah, all the kingdom of Og in Bashan, who 12 reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei (he was left of the remnant of the Rephaim) — those kings did Moses oNcrthrow and dispossess.'

15 But the Israelites did not dispossess the Geshurites and the Maacha- 13 thites ; Geshur and Maachath have dwelt in the midst of Israel down to this day. Only to the tribe of Le\i -Moses- ga\ l no 14 inheritance: <°>the God of Israel, Jhvh, is their inheritance,* as He had told them.

T

l^coJtng of dRccounf of ©wston of (Baefcrn ^erntorj.

HESE are the inheritances in the plains of Moab, beyond the Jordan, opposite Jericho, which Moses gave to the Israelites. >

3n6cnfancc of (Kcu64n.

MOSES gave an inheritance to the tribe of the Reubenites 15 according to their clans. Their territory was from Aroer, 16 on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and ♦fromt the city in the middle of the valley, including all the plain near Medeba; Heshbon, and all her cities in the plain: Dibon, Bamoth-baal, 17 Beth-baal-meon, Jahaza, Kedemoth, Mephaath, Kirjathaim, Sibmah, 18.19

30 Zareth-shahar on the Mountain of the Valle\', Beth-peor, the 20 Slopes of Pisgah, and Beth-jeshimoth ; also all the cities of the 21 plain and all the kingdom of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, wlioiii Moses had slaugJitcrcd ivitli the princes of Midinii,'^ Evi, Rekeiii, Ziir, Hiir, and Reba, Sihon' s chiefs, zuho

35 dtM'lt in the land, — t/ie Israelites also put to the sword, among -zi those -u'hoin they slaughtered, the diviner Balaam ben-Bcor.^° The 23

13,14 "offerings made by fire of

13,24-33 -^*^es»- 3oa§ua ■5e®3«»«-«— 24

13 line of the Jordan was the .western* border of the Reubenites.

This is the inheritance of the Reubenites according to their chins, the cities, and the villages belonging thereto.

Jn^entance of <Ba5.

24 1\ /f OSES had given .an inheritance* to the tribe of Gad, to the 5

25 IVl Gadites according to their clans. Their territory was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the Ammonites,

26 as far as Aroer east of Rabbah ; and from Heshbon as far as Raniath-mizpeh and Betonim ; and from Mahanaim to the border

27 of Lidebir;" and in the valley: Beth-aram, Beth-nimrah, Succoth, 10 and Zaphon, the remainder of the kingdom of Sihon, king of Heshbon; the line of the Jordan *was their border* to the *south-

28 ern* end of the sea of Chinnereth beyond the Jordan eastward. This is the inheritance of the Gadites according to their clans, the cities, and the villages belonging thereto. 15

5n6enfancc of (Baefern QllanaeecB.

29 1\ /r OSES had given *an inheritance* to the half-tribe of Manasseh,"

M

({

it was for the half-tribe of the Manassites according to their

30 clans ; their territory was from Mahanaim, all Baslian, all the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan, all the towns of Jair, in Bashan, 20

31 sixty cities; half of Gilead,"^ and Ashtaroth and Edrci, the -capital- cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan."

Concfueton of dSccounf of ©tmeton of Caefern Ztrvitov^.

32 ^T^HESE are 1 iilains of M

the inheritances which Moses had given in the plains of Moab, beyond the Jordan eastward, opposite Jericho<*>. 25

-(•jt!s;s^#~-

13.31 -to the Sons of Machir ben-Manasseh ; to one-half of the Sons of Machir, accordintr to their clans '4

33 "hut to the tribe of Levi, Moses had given no inheritance; the God of Israel, Jnvii, is their inheritance as He had told them

jj

25 —^-^^tsimff- ^oe^ua -■ir-^hyi-e-<^~ 14,1-15

35«a5tng of dRccount of ©ipteion of (^eefem ^crnforp.'

THESE are the inheritances received by the Israelites in the 14,1 land of Canaan which the priest Eleazar and Joshua ben- Nun and the heads of the families of the Israelites gave them | by 2 5 lot, lasi their inheritance, as Jhvh had commanded, through Moses, for the nine tribes and the half-tribe. Moses had given the inherit- 3 ance of the two tribes and of the half-tribe beyond the Jordan, but to the Levites he had given no inheritance among them. The 4 Sons of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim, and they 10 gave no portion of the land to the Levites, except cities to dwell in, and the pasture-lands belonging thereto for their cattle and their substance. The Israelites did as Jhvh had commanded Moses, and 5 divided the land.

inheritance of €afe6.

15 *" I ^HE Judahites^ approached Joshua in Gilgal, and the Kenezite^ 6 A Caleb ben-Jephunneh said to him : Thou knowest the word that Jhvh spoke to Moses, the Man of God, on my behalf, a;tt/ on tliy behalf, in Kadesh-barnea. I v.'as forty years old when 7 Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, sent me from Kadesh-barnea to spy

20 out the land, and I brought him back word to the best of my knowledge ; but my companions who went with me made the S heart of the people tremble, while I wholly followed my God, Jhvh. Moses swore on that day: Verily, the land where\'er thy 9 feet have trodden shall be an inheritance for thee and thy children

25 for ever, because thou hast wholly followed my God, Jhvh. Now 10 Jhvh has kept me alive, as He said, for forty-five* j'ears, from the time when Jhvh spoke this word to Moses, while Israel jour- neyed in the Wilderness ; and now I am this day eighty-five years old. I am still as strong to-day as on the day when Moses sent 1 1

30 me : as was my strength then, so is my strength now, for war and all manner of workjS so give me now the hill-country here, 12 whereof Jhvh spoke on that day; thou heardest on that day that the giants 7 were there in great walled cities; perhaps Jhvh \\\\\ be with me, so that I shall dispossess them, as Jhvh said. Then 13

35 Joshua blessed him, and gave Hebron as an inheritance to Caleb ben-Jephunneh. Thus Hebron'' became the inheritance of the 14 Kenezite, Caleb ben-Jephunneh, ♦and so remains, down to this da\% because he wholly followed the God of Israel, Jhvh. (The name 15 of Hebron was formerly Kirjath-arba ; he, .Arba*, was the greatest

40 among the giants.)'' Then the land had rest from war.

I5,i-i6 — •^-^ssji-^'^^i'ii <-¥*es***- — 2^

5n6entancc of Ju6a3.

15,1 nr^Pip: lot for the tribe of the Judahitcs according to their clans 1 was toward the border of Edom, southward to the W'ikier-

2 ness of Zin, at the extreme south. Their southern border was from the end of the Salt Sea, from the bay that runs southward ; ' 5

3 it began about the south of the Ascent of Acrabbim, and went on to Zin, and went up southward of Kadesh-barnea, and went on to

4 Hezron, and went up to Adar, and turned about to Karkaa, and it went on to Azmon, and ended at the Brook of Egypt,' so that the end of the border was at the sea. This shall be your southern 10

5 border. The eastern border was the Salt Sea as far as the mouth of the Jordan. Their border on the north side was from the bay

6 of the sea at the mouth of the Jordan, and the border went up to Beth-hogla, and went on to the north of Beth-arabah, and the

7 border went up to the Stone of Bohan ben-Reuben; and the border 15 went up to Debir" from the valley of Achor and northward in the direction of Gilgal,3 opposite the Ascent of Adummini, south of The Brook;* and the border went on to the Waters of En-

S .shemesh, and came to a points at Kn-rogel ; and the border went up through the Valley of Ben-Hinnom to the south of the ridge 20 of the Jebusites (that is, Jerusalem) ; and the border went up to the top of the mountain which lies to the west of the Valley of Hinnom

9 and at the northern end of the Valley of Rephaim ; and the border inclined from the top of the mountain to the fountain of the Waters of Nephtoah and came to a point at the cities of Mount Ejjhron, 25

10 and the border inclined to Baalah (that is, Kirjath-jearim) ;" and the border turned about from Baalah westward to Mount Seir,' and went on to the north of the ridge of Mount Jearim (that is, Chesalon), and went down to Beth-shemesh,*^ and went on to Tim-

11 nah ; and the border came to a point at the ridge of P^kron on the 30 north, and the border inclined to Shicron, and went on to Mount Baalah, and ended by Jabneel, so that the -end of the border was

12 at the sea. The western border was the coast-line of the Great Sea. This was the border of the Judahites round about according

to their clans. 35

13 To Caleb bcii-JcpIuiiiiicJi lie gave a portion in tlte midst of the Judahites according to tlie comniandment of Jhi-H to Jos/iiia, namely

14 KirjtUii-arha {>.-lr/><!' the father of .h/,/f). that is. Hebron. Thencesl Caleb dispossessed the three giants: Shcshai, Ahiman, and Talmai,"!

15 the sons of Anak. Thence he went up against the inhabitants ofj4o

16 Dcbir (the older name of Debir was Kirjath-sepher).'° And Caley

27 — »*e§«@i!- ^oe^ua -sr+sissw-s — 15 . 1 7 - 5^

said : I will give my daughter Achsah in marriage to the man who 15 attacks Kirjath-sepher, and takes it. Caleb's brother, Othniel ben- i; Kenaz," took it, and 'Caleb* gave him his daughter Achsah in marriage. When she came to him "he incited h>er> to ask her is 5 father for a piece of land. So she leaped down from her ass.l and wlien her father asked: What is the matter? she answered: 19 Give me a present ; thou hast put me off into the Negeb, there- fore give me Gull<a>th-maim. So Caleb gave her Gull<a>th-illi'>thi and Gull<a>th-tahti-th. |

10 This is tile inheritance of the tribe of the Judahites according 20

to their clans:

The ♦southern* border towns of the tribe of Judah in the Ne- 21 geb" toward the territory of Edom were Kabzeel, Eder, Jagur, Kinah, Dimonah, A-r»ar>ah,'3 Kedesh, Hazor, Ithnan, Ziph, Telem, 22-24

15 Bealoth, Hazor-hadattah,'^ Kerioth-hezron (that is, Hazor), '5 Amam, 25.26 Shema, Moladah, Hazar-gaddah, Heshmon, Beth-palet, Hazar-shual, 27. 2S Beer-sheba and <its dependent towns>,'^ Baalah, lim, Azem, Eltolad, 29.30 • Bethu-l,'' Hormah, Ziklag, Madmannah, Sansannah, Lebaoth, Shil- 31.32 him, <En>.->rimmon ;'^ — twenty-nine'' cities with the villages belong-

20 ing thereto.

In the Lowlands:''" Eshtaol, Zoreah,'' Ashnah, Zanoah, En- 33.34 gannim, Tappuah, Enam, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh, Azekah, 35 Sharaim, Adithaim, Gederah and Gederothaim; — fourteen ^^ cities 36 with the villages belonging to them. *Also* Zenan, Hadashah, 37

25 Migdal-gad, Dilean, Mizpeh, Joktheel ; Lachish, Bozkath, Eglon, 38. 39 Cabbon, Lahmasms'^s Kithlish, Gederoth ; Beth-dagon, Naamah, and 40.41 Makkedah ; — sixteen cities with the villages belonging to them ; ♦furthermore* Libnah, Ether, ^^ Ashan, Jiphtah, Ashnah, Nezib, 42.43 Keilah, Achzib, Mareshah ; — nine cities with the villages belonging 44

30 thereto.

Ekron and its dependent towns and \-illage3, from Ekron to 45.46 the sea, all ♦the towns^ that lay on the side of Ashdod with the villages belonging thereto. Ashdod and Gaza and their dependent 47 towns and villages to the Brook of Egypt. The ♦western* border ^5

35 was the ♦coast-line of+ the oGreata Sea.

In the Hill-country: Shamir, Jattir, Socoh, Dannah, Kirjath- 48. 49 sannah (that is, Debir), Anab, Eshtemoh, Anim, Goshen, Holon, 50.51 Giloh ; — eleven cities with the villages belonging to them; ♦also^ 52 Arab, Dumah, Eshean, Janum, Beth-tappuah, Aphekah, Humtah, 53.54

40 Kirjath-arba (that is, Hebron), and Zior ; nine cities with the villages

belonging to them; Maon, Carmel, Ziph, Juttah, Jezreel, Jokdeam, 55.56

I5.57-I6.S — *4^ms»- ^oe^ua ■fiB^m-e''— 28

15.57 Zanoah, Cain, Gibeah, Tininah ; — ten cities with the \illages belong- 5S.59ing to them ; Halhul, I5etli-zur, Gedor, Maarath, Beth-anotli, and Eltckon ; — six cities with the villages belonging to them. •Tekoa,''' Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem), Peor, Etam, ;Kolon, Tatam, Sores^, Kerem, Gallim, Bether, Manahath ; — eleven cities with the \illages 5 60 belonging to them>. Kirjath-baal (that is, Kirjath-jearim) and Kab- bah,— two cities with the villages belonging to them. 61.62 In the Wilderness: Beth-arabah, Middin, Secacah, Nibshan, the

City of Salt, and En-gedi ; — six cities with the villages belonging to them. 10

63 But the Judahites could not dispossess the Jebusites who

inhabited Jerusalem ; the Jebusites live with the Judahites in Jerusalem to the present day.-'

^n{)iritanci of ffic Joaep^tfce.

16,1 *" I ^HE border" of the Joscphites was from the Jordan near 15 J. Jericho to the east of the Waters of Jericho,' near the Wilder- ness that extends from Jericho through the Hill-country to Beth-

2 el -["]-, and it came to a point at lietli-el [], and went on to the

3 border of the Archites at Ataroth, and came down westward to the border of the Japhletites,= to the border of Lower Beth-horon 20

4 and to Gezer, and came to an end at the sea. So the Josephites, Manasseh and Ephraim, received their inheritance.

3n^cn(ance of (6c 6p6ratinttC0.

5 ' I ^HE territory of the Ephraimites according to their clans was 3

!-***»*, and the *southern* border of their inheritance 25

6 was ♦from* Ataroth-addar on the east to Upper Beth-horon, and the border ended at the sea. The northernmost point was Mich- niethah, and the border turned about eastward to Taanath-shiloh, and

7 went on to . . . * * *■• eastward of Janohah, and went down from Janohah to Ataroth and to Naarath, and touched -the territory 30

S of. Jericho, and ended at the Jordan. Westward the ^northern* border went from Tappuah to the Brook Kanah,' and came to

16,2" Luz

T

29 — >*e3|«s5Ss- 3'"^"'' ^***s^*** — 16,9-17.11

an end at the sea. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the 16 Ephraimites, according to their clans, ^together* with the cities that 9 were set aside for the Ephraimites in the midst of the inheritance of the Manassites, — all the cities with the villages belonging there- 5 to. They did not dispossess* the Canaanites who dwelt in Gezer; 10 the Canaanites have dwelt in the midst of Ephraim down to this day, but *the Canaanites* had to labor for them. j

3n6entance of t^t ZnU of Q1lanae6e6.

HE tribe of Manasseh had its lot; tManasseh* was the firstborn 17,1 of Joseph. Machir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, had Gilead and Bashan, because he was warlike. The rest 2 of the Manassites had *their lot* (ii-cording- to their clans, the Abi-ezrites, Helekites, Asrielites, Shecheniites, Hepherites, and Shemidites.' These were the iiiah- Manassites tu cording to t/iiir

15 lians.

Zelophehad^ ben-Hepher ben-Gilead ben-Machir ben-Manasseh 3 had no sons but only daughters. These are the names of his daughters : Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. They went 4 to the priest Eleazar and Joshua ben-Nun and the Princes, and

20 said : JuvH commanded Moses that an inheritance should be given us among our fellow-tribesmen ; and according to the command- ment of Jhvh he gave them an inheritance among their father's fellow-tribesmen.

The portions that fell to Manasseh were te/i,^ apart from the 5

2s la)id of Gilead and Bashan beyond tJie Jordan {the dangliters of b Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons, and the rest of the Manassites had the land of Gilead). The *southern+ border of 7 Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, which is east of Shechem, and the border went southward to the *Iand of the* inhabi-

30 tants of En-tappuah. Manasseh had the land of Tappuah, but the 8 Ephraimites had Tappuah on the border of Manasseh. The border 9 went down to the Brook of Kanah to the southern side of the brook * * * «'• Ephraim had these cities in the midst of the cities of Manasseh * * * * The border of Manasseh was along

35 the northern bank of The Brook, and it came to an end at the sea. Ephraim had »the land* to the south, and Manasseh to the north. 10 The -western, border *of Manasseh* was the sea; they' touched Asher on the north, and Issachar on the east. But Manasseh had 11 in Issachar and in Asher [the three heights'' | but Manasseh did

40 not conquer"]' Beth-shean '^with the villages belonging thereto, nor

14

I7.i2-i8,3 -^-Msg^Si- ^oe^uo ■*S**S"S3*-=— 30

17 Iblcam and its villages, nor the inhabitants of Dor,-'- nor of Taa-, i-'nach, nor of Megiddo, with their villages []; for the Canaanitcsl i;, maintained themselves resolutely in that region. Hut when Israel became strong they subjected the Canaanites to forced labor, but did not dispossess them.' 5

6rtva £ot for (6c 3o6Cp6ttC6."°

THI'^ "House" of Joseph said to Joshua: Why hast ^fflP given us ♦but* one lot as an inheritance* although we are a

5 great people, seeing that hitherto Jiivii has blessed us? Joshua said

to them: If ye are a great people, go up into the Forest,'- and 10 hew out troom enough* for yourselves there,'- if the Hill-country

6 of Ephraim is too narrow for you. The House' of Joseph said: The Hill-country is not enough for us, but all the Canaanites whoj inhabit the land of the Valley have chariots of iron,'-* both those who are in Heth-shean' and its dependent towns and those who 15

7 are in the Valley of Jezrecl.'^ Joshua said to the House of Jo.seph :'' Ye are a great people, and have great strength ; ye shall not have

s one' lot only,'<5 but ye shall have the Hill-country '? .of Gilead* though it .also, is forest ; ye will hew it down, and it shall be' yours ;■■> but ye must dispossess the Canaanites, though the\- have 21. iron chariots, '■* and are strong.

^tvtn CriBce receive t^iiv ^n^tvxtanci.

18,1 ' I ^HE whole Congregation of the Israelites gatherec 1 at Shiloh,- and there they established the Tent of M

;d together hey established the Tent of Meeting, the

2 land having been subdued by them. T/ir/r rciVc /iff of the Israelites seven tribes, to ivhom their inker it ance had not been apportioned.

3 Therefore foshna said to tin /srae/ites -. How long will ye delay to go in and take possession of the land, which the God of your

17,11 "and the inhabitants of Endor^ with the villages belonging thereto * 14 *and one portion 15 'in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaini'3

17 ''to Ephraim and Manasseh, saying 18 'and its outlying districts

31 -^-Ms^eeSi- 3**5"* ■*®^*^**^ 18,4-16

fathers, Jhvh, has given you? Take tlircc uicii for each tribe, <"> let 18,4 them set out, and go through the iaiiii, and map it out' into suita/tte inlieritaiiees *for* their strides*, then eoine haek to me. They may divide 5 it into sei'en portions. Judah may remain in its territory in tlie soutli, 5 and the House of Joseph may remain in tlieir territory in tlie itortli. Map out^ t/te iand into se7\'n portions, and bring back *your report* 6 hither to me, then / luill cast lots for you here in the presence of our God, Jhi'H. The Levites have no portion among you: they priesthood of Jhvh is their inheritance; but Gad, and Reuben, and

10 the half-tribe of Manasseh received their inheritance beyond the Jordan eastward, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had given to them. The men set out, and loeiit, and Joshua said to those who 8 luent to map out the land .- Go, pass through the land, map it out ; then return to me, here loill I cast lots for you in Shiloh. The men 9

15 zoent, and passed through the lan</, and nuipped it out by cities in seven portions on a scroll, '^ and they <brought^ *back their report* to Joshua in camp at Shiloh. Then Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh in 10 ///(■ presence of fHi'H, and there divided the land for the fsraelitcs according to their dii'isions.

3n6en(ance of QBenjamm.

WHEN the lot of the tribe of the Renjamites came out accord- u ing to their clans, the territory allotted to them was to lie |>etween the Judahites and the Josephites. Their border on the 12 north side was from the Jordan, and went up to the ridge northward

25 of Jericho and up through the Hill-country westward, passing into the Wilderness of Beth-aven ; thence the border went on to Luz, 13 to the south of the ridge of Luz (that is, Beth-el) ; then the border went down to Ataroth-adar near the mountain south of Lower Beth-horon. The border inclined, and turned about on the western 14

30 side southward from the mountain in the south opposite Beth-horon, and came to a point at Kirjath-baal (that is, Kirjath-jearim), a city of the Judahites. This was the western side. The southern side* was 15 from the end of Kirjath-«baal',5 and the border came to a point •at Mount Ephron-^ and at the Fountain of the Waters of Nephtoah ;

35 and the border went down to the end of the mountain east of 16 the Valley of Ben-Hinnom, at the northern «end of the> Valley of Rephaim,^ and went down through the Valley of Hinnom, to the south of the ridge of the Jebusites, and went down to En-rogel,

18,4 "and I will send them

18,17-19.1' — »»et^a^ ^oe^ua -mj^t" 32

18,17 and inclined northward, and came to a point at En-shemesh, and passed into tiie regions opposite the Ascent of Adummim, and went

18 down to the Stone of Bohan ben- Reuben, and went on to the ridge aUing the north of the Arabah, and went down to the Arabah ;

19 and tile border went on to the north of the ridge of Beth- 5 hoglah, and" came to an end at the northern bay of the Salt Sea, at the southern end of the Jordan. This was the southern border.

20 The Jordan bordered it on the eastern side. This is the inheritance of the ]?enjamites according to its borders round about, according

21 to their clans: The cities of the tribe of Benjamin according to 10

22 their clans were Jericho, Beth-hoglah, Emek-keziz, Beth-arabah,^ 23. 24 Zemaraim, Beth-el, Avim, Parah, Ophrah, Chephar-haammonai,

Ophni, and Gaba; — twelve cities with the villages belonging to 25-27 them. Gibeon, Ramah, Beeroth, Mizpeh, Chephirah, Mozah, Rekem, 28 Irpeel, Taralah, Zelah, Eleph, the -city of the* Jebusites (that is, 15 Jerusalem), Gibeath, and Kirjath-<jearim>; — fourteen cities with the villages belonging to them. This is the inheritance of the Benja- mites according to their clans.

3n6crt<ancc of ^tmcon.'

19,1 ' I ^HE second lot fell to Simeon, to the tribe of the Simeonites 20

1 according to their clans ; their inheritance was in the midst

2 of the inheritance of the Judahites. They had in their inheritance:

3.4 Beer-sheba, Sheba, Molahah, Hazar-shual, Balah, Azem, Eltolad,

5.6 Bethul, Hormah, Ziklag, Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susah, Beth-lebaoth,

and Sharuhen; = — thirteen 3 cities with the villages belonging to 25

7 them; ]-".n-.rimmon,+ <Tochen-,5 Ether, and Ashan ; — four cities with

8 the villages belonging to them ; also all the villages that were round about these cities down to Baalath-beer and Ramah of the South. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the Simeonites according to

.9 their clans. Out of the portion of the Judahites was the inherit- 30 ancc of the Simeonites; the share of the Judahites was too great for them, therefore the .Simeonites received an inheritance in the midst of their inheritance.

3n6crtfance of jcBufun.

10 ' I ^HE third lot fell to the Zebulunites according to their clans ; 35

1 the border of their inheritance stretched as far as Sarid;''

11 and their border' went up westward to Maralah, and touched

18, 19 'the border

33 —^>4^^m»- ^oe^ua -^sim^^t-^— ' 19,12-31

Dabbasheth, and touched the brook which is east of Jokneam, 19 and ^turned from Sarid eastward toward the sun-rising to the 12 border of Chisloth-tabor, and came to a point at Daberath, and went up to Japliia ; thence it^ went on eastward toward the sun- 13 5 rising to Gath-hepher and Eth-kazin,' and came to a point lati Rimmon, cand) incHned '° to Neah ; and the border" turned 14 about it on the north lof" Hannathon, and came to an end at the Valley of Jiphthah-el ****** Kattath, Nahallal, 15 Shimron, Idalah, and Beth-lehem-, — twelve '3 cities with the villages 10 beloneinsr thereto. This is the inheritance of the Zebulunites 16 according to their clans; those cities with the villages belonging thereto.

5n6ertfancc of jeeac^at."*

FOR Issachar. The fourth lot came out for the Issacharites 17 according to their clans ; their territory was <>'5 Jezreel, Chesul- 18 loth, Shunem, Haphraim, Shihon, Anaharath, Rabbith, Kishion, 19.20 Abez, Remeth, En-gannim, En-haddah, Beth-pazzez. The border 21.22 touched Tabor, Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh, and their border came to an end at the Jordan; — sixteen cities with the villages 20 belonging to them. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the 23 Issacharites according to their clans ; those cities with the villages belonging thereto.

JnBcnfance of dtleger.'*

HE fifth lot fell to the tribe of the Asherites according to 24

THE their

25 A their clans. Their territory was Helkath, Hali, Beten, Ach- 25 shaph, Alammelech, Amad, Misheal. ^The border* touched Carmel 26 on the west and Shihor-libnath, and turned toward the sun-rising 27 to Beth-dagon, and touched Zebulun and the Valley of Jiphthah-el on the north * * * Beth-emek and Neiel * * *, and ^goincr*

30 northward came to a point at Cabul * * * <A>b-:d>on,'7 Rehob, 28 Hammon, Kanah * * * *and went on* as far as Great Zidon ; then the border turned to Ramah and to the fortified city of Tyre; 29 then the border turned to Hosah, and came to an end at the sea * * * * <Mehalleb>,'^ " Achzib * * * -Accho-,'' Aphek, 30

35 and Rehob ; — twenty-two ^° cities with the villages belonging to them. This^' is the inheritance of the tribe of the Asherites 31 according to their clans ; those cities with the villages belonging thereto.

19.32-51 — »*^^(!- 3oe6uo -!«s#5M-« — 34

3tt6cntance of QtapBtaft."

19,32 TTOR the Naphtalites. The sixth lot fell to the Naphtalites

33 1 according to their clans. Their border was from Heleph, from the Bazaan"imTree^3 (and Adami-nekeb and Jabneel) to Lakum, and

34 it came to an end at the Jordan. The border turned westward 5 to Aznoth-tabor, and ♦going on* thence came to a point at Hukkok, and touched Zebulun on the south, and Asher on the west. "<*■''

35 The fortified ''s cities were Ziddim,^* Zer, Hammath, Rakkath, Chinne- 36-3S reth, Adamah, Ramah, Hazor, Kedesh, Edrei, En-hazor, Iron,

Migdal-el, Horem, Beth-anath, Beth-shemesh ; — nineteen^' cities 10

39 with the villages belonging to them. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the Naphtalites according to their clans ; those cities with the villages belonging thereto.

JnBcnfancc of ®an.='

40 ' I ^HE seventh lot fell to the tribe of the Danites according to 15

41 L their clans. The territory of their inheritance was Zorah,""' 42.43 Eshtaol,^' Ir-shemesh, Shaalabbin, Ajalon, Jethlah, Elon, Thimnathah, 44.45 Ekron,^9 Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Baalath, Jchud, Bene-berak, Gath-rini- 46.47 mon, and Me-jarkon .-3° with the territory opposite Japho. The

territory'' of the Danites was <too narro\v>3'' for them; therefore the 20 Danites marched out, attacked Leshiaan.^^ took it, conquered it, ♦putting the inhabitants* to the sword, took possession of it, and settled in it, calling Leslnaim: Dan, after the name of their ancestor 4S Dan. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the Danites according to their families ; those cities with the \illages belonging thereto. 25

3nBcntancc of JoeBua.

49 "\ ^fHEN they had finished giving the land as an inheritance

V V according to its borders, the Israelites gave an inheritance

50 among them to Joshua ben-Nun ; according to the command of Jhvh, they gave him the city for which he asked: Timnath-serah '* 30 in the Hill-country of Ephraim ; he built the city, and settled in it.

Concfuoion of cSccount of ©tpieton.

51 ' I ^HOSE are the inheritances which the priest Eleazar, and

1 Joshua ben-Nun, and the heads of the families of the tribes of the Israelites gave as an inheritance by lot in Shiloh, in the 35 presence of Jhvh, at the door of the Tent of Meeting, thus com- pletely dividing up the land.

19,34 "and to *Judah^ 'at the Jordan toward the sun-rising

35 — »*e#^!s- 39«?ua -isaHls** — 20,1-21,5

titka of (Kcfugc

THEN Jhvh spoke thus to Joshua: Command the Israelites as 20,1.2 follows : Appoint for yourselves the cities of refuge, of which I spoke to you through Moses, that the homicide who kills any one 3 5 by accident<''>^ may flee thither, and that they may be a refuge for you from the avenger of blood<*>^ until he come up before 6'^ the Congregation for judgment<''>.^ So they dedicated ^ Kedesh in 7 Galilee, in the Hill-country of Naphtali ; Shechem, in the Hill- country of Kphraim, and Kirjath-arba (that is, Hebron) in the Hill- 10 country of Judah ; and beyond the Jordan<"> they appointed Bezer 8 in the Wilderness, in the plain, of the tribe of Reuben ; Ramoth in Gilead, of the tribe of Gad ; Golan in Bashan, of the tribe of Manasseh. These were the cities appointed for all the Israelites 9 and for the strangers sojourning among them, that whosoever killed 15 any one by accident might flee thither, and should not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he appeared before the Con- gregation.

Biviticai Ciika.'

THEN the heads of the families of the Levites approached the 21,1 priest Eleazar, and Joshua ben-Nun, and the heads of the families of the tribes of the Israelites, and spoke to them at Shiloh 2 in the land of Canaan as follows: Jhvh commanded through Moses that cities should be given us to live in, and the pasture- lands belonging to them for our cattle. Then the Israelites gave 3 25 to the Levites, at the command of Jhvh, out of their inheritance these cities and the pasture-land belonging thereto. The lot came 4 out for the clans of the Kohathites: the Sons of Aaron, the Priest, +who were* of the Levites, had by lot thirteen^ cities of the tribes of Judah, of the Simeonites, and of Benjamin. The rest of 5

20,3 "inadvertently

4 *he shall flee to one of those cities, and shall stand at the door of the gate of the city, and shall state his case before the Elders of that city, and they shall admit him into the city, and give him a place that he may live with them.

5 When the avenger of blood pursues him, they shall not deliver the homicide into his hand ; for he killed his neighbor inadvertently, and not with malice

6» aforethought ; he shall live in that city

* 6 'until the death of the reigning High-Priest, then the homicide may again enter his city and his house, in the city whence he fled * 8 'at Jericho eastward

21,5-32 — ^*e*ffi6s• 3**5"* -^SS^i***— 36

21 the Koliathites liad by lot 'according to their» clans 3 ten cities ■of^ the tribes of Ephraim and Dan and of the half-tribe of

6 Manasseh. The Gershonites had by lot =according to their= clans3 thirteen cities cofi the tribes of Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali,

7 and of the half-tribe of Manasseh in Bashan. The Merarites had 5 according to their clans twelve cities of the tribes of Reuben, Gad,

S and Zebulun. The Israelites gave by lot to the Levites these

cities and the pasture-lands belonging thereto, as Jhvh had com-

9 nianded through Moses. Of the tribes of the Judahites and Simeon-

10 ites they gave these cities which are mentioned by name. The 10 Aaronites of the clans of the Kohathitcs of the Levites had

11 (for theirs was the first lot) ******* and tlicv gave tJicm Kirjatli-arha (*Ayba* the father of Anak), that is, Hebron in the

12 Hill-country of Judah, and the pastiire-lands round about it, but the fields of the city and the 7'illages belonging thereto they g^'^'C to Caleb 15

13 ben-Jeplnniiieh as his possession. To the Sons of Aaron, tlie Priest, the}' ga\'e Hebron, the city of refuge for the homicide, Libnah,

14-16 Jattir, Eshtemoa, Holon, Debir, A^sha-n,'' Juttah, Beth-shcmesh, w ith the pasture-lands belonging thereto ; — nine cities of these ttuo

17 . iS tribes ; and of the tribe of Benjamin: Gibeon, Geba, Anathoth, 20 A!mon,5 with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities.

19 All the cities of the priests, the Aaronites, were thirteen cities with the pasture-lands belonging thereto.

20 The clans of the Kohathitcs, the Levites, the rest of the

21 Kohathitcs, had the cities of their lot from the tribe of Ephraim ; and 25 they gave them Shechem, the city of refuge for the homicide in

22 the Hill-country of Ephraim, Gezer, Kibzaim, Beth-horon, with the

23 pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. Of the tribe of Dan:

24 Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Ajalon, Gath-rimmon, with the pasture-lands

25 belonging thereto; — four cities. Of the half-tribe of Manasseh : 30 Taanach'' and Tbleam.,' with the pasture-lands belonging thereto;

26 — two cities. In all, ten cities with the pasture-lands belonging

27 thereto for the remaining clans of the Kohathitcs. Tlie Ger- shonites, of the clans of the Levites, had of the half-tribe of Manasseh : Golan, the city of refuge for the homicide, and Beesh- 35

28 terah, with the pasture-lands belonging thereto ; — two cities. Out

29 of the tribe of Issachar: Kishon, Dabareh, Jarmuth, En-gannim,

30 with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. Out of

31 the tribe of Asher: Mishal, Abdon, Helkath, Rehob, with the

32 pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. And out of the 40 tribe of Naphtcdi : Kedesh in Galilee, the city of refuge for the

37 — i-f^e^Sss- 3«6^ua -isssj#3*<-^ 21,33-22,4

homicide, Hammoth-dor, Kartan, with the pasture-lands belonging 31 thereto; — three cities. All the cities of the Gershonites, according 33 to their clans, were thirteen cities with the pasture-lands belonging thereto.

5 The rest of the Levites, the clans of the Merarites had of 34

the tribe of Zebulun : Jokneam, Kartah, R immo nah,* Nahalal, with 35 the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. -Of the tribe 36 of Reuben : Bezer, in the Wilderness, the cit)' of refuge for the homicide, Jahazah, Kedemoth, Mephaath, with the pasture-lands 37

10 belonging thereto; — four cities*. ^ Of the tribe of Gad: Ramoth 38 in Gilead, the city of refuge for the homicide, Mahanaim, Heshbon, 39 Jazer, with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — -in all four cities. *These are* all the cities tthat were given* according to 40 their clans to the Merarites who remained of the clans of the

15 Levites ; their lot \vas twelve cities. All the cities of the Levites 41 within the possession of the Israelites were forty-eight cities with the pasture-lands belonging thereto. Each of those cities had 42 pasture-lands about it; so it was for all those cities.

J

Concfuitng ^uinmarj.

20 I HVH gave to Israel all the land which He had sworn to give 43 to their fathers ; they took possession of it, and settled in it. Jhvh gave them rest round about, just as He had sworn to 44 their fathers ; of all their enemies not a man was able to hold his own against them: Jhvh gave all their enemies into their hand. 25 Nothing failed of all good things that Jhvh had promised to the 45 House of Israel ; everything was fulfilled.

(Kcfurn of fge Zno Zvi&ie anb of t9,i '§aif-tvi&i.'

*

THEN Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the 23,1 half-Z/v/v of Manasseh, and said to them : Ye have kept all 2 30 that Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, commanded you, and ye have hearkened to my voice in all that I have commanded you ; ye have 3 not abandoned your brethren all this time until this day, and ye have been careful to observe the commandment of your God, Jhvh. Your God, Jhvh, has now given rest to your brethren, as He said 4

22 to them ; depart then, and go to your tents, to tlie land of voiir possession, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave you,

5 beyond the Jordan. Only be exceedingly careful to observe the commandment and the Law, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, commanded you, to love your God, Jhvh, and to follow all His 5 ways, and keep His commandments, and cleave to Him, and to

6 serve Him with all your heart, and with all your soul. Then Joshua blessed them, and sent them away; and they went to their tents.

7 To the half-tribe of Manasseh Moses had given *an inheritance* 10 /;/ Baslian ; to the mother* half Joshua gave *an inheritance" with their brethren beyond the Jordan westward.

8 c> When Josluia sent thciii away to their tents and blessed then/ o <thej'> return <ed'' to <thei>r^ tents ivith much ivealth and very much catde, silver and gold, bronze and iron, and great abundance of 15 raiment, and divide-d''' the spod of <thei'r' enemies loith -thei-r'' brethren.

Jlffar of {%t Zreo ZxiUa ani of iU l^aff-fnBe.'

9 -T^HE Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh

V returned, and departed from the Israelites from* Shiloh,"* in the 20 land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, the land of their possession, whereof they had been given possession according to

10 Jhvh's commandment through Moses. When they came to the regions of the Jordan, in the land of Canaan, the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh built there an altar 25

11 near the Jordan, a great, conspicuous altar. Word was brought to the Israelites : Behold the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh have built an altar opposite 5 the land of Canaan in the regions of the Jordan beyond the land of the

12 Israelites. When the Israelites heard -that*, the whole Congregation 30 of the Israelites gathered themselves together at Shiloh to march

13 against them. The Israelites sent to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the halfrtribe of Manasseh, to the land of Gilead,

14 the priest Phinehas ben-Eleazar, with ten princes, one prince of a family for each of the tribes of AVestern» Israel; each man was the 35

15 head of a famil_\- among the thousands of Israel. They came to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh,

16 to the land of Gilead, and said to them : The whole Congregation of |nvH sends this- message:* What is this breach of faith which ve have committed against the God of Israel in turning awa>- this 40

39 — **e^mis- ^oe^ua •^m^»i'<^- 22,17-29

day from Jhvh to build for yourselves an altar, and to rebel this 22 day against Jhvh? Was the iniquity of Peor'' too little for us, 17 from which we have not cleansed ourselves even to this day, and ♦on account of which* the plague came upon the Congregation of 5 Jhvh? Yet ye will turn away this day from Jhvh, and if ye 18 rebel against Jhvh to-day, to-morrow there will be wrath against the whole Congregation of Israel. Moreover, if the land of your 19 possession be unclean, pass over to the land of Jhvh's possession, where the Dwelling of Jhvh stands, and receive a possession in

10 the midst of us, but do not rebel either against Jhvh or against us, by building for yourselves an altar other than the altar of our God, Jhvh. Was not Achan ben-Zerah guilty of a breach of 20 faith? yet wrath fell upon the whole Congregation of Israel, and not he alone perished in his iniquity.

15 The Reubenites, and the Gadites, and tlic half-tribe of RIaiiassch 21

answered the heads of the thousands of Israel : el elohim Jhvh, 22 EL ELOHIM Jhvh,^ He knows and Israel shall know: if *we acted* in rebellion or unfaithfulness against Jhvh (do not spare us this day!) in building for ourselves an altar to turn from following 23

20 Jhvh, or to offer up thereon burnt-offerings, or cereal offerings, or peace-offerings, let Jhvh Himself require it. We have not done 24 this save from fear of what might happen, thinking that hereafter your sons might say to our sons: What have ye to do with Jhvh, the God of Israel, seeing that Jhvh has put a barrier between us 25

25 and you, ye Reubenites and Gadites, namely, the Jordan; ye have no portion in Jhvh ; and your sons cause our sons to cease from fearing Jhvh. So we said: Let us make for ourselves * * *' 26 by building the altar neither for burnt-offering nor for sacrifice ; but it shall be a witness between us, and between our sons, and 27

30 between our descendants, that we are to perform the service of Jhvh before Him with our burnt-offerings, and sacrifices, and peace- offerings, and that your sons shall not say hereafter to our sons : Ye have no portion in Jhvh. When they speak thus hereafter to 2S us and to our descendants, we thought to say : Behold the

35 fashion of the altar of Jhvh which our fathers made neither for burnt-offering nor for sacrifice ; but it is a witness between us and you ; far be it from us to rebel against Jhvh, and to turn this day 29 from Jhvh by building an altar for burnt-offering, or cereal offer- ing, or sacrifice, other than the altar of our God, Jhvh, which *stands*

40 before His Dwelling.

22,30-23,9 — **eg^S(- 3o«6i<a -!S*»|!3*« — 40

22, yi When the priest Phinehas and the Princes of the Congrega-

tion" heard the words that were spoken by the Reubenites and 31 the Gadites and the MaiiassiUs, they were satisfied. The priest, Phinehas ben-Eleazar, said to the Reubenites and the Gadites and the Manassitcs: To-day we know that JiiVH is in the midst of us, 5 because ye have not been guilty of tiiis breach of faith against JiiVH; now have ye dehvered the Israehtes out of the hand of Jhvh.'"

33 Then the priest Phinehas ben-Eleazar and the Princes returned from the Reubenites and the Gadites, from the land of Gilead to the land of Canaan, to the Israelites, and brought them word again. 10

Z2, The Israelites were satisfied, and blessed God, and spoke no ♦more* of marching against them to lay waste the land inhabited by

34 the Reubenites and Gadites. The Reubenites and the Gadites called the altar cGalj<'ed>" ♦saying*: It shall be a witness between us that Jhvh is God. 15

^oe^ua'e ^ivst farcrocff.

23,1 AFTER a long time, when Jhvh had given rest to Israel from l\ all their enemies round about, and Joshua was old and

2 advanced in }-ears, he called all Israel with their elders, heads, judges, and officers, and said to them : I am old and advanced in 20

3 years, and ye have seen all that your God, Jhvh, has done to all those nations, ♦in overthrowing them* at your approach ; for

4 your God, Jhvh, He has fought for you. Behold. I have allotted to you those nations that remain as an inheritance for your tribes: from the Jordan * * with all the nations that I have extir- 25 pated * * <as far as> the Great Sea in the West <shall be your

5 territory^.' Your God, Jhvh, He shall drive them out, and dispossess them to make room for you; ye shall possess their land as \'our

6 God, Jhvh, told you. Be very firm faithfully to observe all that

is written in the Book of the Law of Moses, lest ye turn from it 30

7 to the right hand or to the left, or go among these nations, these that are left with you; or mention the name of their gods or swear

8 by them, or serve them or bow down to them ; ye must cleave

9 to >our God, Jhvh, as ye have done down to this day. Jhvh

22,30 "that is, the heads of the thousands of Israel who were with hir

41 — .*e#683s- ^oe^MO •*a«^<-« — 23,10-24,4

has dispossessed, to make room for you, nations great and powerful, 23 and as for yourselves, not a man has held his own against you until this day. One man of you chased a thousand ; it was your 10 God, Jhvh, who fought for you, as He told you. Take good ir 5 care therefore to love your God, Jhvh. But if ye in any wise 12 turn, and ally yourselves with the remnant of these nations, those that are left with you, and make marriages with them, and mix with them, and they with you, ye will surely learn that your God, 13 Jhvh, will no more dispossess those nations in your favor, and

10 they will become to you a snare, a trap, and a scourge to your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye are extirpated from this good land which your God, Jhvh, has given you. Behold I go 14 to-day the way of all the earth, and ye know with all your heart and soul that not one thing has failed of all the good things which

15 your God, Jhvh, spoke concerning you; they have all been fulfilled for you : not one of them has failed. And as all the good things 15 have come to you that your God, Jhvh, promised you, so will Jhvh bring upon you all the evil things, until He extirpate you from this good land which your God, Jhvh, has given you ; when 16

20 ye transgress the covenant with Jhvh which He commanded you, by going to worship and bow down to other gods. <"'>

JOSHUA gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem,' and called 24,1 the elders, heads, judges, and officers of Israel, and the\'

25 presented themselves before God.= Then Joshua said to all 2

the people: Thus says the God of Israel, Jhvh : Your fathers lived of old beyond the river tEuphrates*, Tcrali, the father of AbraJiain and Nahor, and worshiped other gods.^ I took )-our 3 father Abraham from beyond the river -Euphrates*, and led him

30 throughout all the land of Canaan, and I increased his progeny, and gave him Isaac. I gave Jacob and Esau to Isaac ; and 4 I gave Mount Seir to Esau to possess it, while Jacob and his

23, 16 -then will the anger of Jhvh be hot against you, and ye will be speedily extir- pated from the good land which He has given you

24.5-20 —t-ifs^msf ^oe^ua ■iiSi^a*''^- 42

24,5 sons went down to Eg^ypt.'' I sent Moses and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt -with portents- ' which I did in the midst of them, and

6 afterward I brought you out. / brouglit out your fathers from Egypt, and ye came to the sea, and the Egyptians pursued yowr fathers, with

7 chariots"' and liorsemen to the Red Sea, and they cried to Jhvh, and 5 He put darkness between you and the Egyptians. He brought the sea upon them, and covered them, and your eyes saw what

S He did in Egypt. Ye Hved a long time in the Wilderness. I brought you to the land of the Amorites who lived beyond the Jordan, and they fought against you, and I gave them into your 10 hand ; ye took possession of their land, while I destroyed them to

9 make room for you. Then the King of Moab, Balak ben-Zippor, undertook to make war^ upon Israel, and called Balaam ben-Beor

10 to curse you. But I would not listen to Balaam, and he had to

11 bless you, and I delivered you out of his hand. Then ye passed 15 over the Jordan, and came to Jericho, and the mcn^ of Jericho fought' against you, the Amorites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hittites, Girgashites, Hivites, and Jebusites, but I gave them into your hand.

12 I sent before you the hornets,'" they drove out before you the tw<elve>" kings of the Amorites, neither by your sword nor by your bow. 20

13 I gave you a land for which ye had not labored, and cities which ye had not built; ye settled in them; ye ate of vineyards and oli\-e

14 yards which yc had not planted." Now, therefore, fear Jhvh, and worship Him loyally and faithfully; put away '3 the gods which your fathers worshiped beyond the river ^Euphrates* and in 25

15 Egypt; worship Jhvh! If ye are not willing to worship Jhvh, choose this day whom ye will worship, whether the gods your fathers worshiped who dived* beyond the river *Euphrates., or the gods of the Amorites in whose land ye live ; but as for me and m_\' House, we will worship Jh\'h. 30

16 The people answered : Far be it from us to forsake Jhvh

17 to worship other gods. Jhvh is our God, it was He who brought up ounselves and our fathers out of the land of Egypt where we were bondmen, and who did those great signs before our -very- eyes, and kept us all the way wherever we went, and among all 35

iS the peoples through the midst of whom we passed. Jhvh drove out before us all the peop/es and the Amorites who inhabited the

19 land. We, too, will worship Jhvh, for He is our God. Joshua said to the people: Ye cannot worship Jhvh ; He is a holy God; He is a jealous God ; He will not forgive your transgression and 40

20 your sins. If ye forsake Jhvh, and worship strange gods. He

43 ^«4«3|*sSs- 3*^^"* ■*^**^^**"~ 24,21-33

will turn, and do evil to you, and consume you, after He has 24 done you good. But the people said to Joshua: Not so, we will 21 worship Jhvh. Then Joshua said to the people: Ye are witnesses 22 against yourselves, that ye yourselves have chosen Jhvh to worship 5 Him.<"> Now, therefore, put away the strange gods who are among 23 you, and give your heart to Jhvh, the God of Israel. The people 24 said to Joshua: We will worship our God, Jhvh ; Him will we obey.

Then Joshua made a covenant on behalf of the people that 25 day, establishing statutes and ordinances for them at Shechem.

\o Joshua iL'rotc titisc loords in the Book of tlic Lcnu of Got/,'* took a 26 great stone, and set it up there under the Oak that was in the sanctuary of Jhvh. Joshua said to all the people: This stone 27 shall bear witness against us, it has heard all the words of Jhvh which He spoke with us, and it shall bear witness against you,

15 lest ye deny your God. Then '^ Joshua dismissed the people to 28 their several possessions.

©eafg of 3o80ua.

AFTER these things Joshua ben-Nun, fhc- Scri'ant of jHi'H, died 29 I- at the age of a hundred and ten years ; and they buried him 30 20 within the bounds of his estate, at Timnath-serali '* in the Highlands of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.

®aj0 of (6e ^urptmng (EfJere.

ISRAEL worshiped Jhvh all the days of Joshua and all the days 31 of the Elders who outlived Joshua, and who knew all the works 25 of Jhvh that He had done for Israel.

Q0onC0 of ^oecpB.

THE bones of Joseph'" which the Israelites had brought up 32 from Egypt they buried in Shechem in the portion of the field which Jacob had bought'^ for a hundred pieces of silver, '^ from 30 the Sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem, and which *Jacob had given* to <> Joseph as his portion.'"

©cafB of Sfcajar.^'

ELEAZAR ben-Aaron died, and they buried" him in Gibeah, 33 ♦the city- of his son Phinehas, which had been given to him 35 in the Hill-country of Ephraim.

24,22 "they said: 'we are* witnesses

(jflokB on ^oB^na

'• .AX- ■ ;

-'■/'In :.-^*^''^SMUCH as the Book of Joshua is an integral part of the ^"' /f\ "^^ Hexateuch (/. c. Pentateuch + Joshua), the reader is referred for V A ^^' information as to date, authorship, and composition to the Intro- i; "- '^'i.^f^* ductions to the previous books.

' .^V-V;' 't-^ By way of brief recapitulation, the process of composition of

M <«>. 'E ^^^ Hexateuch may be described as follows. Two parallel works, J A i '''-• the Judaic document (J) and the Ephraimi/ic document (E), °" ■ were compiled between 850 and 650 b. C; these were afterward 10 combined into a single work (JE) by redactors or editors (RJ^). The first edition of Deuteronomy (D) was promulgated under Josiah in 621 B.C., having been composed shortly before. This work was afterward supplemented and combined with JE, by editors writing, at various times, in the style and sjiirit of Deuteronomy and denoted by the symbol HP (cf. below, note i on c. i). 15 The result of this second combination was a still more composite work desig- nated as JED.

A fourth work, parallel to J and E, but mainly devoted to Ritual Legisla- tion, was compiled, by Priestly Writers, in successive stages in Babylonia during and after the Exile, and is known as the Priestly Code (P), including P* as a 20 later stratum. Tliis was combined with JED by priestly redactors (R'") about 440-400 B.C. The result of this last combination was the complete Hexateuch, from which the portion now known as the Book of Joshua was separated, either at that time or somewhat later, in order to emphasize the Mosaic author- ship of the Law ; or, perhaps, the Joshua sections of JED and P were 25 separated from the preceding sections before the latter were combined to form the Pentateuch.

Three points should be noticed as peculiar to the Book of Joshua : — {a) Whereas the Pentateuch under the title of the Torah became the first Canon of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Book of Joshua was relegated to the

30 second ( Prophetical ) stratum of the Hebrew Canon. Hence the history- of its text is different from that of the Pentateuch. Not being part of the authorita- tive Code of Judaism, it was not subject to the emendations and modifications necessarily made in such a code ; but, on the other hand, it was more liable to unauthoritative alterations, and would be likely to suffer more from careless

35 copying. Further, the Septuagint translation of Joshua is by other hands than that of the Pentateuch.

— ^^^tsje- Qtofce on ^oe^ua -sssi^BW^— 45

{6) In combining JE and D, R° made comparatively few alterations in the JE narratives of the period before the death of Moses, but dealt ver>- freely with the JE sections relating to the Conquest.

(f) In the Pentateuch, P is used as a framework; in Joshua, JED (see above, p. 44, 1. 16). 5

^outcce of f6e (^ooft.

The JE sections relating to the Conquest constitute a special difficulty in the literary analysis of Joshua. P and the original matter of R^ and Rp can be distinguished with comparative certainty. But J and E are similar in character and subject, and were somewhat carefully combined by RJ^; hence the separa- 10 tion of J and E is always difficult. In Joshua, however, the difficulty has been increased by R°, who have further harmonized their materials. The problem with regard to the analysis of J and E in Joshua may be stated as follows : —

(i) The whole book has passed through the hands of R^, and the JE sections through the hands of RJ^ and R''. These Redactors use phrases &c. 15 of J and E in their redactional work, and in the small fragments the style of different hands carujot be always distinguished. Hence the reference of a passage to J, E, or JE does not exclude the presence of neutral material introduced by RJ^, R", or even R"". Such passages, however, remain substan- tially in their earlier form. 20

(ii) On the other hand, as the Redactors had these earlier sources before them, the reference of a passage to RJ^, R° or R^ does not exclude the possibility of its being based on earlier material, or the use in it of JE phrases. Such passages, however, have been so completely recast by the Redactors that they rest simply on their authority; c/. 22,9-34. 25

(iii) In JE n<}rratives (as distinguished from the E speech in c. 24) two parallel accounts can be clearly detected, especially in cc. 3-9. The leading characteristics also of each story can be pointed out. The reference in the several cases of the one story to J, and the other to E, is also fairly estab- lished, though not yet universally accepted. But in cc. 3-9 there is much 30 neutral material which might be equally well referred to either of the two stories, or two sources, and the distribution of this material cannot be always made with entire confidence. These remarks apply with special force to the separation of the older and later strata of J and E, /. e. of J' from y, and E' from E'. 35

(iv) In the Account of the Division of the land in cc. 13-19. fragments of earlier sources, probably of JE, are entangled in the P sections. Some have been pointed out, but it is not certain whether in these sections we have a use of earlier sources by P itself, or a combination of P with these sources by Ri*.

6rpfanatton of Cofore.

In the foregoing translation these sources of the Book of Joshua are repre- sented by colors as follows : —

Dark red {e.g. 10,13) is used for Older Strata (about 850 b. c. ) of the Judaic Document, J (see above, p. 44, 1. S and cf. Notes on Judges, p. 48, 1. 24).

Light red {e.g. 2,12-14) is employed for Later Strata (about 750-650 45 B.C.) of J{Y).

D.\rk blue {e. g. 6,5) represents Older Strata (about 750 B.C.) of the Ephraimitic Document, E (see above, p. 44, 1. 8).

Light blue {e. g. 1,1.2) indicates Later Strata (about 650 b. c. ) of E (E°).

Purple, the combination of red and blue, {e. g. 2,1-9) represents the 50 composite document JE (about 630 n. c. ), that is, those parts of the Prophetical

46 ^-**e§®Sf (Jlotee on ^oe^ua -jassiia**—

Narrative of the Hexateuch, in which the Judaic Document (J ) and the Eph- rainiitic Document (E) are so intimately fused that they cannot be separated by literary analysis. Cf. Notes on Judges, p. 46, 11. 26 . 41 ; p. 53, 1. 35.

Green (e. ff. 1,3-9) indicates R'' (see above, p. 44, 1. 14), that is, Dculer- 5 onomistic Expansions (additions written in the spirit of Deuteronomy about 570-540 B.C.).

Brown [e. g. 22,9-34) is used for P* (see above, p. 44, 1. 19), that is. Later Strata (440-400 B.C.) of the Priestly Code (P), the main body of which (compiled in Babylonia about 500 B.C.) is printed on a white background with- 10 out any additional coloring {e. g. 5, 10-12).

Orange is employed for the fragment 5,13-15, the source of which is unknown ; see p. 62, I. 24. The purple border around this section indicates that it has been introduced by the compiler of JE.

Italics indicate the latest strata of the respective documents, especially 15 Redactional Changes or Additions, made in the process of uniting and har- monizing different sources, or in adjusting the narrative to the point of view of the editors, or under the influence of a parallel passage ; see Judges, p. 46,

11. 48 ; Leviticus, p. 93, !. 31 ; p. 94, 11. I -7 ; p. 95, 1. 53 ; p. 96, 1. 3.

Italics on uncolored background (e. g. 5 , 6. 7) = R"" (about b. c. 440-400; 20 see above, p. 44, 1. 20).

Italics on purple background (e. g. 2,i7) = RJ^ (about 630 B.C.; see above, p. 44, 1. 10).

Italics on green background (e.g. ii , 21 . 22) =redactional adjustments &c. of R"^ (about 570-540 B.C.; see above, 1. 4). 25 Italics on brown background (e.g. 22.io| = R''* (about 440-400 B.C.;

see above, 1. 7).

The symbols - •■ [e.g. 7, 15.21.25) indicate Doublets of adjacent words (or clauses) which are presumably from a different source, although we have no clue as to which document either should be referred to (cf. note 21 on c. 7, 30 p. 66, 1. 22 ; also p. 64, 1. iS).

For the e.xplanation of the other critical marks, --, ■>, &c., see above, pp.

v and vi.

(pfacc of ^oo^wa t" f6c '^i6tov2 of ^evad.

The Book of Joshua is parallel to Jud. i. The picture drawn of the Con-

35 quest by these two authorities is, however, quite different. In Joshua the

conquest is effected by United Israel under the single leadership of Joshua in

a series of systematic and continuous campaigns ; the conquest is immediate

and complete. In Judges the conquest is a gradual process ; separate portions

of the country are conquered by independent operations of individual tribes.

40 The conquest is far from complete. An examination of Joshua shows that the

picture of an inmiediate and thorough subjection of the whole country is due

to the interpretation put upon the history by R'', and that the earlier sources

of Joshua agree with Jud. i and are in part identical with it. The view taken

by these earlier sources is historical ; that introduced into Joshua by R°, and

45 possibly also by RJ^, is due to a mistaken theory of history, as are also the

statements of R"^ and P about the observance of the Law of Moses. There

are no trustworthy data in OT by which the chronology of the Conquest can

— »*^6€a!- (Jlotce on ^oB^ua ■«tm^c3*<- —

47

be determined ; nor have they been yet furnished by Egyptian or Assyrian inscriptions. The Exodus has been often referred to the reign of Merneptah (about 1300-1266 B.C.), and the absence of any reference to Egypt in the Books of Joshua and Judges would suit the period of weakness through which Egypt passed in tlie closing years of the Nineteenth Dynasty (1266 -1200 n. c. ). But an inscription of Merneptah has been recently discovered which mentions Israel amongst other Palestinian peoples conquered by Merneptah (c/. note 11 on Ezek. 37), so that, apparently, the Exodus must be placed earlier. Some archeologists have identified the Khabiri, who appear as an aggressive power in Palestine in the time of Amenophis IV. { Ikh-en-atn ; see below, p. 49, 1. 6), with the Hebrews ; but this view is precarious ; see I. 27 and p. 53, 1. 2S».

.\\ any rate, our early information agrees with the Book of Joshua in representing Palestine as divided up among a number of small city-states, each with its own king. It was also mostly tributarj' to Egypt. Compare the remarks on the Chronology of the Book of Judges, p. 45 of the Notes on Judges ; and, for the account of the Conquest, ibid. p. 47, 1. 32.

til ef-ilmarna tcAiHs..

The famous discovery- of cuneiform tablets, which has made Tel el-Amarna a household word among Bible students, was made in 18S7. Many of the dis-

15

AMENurms III.

.\.MENOI-HIS IV.

coveries in Egypt and Assyria have been barren of any results immediately 20 bearing on the Sacred Scriptures, and e.xperts have been often tempted to soothe popular impatience by ingenious but erroneous conjectures. E\en now, indeed, we are probably not brought face to face with the actual characters and events of Hebrew history-. Lt.-Col. Conder's proposed identification of Ebed-tob, king of Jerusalem, with Joshua's Adoni-zedec is not accepted by 25 other scholars, nor has the theory that the Hebrews are mentioned under the name Khabiri met with general approval. But these tablets throw a flood of light on Eg>'pt and Western Asia, and especially on Palestine, about 1400 B. c.;" probably some time before the Exodus and Conquest. The informa- tion obtained from this wonderful discovery is a joint contribution of Assyriology 30 and Egyptology.

" Cf. Professor J.\strow's papers on Egypt and Palestine. 1400 B.C. and "The Men of Judah" in the El-.\marna Tablets {Journal of Biblical Literature, vols. II. 12, Boston, 1892-93).

48

-'•itjjcoai- (Hotce on ^oe^ua ■

Tel el-Amarna, about iSo miles south of Cairo by river, was the site of the palace of Amenophis IV., the son and successor of Amenophis III. The latter seems to have reigned about b. c. 1414- 1379. Amenophis is the Greek form of the Egyptian name Amen-hotep. The throne name of this king was Neb-nia't- 5 Re' (that is, Re or Ra, the Sungod, is the Lord of Truth), which appears in the Amarna Tablets in the form yibmuaria, Niimm'iria, &c. (see below, p. 51, 1. 6).° He seems to have ascended the throne in his sixteenth year, and is said to have been a mighty himter who slew more than a hundred lions with his own hand during the first ten years of his reign. Then he married and 10 apparently relinquished this dangerous sport. His only campaign was against the Ethiopians in his fifth regnal year. He married Gilukh^pa, a sister of King Dushratta of Milan (see below, p. 49, 1. 34), and also an Egyptian lady, Teie, the mother of Amenophis IV. (see p. 50, 1. 9). Numerous temples were erected by Amenophis III., especially at Luxor and Karnak, on the site

15 of Thebes, the ancient

capital of Upper Egypt.

The annexed engraving

represents one " of the two

famous colossal statues of 20 Amenophis III. on the

western bank of the Nile

near Thebes (see Ezckiel,

p. 159). It is the more

southern of the two stat- 25 ues, commonly known as

the Colossi of Meninon.

The other, which is still

more mutilated, is thu

celebrated Vocal Statue 30 of Memnon, so-called

because for about two

centuries, at the begin- ning of the Christian era,

it emitted a harplike 35 sound at sunrise.' At

that period these colossi

were looked upon as

statues of Memnon who

commanded the Ethio- 40 plan allies of the Trojans, name was

Nefr-khepru-Re (i. e. Noble in his Manifestations is Re), whicli appears in the

Amarna Tablets as Napkhtiraria, Nipkhiiriria, &c. (see below, p. 51, 1. 41).

He was co-regent during the last years of his father's reign, and married

the Mitanian princess Tddukhepa, a niece of his father's wife Giliikhepa (see 45 above, 1. 11). In the picture on p. 47, which is part of one taken from the

Egyptian monuments, he is represented as adoring the Sun, whose rays,

ending in hands, stretch out to him, to .support him and bestow life and

strength. Amenophis IV. was a fanatical ' reformer who endeavored to supersede

and the musical wonder was ex- plained as Memnon's greeting to his mother, Eos, the goddess of morn. The sound (which was heard no more after the colossus was repaired about a. d. 200) may have been produced by the influ- ence of the heat of the sun sud- denly following upon the cold nights in Egypt. Similar phe- nomena have been ob- served elsewhere : at Karnak and Syene ; east of Damascus ; in tlie Pyrenees ; on the banks of the Orinoco, &c.

The son and suc- cessor of Amenophis III., the heretical king Amen- ophis IV. (later Ikh-en- atn ; see be- low, p. 49, 1. 6) reigned about 8.0.1383-1365. His throne

COLOSSrS OF MEMNON.

" Cf. Notes on Isaiah, p. 139, 1. 24.

*The original height of this statue seems to have been nearly 70 feet.

'Tacitus, Ann. 2,61: Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis soils icia est, vocalem sonnm reddens.

'His fanatic character is apparent in his portrait (see above. !. 45).

Qtofco on ^oe^ua -ssjss^em-* — 49

the old polytheistic religion of Egypt by the exclusive worship of the Sun. He prohibited the cult of Amon and of all other gods, especially those of Thebes ; their images were destroyed and their names erased from the walls of the temples and other public buildings. He changed his own name Amen- ophis ( Amen-hotep, which contains the name of the god Amon) into Jkh-en- 5 atn (K/iu-cn-aten, Akh-en-aten), that is, Spirit of the Sun (or Splctidor of the Solar Disk; see Isaiah, p. 143). He left the residence of his father, Thebes, and built, half-way between Thebes and Memphis, in Middle Egypt, a new magnificent capital, Khut-atn (that is. Horizon of the Sun), the site of which is now known as Tel el-Amarna. After his death, however, a reaction set in : 10 his innovations were abolished, his name erased from monuments, and the new city he had founded was destroyed.

LEFT-H.\ND EDGE OF CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF KING DUSHR.\TTA.

The majority of the cuneiform dispatches found in the record-chamber of the royal palace at Tel el-Amarna are addressed to Amenophis IV. or to his ministers. The tablets, numbering over 300" are part of the official correspon- 15 dence of this king, and of his father, with the kings of Babylonia and Assyria and of the other states of Western Asia, and especially with the Egyptian officials and subject-allies in Palestine. A remarkable feature of this corres- pondence is that the letters are in the cuneiform character, and in the Babylonian language." It thus appears that Babylonian was the language of diplomacy in 20 Western Asia and Syria, and these tablets show that Egyptians had some acquaintance even with Babylonian mythology. [One of the tablets (No. 240 in the edition of the Berlin Museum) contains a Babylonian mythological text, known as the Adapa Legend ( cf. Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston, 189S, p. 544). The cuneiform te.xt of this legend has been marked by 25 an Egy-ptian scribe with a number of dots in black ink. Another mythological text (No. 82 in the edition of the British Museum ; cf. ibid. pi. 17) refers to the goddess of the nether world, the consort of Nergal (2 Kings 17,30), and to her messenger Namtar (see Jastrow, op. cit., pp. 570. 584).* This text is marked with dots in red ink. The practice of marking short clauses or sentences with 30 red dots was common in Egypt.

Several of the cuneiform dispatches have dockets in Egy'ptian hieratic characters, recording the date of their arrival in Egypt, the name of the sender, &c. For instance, in one of the letters' of King Dushratta of Mitan (in northern Mesopotamia, on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, north of the 35 mouth of the river Bellas, Arab. el-Balikk) to Amenophis IV., we find, on the

"One of the letters (No. 27 in the edition of the Berlin Museum) Is in the language of Milan (see above, 1. 34) ; another (No. 10) in the language of Ar(api or rather Ar:aya. that is, perhaps, the non-Semitic name oi Alashia {if. below, p. 50, I. 15) = Cyprus (ZA 10,263); No. 238 also is in this language.

^The texts of two other fragmentary mythological tablets have been partially restored in the Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4, pp. 131-134.

'No. 23 in Hugo Winckler, The Tel-el- Ainarna Letters (Berlin, 1896); p. 19 in the edition of the Berlin Museum (Berlin X .\. Th. 233) ; cf. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Syria and E.^ypl, from the Tel-el-Amarna Letters (London, 1898), p. 36, No. 12.

50 — »*«#eai<- (llotca on 3°"^"'^ -ss^'es** —

left-hand edge of the tablet," a hieratic note, in black ink, stating that this dispatcli was received when the Egyptian Court resided in the Southern capital (Thebes) and that it was the copy of a Naharinian** letter which the ines-

HIERATIC NOTE ON CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF DUSHRATTA.

sengers had brought. In the same way a letter' of Dushratta to Amenophis 5 III., tlie father of Amenophis IV., contains, at the end of the reverse, three lines of hieratic writing, much defaced, which give the arrival of this dispatch in Egypt, apparently in the 36''' year of Amenophis III., in the month of Pharmuthi (March- April). Another letter' of Dushratta is addressed to the widow of Amenophis III., Queen Teie, and on the lower part of the reverse 10 are two lines of hieratic writing, much defaced ; on the left-hand edge also a

few hieratic characters are visible, apparently stating that this letter was For the Queen. One of the letters" from • ^ i H IfiS ^^^ \0*^ t ?^ ^ ; -^I'-ishia ( Cyprus ) bears on

the reverse a hieratic docket

in black ink : Letter of the

Prince of Atashia.'

HiERAiiL .Nijii^ ...x m^iATCH FROM ALASHiA. The plate facing p. I

20 represents the obverse of

one of the largest tablets found at el-Amarna. This tablet contains a letter'

of King Dushratta to Amenophis IV. On the reverse is an illegible hieratic

character in black ink. The size of this tablet, which is preserved in the Royal

Museum, Berlin, is 45x26 cm (lyfxioj in.). — P. H.]

\\\ b i^±t^M

25 The tablets fall into three classes : —

(i) Correspondence between Amenophis III. and Amenophis IV. of Egypt, on the one hand, and Dushratta. king of .Milan ; Kadashman-Bel,* king of Baby-

■SSsigSssC-—

"See the cut on p. 49. The size of this tablet is 26 .x 15 cm (ioJx6 in.).

* Naharina = Syria on the Eufihrates (see Judges, p. 57, 1. 14), i. e. the Lowland of Northern Syria on both sides of the Euphrates, west of the river Habor (2 Kings 17,6; 18 , II ; I Clir. 5 , 26; Arab. el-Kltabfir). It is not Mesopotamia but Parapotamia (Strabo 16.7.53)-

'No. 20 in WiNCKLER's translation: No. 10 (pi. 23) in the edition of the British Museum; Petrie, No. 8. Size of tablet : 3i'5X2l| in.

'No. 22 in Winckler's translation; No. 11 (pi. 9) in the edition of the British Museum; Petrie, No. 9. Size of tablet: 5JX3} in.

•No. 29 in Winckler's translation; No. 12 in the edition of the Berlin Museum; Petrie, No. 29. The original is preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Gizeh. Tlie size of this tablet is i2xS cm (45x3^"^ in.). For Atashia cf Elishali, Ezek. 27,7.

'See also Nos. 5. 9. 131 . 158 . 163. 187 . 213 . 220. 254 . 255 in Winckler's transla- tion, =Nos. 17.6 (Hieratic docket, in red ink, on the upper edge) . 160. 94 . 112 . 167. 122. 131 . 136. 139 in the edition of the Berlin Museum.

"No. 21 in Winckler's translation; No. 24 in the edition of the Berlin Museum (see ibid. pi. ii); Petrie, No. 11.

*It has been recently shown that we must read Kadashman-Bet instead oi Kulliiiia- Sin. See Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4. P- n^, 1. 27.

—'^■^m!^ (JlloUe on ^oe^ua -ss^ — 51

Ionia ; and the kings of the Hittites, and of Alasliia, on the other. The letters of Dushratta and Kadashman-Bel show that the Egyptian Icings of the 18* dynasty frequently intermarried with the royal house of Milan, and less often with that of iJ^itiylon. One letter, from which we give extracts." strikingly illustrates the relations of these great powers of 1400 B. c. This letter is from 5 IVidinuaria ( Anienophis III.) to Kadashman-Bel. In a previous letter Nih»iiiiiria had asked for Kadashman-Bel's daughter in marriage ; and Kadashman-Bel, in his reply, had demurred, because he was doubtful about the treatment of his sister, who had been previously sent to Egypt. The letter opens : —

To Kadashman-Bel, King of Karduniash, my brother, from Nibmuaria, the great 10 King, the King of Egypt, your brother. I am well, may you be well ; with your house, your wives, your sons, your chief men, your horses, your chariots, and your lands, may it be very well. I am well ; with my house, my wives, my sons, my chief men, my horses, my chariots, my people, it is very well ; and with my lands it is very well. 15

Verily, I have heard the communication, which you have written me, namely :

"You wish, indeed, my daughter to wife, although my sister, whom my father gave you, is there with you, and no one has seen her as yet, whether she is alive, or whether she is dead."

These are your words, which you, in your letter, have written me. But you have 20 never sent a kamirii, ^ who knows: our sister, who could have conversed with, and could have recognized her, and could have spoken with her. The people, whom you sent . . . there is not one among them, who stood near (?) your father.

And when you write :

"Even if you connnand my messengers and your wives, that they should all 25 come together in open session, in your presence, and even if you (Pliaraoh) sa\' (to the messengers) : ' Behold your mistress, wiio stands before you/ nevertlieless my messengers do not know whether she (really) is my sister, who is with you. . . . Who knows but what she may be the daughter of a beggar, or of a Gagean,' or a maiden of Khanigalbat,'' or who knows, whether she is from Ugarit,« she whom my 30 messengers see . . . When my messengers come there and speak with her, they ought to bring me a present from her, as proof of the fact that she is with you." — (E.xtract from No. i, in Winckler's translation; Petrie, No. 13.)

Later letters show that Kadashman-Bel was induced to send his daughter to Amenophis ; so that we may hope that Kadashman-Bel's sister, about whom 35 he was an.xious, was living in all due state and honor at the Egyptian court.

Other letters also, of this class, refer to intermarriages between the various royal houses. Romance, however, is much mi.xed up with business ; and the kings are very keen to obtain satisfactory presents from each other. They seem to have bartered princesses, gold, and other valuable products. For 40 instance, in a letter from Kadashman-Bel's successor, Burraburiash, to Napkhuraria (Amenophis IV. of Egypt), the Babylonian king makes the following complaint:

Your messengers have come three times, but you have sent no beautiful present; and I, too, no beautiful present at all have I sent you. If nothing is refused me, I will refuse you nothing. Your messenger, whom you sent, the 20 minas of gold, which 45 he brought, were not complete, and when it was put in the furnace, it did not amount to 5 minas . . . .-Vnimals, be they of the country, be they of tlie city (?), as if they were alive shall they be made ; the skin, as if it were alive, I will prepare, your messenger shall bring (them) ... As your present I send you 2 minas of azure stone . . . your daughter, my son's wife ... a necklace of gems and azure stones, 50 1048 in number, I have sent you for her present. — (Winckler, No. 8; Petrie, No. 19.)

s»^?C^€^—

"Our extracts are taken from Winckler's translation (see above, p. 49, note >) with a few slight corrections and adaptations to English pronunciation and idiom.

* Probably a court official. — 'That is, a Northern barbarian; cf. Gog, Ezek. 38,2.

' Apparently = Mitan (p. 49, 1. 34). 'Not identified; perhaps near Antioch.

'Apparently only betrothed and still at home.

52 — **e#{®ii- (Jlofce on ^ee^ua ->S99f»«-» —

Probably these state embassies parlixik of the character of tradiivj; caravans, and furnislied an opportunity for other commerce besides the interchantje of presents and princesses between the sovereigns of Egypt, Babylon, Milan, and the Hittites. Doubtless, too, other caravans passed to and fro betvveeif these different 5 countries. The caravan routes passed either through Palestine or along its borders ; so that the Amarna Tablets imply considerable intercourse between Palestine and these neighboring empires.

(ii) The Second Group of Letters refers to Northern Syria and Phoenicia. At the beginning of the period covered by this correspondence, these regions,

ID as well as the rest of Palestine, were sulyect to Egypt ; and the cities were governed by princes dependent upon Egypt. We gather that the weakness of Egypt and the withdrawal of its troops led to dissensions and revolts of the subject princes ; and that the Hittites took the opportunity to encroach upon the Syrian dominions of Egypt. Many of the letters are appeals from the sub-

15 ject kings for aid against one another. In more than one instance, each of two mutual enemies claims that Ae is a loyal subject of Egypt and fighting in its interests, and that the other is a rebel against their common suzerain.

For instance, the Amorite Prince, Aziru, writes to the king of Egypt as follows : —

20 To my Ii:)rd, the King, my god, my suii : .Azini, your servant. Ai the feet of my

lord, the King, seven times and seven times I fall ... In all respects I and my sons are servants of my lord, the King, to all eternity. — (Winckler, No. 47; Petrie, No. 150.)

This is only one of many protestations of Aziru's loyalty ; he often appeals

25 to the king of Egypt not to listen to those who accuse him (Aziru) of enmity to Egypt. On the other hand Rib-Addi, Prince of Gebal (Byblos), constantly protests /lis loyalty to Egypt, and seems to have defended its interests to the utmost of his ability. In Rib-Addi's letters, Aziru appears as the consistent enemy of Egypt and her adherents. Evidently the Intelligence Department of

30 the Egyptian Foreign Office was very imperfectly served, and Pharaoh's minis- ters had great difficulty in distinguishing friends and foes. The Egyptian vassals received scant aid from Egypt, and town after town fell into the hands of the enemy, amongst whom the Khabiri are conspicuous. We read of the loss of Zidon, Beyroot, and Arvad. Damascus is spoken of as appealing for help,

35 and when last we hear of Tyre, its king, Abimelech, is still holding out for E.gypt, but is reduced to great e.xtremities.

Naturally the decay of E.gyptian authority and the consequent wars inter- fered with communication between Egypt and the countries beyond Palestine. In the following extracts Burnaburiasli complains to Amenophis IV. of the

40 injuries done in Palestine to Babylonian subjects and envoys.

Inasmuch as they told me, that the road is dangerous, the water supply cut off, and the weather hot, I have not sent you many beautiful presents . . . With regard to 5;almu, my messenger, whom I sent to you, his caravan has been twice plundered . . . Since they have plundered him in your land, which is a land of vassala.ge, let 45 therefore my brother adjust this strife. When my messenger comes into my brother's presence, let ^almu also come before my brother, that they may refund him his ransom, and make good his loss.— (Winckler, No. 10; Petrie, No. 22.)

Now my merchants, who journeyed with Akhitab (.\hitub), and tarried in Kinakhi (Canaan) on business . . . they have killed and appropriated their money . . . 50 Kinakhi is your land, and you are the King. I have been violently dealt with in your land ; subdue them. Make good tlie money they have stolen ; and the people, who killed my servants, kill them and avenge their blood.— (Winckler, No. ii; Petrie, No. 124.)

—^^e^ms^ (Uofea on ^oefixiCi •^sm^*^

53

(iii) Letters from the south of Palestine (the Phihstine cities, and the district which was afterwards Judea). The distinction between (ii) and (iii) is geographical, the letters of the two groups are ver>- similar. Those in (iii) are from Eg>-ptian governors and dependent princes to Pharaoh and his officials. We find the same break-up of the Egyptian power in the South as in the 5 North ; and in the South also the dependent princes strive to profit by the weakness of Egypt to aggrandize themselves at each other's expense. Here again mutual enemies all profess to be loyal to Egypt ; each correspondent, according to his own account, is a faithful subject and is attacking some one else, only because the other is betraying the interests of Egypt. Such pro- 10 fessions are made even by princes who have allied themselves to the enemies of Egypt. The letters are full of mutual recriminations. But there were clearly two chief parties, one loyal to Eg>pt ; the other professing loyalty, but in reality allied with the enemies of Egypt. The latter party, as in the North, is every- where successful. 15

A few names connect the history of the South w-ith that of the North. Zimrida, prince of Lachish, can scarcely be the same as the Zimrida, prince of Zidon, of group (ii) ; but a certain Lapaya is active against Egypt, not only in the South, but as far north as Megiddo. The chief common element in the situation. North and South, is the Khabiri. They seem ubiquitous, and appear 20 as far north as Gebal, Beyroot, and Zidon (Winckler, Nos. 55.60.147);'" but

they are perhaps most conspicuous and successful in the South. The wide Tange of their opera- tions makes it diffi- cult to identify them with the Hebrews. Any such identifica- tion would seriously add to the objections to the historic char- acter of any portion of Joshua.

An interesting point as regards this group is that Zim- rida of Lachish, who is the writer of one of the letters and

'**/

OBVERSE OF TEL-HESY TABLET.

is mentioned in another, is also men- tioned in a letter found at Lachish 25 (Tel-Hesy; c/. be- low, note 6 on c. 10 ) by Mr. Bliss, on May 14* 1892.* This let- ter is a tablet in 30 Babylonian cunei- form, in a script similar to that of the Amarna tablets of this third group. 35 It belongs to the jieriod of these tab- lets, and is a report from one Egyptian official to another. 40 It mentions a mes-

sage sent to Zimrida by a certain Shipti-Addi (or Dan-Hadad). The original tablet (size: 2|.x2jxjJ in.), which is of dark brown, baked clay, nearly flat on both sides (contrast Ezekiel, p. 98, 1. 48), is now in the Imperial Ottoman Museum, Constantinople. The cuneiform text is published in the Transactions 45 of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. xviii, part 3 (Philadelphia,

" See above, p. 52, 1. 34. The presence, however, of the Khabiri in the North depends on Winckler's interpretation of sx-gaz^ Kliah in' , which is doubtful; [SA- GAZ seems to be merely an ideogram for kliabbalic 'spoiler' {cf. Jud. 2,14), that is, raiding- nomads. According to Dr. Reisxer the Khabiri were Cassites; see Joiirn. Bibl. Lit., vol. 16 (Boston, 1S96), p. 143 and cf. note on Gen. 10 , 8, also The Language of Nimrod, the Cassite in the Andover Review (July, 1S84) p. 88. — P. H.]

*\VlN"CKLER, No. 219; PeTRIE, No. 235.

54 — »*^6%3Si- QloUe on ^oe^ua -sj*3«5«-» —

1896), 1)1.64, No. 147; rf. ibid. pi. xxiv, Nos. 66.67 ^"d P. 65 (contrast OLZ 2,5 and Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4, p. 153). See also F. J. Bliss, A Mound of Many Ci/ies (London, 1894), pp. 52 -60 and pp. 184-187. The half-tone reproduction of this tablet, on p. 53, is from a plaster cast in the 5 possession of Professor Jastrovv, Philadelphia.

We add two or three extracts from letters of this group. The first shows how the Egyptians arranged for a supply of loyal native officials. The writer, Yabitiri, is a native prince or noble, commanding for Egypt at Gaza and Jojjpa. He writes thus : —

10 I am a faithful servant of my lord, the King. I look here and I look there, and

there is no light, but I look to my lord, the King, and there is light. And (though) a brick move away from under its coping, I will not remove from under the feet of my lord, the King. Let my lord, the King, ask Yankhamu, his officer. When I was (still) young, he carried me to Egypt, and I served my lord, the King, and

15 stood at my lord, the King's gate. Let my lord, the King, ask his officer, if I do not guard the gatfc of Gaza and the gate of Joppa. — (W'inckler, No. 214; Petrie, No. 101.)

Special interest attaches to a series of letters from Abdi-khiba," prince of Jerusalem. The mention of Unisa/im decides the long controversy as to the

20 e.xistence of the name in pre-Davidic times, and affords new data for its etymology (see below, note 2 on c. 10). But, according to Winckler, No. 183 (Petrie, No. 256), the supposed discovery of a description of Jerusalem as Ihe city of the temple of Urash, whose name is Salim^ is due to a mistranslation. [Nevertheless, this letter of Abdi-khiba to the King is most interesting as to the

25 early history and importance of the city of Jerusalem. Line 10 of this text can hardly be interpreted as meaning anything else but : they have taken the district of the holy city ; and 11. 14.15: the capital of the land, whose name is Jerusalem, the city of the temple of Adar, the royal city'' (so Professor Delitzsch ). The reading of the name Adar ( Urash, Nin-ib) is uncertain, but we know that

30 this god was the Assyro-Babylonian god of war and the god of the destruc- tive storm-cloud (see Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, pp. 214.217), just as Jhvh was, according to early Israelitish conception, a god of war who revealed himself in thunderstorms {cf Jud. 5,5; 1 Kings 19,11; Ps. 18.7, and Professor Budde's Lectures on The Religion of Israel

2,^ from the Earliest Times to the Exile, New York, 1899, Lecture I). Adar may,

therefore, refer to Jhvh, just as, for instance, the Babylonian god Ea is called

Kronos in Berossus' version of the Chaldean account of the Deluge. Ancient

writers often apply names of their own gods to deities of other nations. — P. H.]

Again, clauses in Abdi-khiba's letters have been translated as describing him

40 as owing his authority neither to father nor mother, but to the Most High God ; and this description has been compared to that of Melchizedek, who was priest-king of Jerusalem. But according to Winckler, No. i8r ( Petrie, No. 234; cf. ZA 6,247), the passage reads: —

Neither my father nor my mother, but the strong arm of the King (scil. of Egypt) 45 established me over my father's territory.

Abdi-khiba seems to have been the most zealous supporter of Egypt in Southern Palestine, and his letters enable us to understand how rapidly the

"Some archeologists regard this name as equivalent to Ebed-tnb.

*So Savce in Records of the Past-, vol. 5 (London, 1S91), p. 72 ; contrast ZA 6, 263.

>■ C/. Josh. 10,2. Winckler translates line 10: and have taken the territory of Rubnti; and 11. 14.15 a city of the territory of Jerusalem, called Bil-Xinib, one of the cities of the king; see below, p. 55, I. 22.

1,1 ^»*^esss- (Jlofce on 3o65«4 •**»§«**— 55

cities fell away. The following extracts illustrate these events, and show us that the Khabiri played a most important part in them.

Let the King care for his land, and (pay some heed) to his land; the cities of mv lord, the King, belonging to Ili-milki (Elimelech), have fallen away, and the whole territory of the King will be lost ... If you do not listen to me, all the 5 dependent princes will be lost, and my lord, the King, will have no more dependent princes {cf. Ezra 4, 16). Let the King therefore turn his attention to the princes, and let my loi'd, the King, send troops. The King has no longer any territory. If troops come in this year, the territory will remain my lord, the King's; but if no troops come, the territory of my lord, the King, is lost. 1°

Abdi-khiba, — knowing that his letter will pass through the hands of the royal scribe or secretary, and apparently not certain that Pharaoh will ever see it, — adds, in a kind of postscript, a special appeal to the scribe: —

To the scribe of my lord, the King: — Abdi-khiba, your servant. Bring plainly (aloud) before my lord, the King, (these) words: "The whole territory of my lord, 15 the King, is going to ruin." — (Winckler, No. 179; Petrie, No. 227; cf. ZA 6,251.)

In another letter of Aljdi-khiba's {cf. above, p. 54, 1. 42) we read: —

The Khabiri are occupying the King's cities. There remains not one prince to imy lord, the King; every one is ruined.— (Winckler, No. 181 ; Petrie, No. 234.)

And again in another letter : — 20

The territory of the King has fallen into the hands of the Khabiri. And now indeed a city of the territory of Jerusalem, called Bit-Ninib," one of the cities of the King, has fallen into tlie hands of the people of Kiltu (perhaps = AV;7<7A, Josh. 15,44). .... Send troops that I may bring back the King's land to the King. For if there are no troops, the land of the King will fall into the hands of the Kliabiri. — (Winck- 25 LER, No. 183; Petrie, No. 256; cf. ZA 6,263.)

Letters like these naturally contain much repetition, a large proportion of their contents consists of the complimentary formulas addressed to the kings of Egypt and Babylon. Yet the letters throw much incidental light on religion and commerce, and above all else give us a clear idea of the political situation. 30 We see that the commercial and political system of the lands between the Euphrates and the Nile was ancient in the days of Abraham, and scarcely altered its essential features till the surrender of Babylon to Cyrus (538 B.C.). Indeed the Ptolemies of Egypt (323-30 B.C.) and the Seleucid kings of Syria (312-64 B.C.) reproduced in a measure the conditions of Egypt and Babylon. 35 Throughout there are the city-states of Palestine and Phoenicia, and the great empires SE, NVV, and W along the Nile, the Euphrates, and the Tigris. The chief change was the formation of the larger states of Israel and Damascus. Otherwise the Palestine of the Amarna Tablets is, in its political aspects, sub- stantially the Palestine of almost all pre-Roman periods. 40

(IXofce on Chapter t.

(i) Servant of JriVH, Deut. 34 , 5 ; Minister, Ex. 24, 13. I, I

It will be seen that here, as elsewhere, the Deuteronomic passages in Joshua are largely a mosaic of sentences and phrases taken from Deuteronomy

■Or Adar: contrast above, p. 54, 1. 28.

1,4-11

— »*e*e@!!- (Hotes on ^oe^ua ^SJ*iE»*<—

56

or characteristic of it ; (/. vv. 3 - 5a = Deut. 11,24.25; vv. 5b. 6 = Deut. 31 , 6-S ; i vv. 13- 15 = Deut. 3, 18-20. Note also: obserz'e to do (Deut. 11,32 &c. ) ; that thou mayst deal prudently 7vhithersoever thou goest (Deut. 29,9) ; this hook of the Law (Deut. 29, 21 &c.) ; yotir God or thy God in connection witli Jhvh. 5 This chapter strilces the two key-notes of the Deuteronomic etlitor, or

editors, of Josliua: (a) v. 5, Joshua the equal successor of Moses: as I ivas zvith Moses, so I -vill be with thee; (b) v. 7, Observe the Law; Joshua's mission, the

condition of his suc- cess and of Israel's

10 prosperity, is the ob- servance of the Law of Moses, i. e. (as always in Deut. pas- sages ) the legisla-

15 tioninDeut. 12-26.

( 2 ) Great Sea = Mediterranean ; ef. Ezek. 47, 10 &c.

(3) Hittites,\Mc 20 and rare use of this

word for inhabitants of Palestine gener-

HITTITE W.\RRI0RS.

ally. For the Hit- tites see Ezekiel, p. 122, 1. 25. The an- nexed illustration represents some Hit- tite warriors who took part in the l)attle of Kadesh on the Orontes, the 4 climax of Rameses II. 's (see p. 91, 1. 11) great cam- paign against the Kheta or Hittites, then the dominant

power to the N and NE of Syria. Its incidents are narrated in the Egj-ptian

'Poem of Pentaur.' Rameses was cut off from the main body of his army, and

25 defended himself with miraculous valor and success till reinforced. The Hittites

I HI-. |oKl).\N NE.\K lERICHO.

in Palestine, however, can only have been outlying settlements of this great nation.

(4) Quoted Heb. 13,5 as reason for being content -with such things as ye 5 have.

(5) 3Leditate thereon day and night, quoted Psalm 1,3. 8

30 (6) Compare Exodus, chapter 5, verse 6. 10

(7) Cf. interval of preparation before giving of Law from Sinai, Ex. 11 19, II (E).

57

(JlotcB on ^oe^ua •

1 , 14-2 , I

(S) That is, east of the Jordan; the writer's point of view is Western 1,14 Palestine. The illustration on p. 56 shows a bend of the Jordan and its valley, not far from Jericho. Note the deep trench, in which the stream flows, and the rich, tropical vegetation. The distant hills appear in the background.

(VLotiB on CRajptiv 2.

There are indications of the combination of two sources in the doublets in vv. 3.4a and 6». 15 . 21b and 22a. Again, invv. 6.8 the men are on the roof, and in V. 15 they are let down through the window. The conversation in vv. 17-21 is out of place, if the men have already been let down. The //ii-ee days in vv. 16. 22 10 is to be identified with the //ircc days in i, 11 ; 3,2. Mathematical accuracy is not to be looked for in these narratives, the various references simply indicate

PI/ U J I Ai-p

JERICHO.

that the same interval is intended ; cf. the phrase three days and three niglits for the interval between the burial of our Lord and the Resurrection.

(i) Mentioned in Num. 25,1 (JE) and 33,49 ( P, Abel-Shittim ) as the last 2, 15 halting place of the Israelites.

( 2 ) Previously referred to only as a landmark ( Deut. 32 , 49 &c. ) ; Jericho and Gilgal lay in the Plain of the Jordan, opposite .Shittim, west of the river. The plain at this point is about 16 miles wide, and the river flows through it at about equal distances from the mountains of Moab and the Hill-country of 20 Judah and Benjamin, which rise somewhat abruptly from the plain as its eastern and western boundaries. Jericho lay close under the western hills, in a large

sre$msf QTotoo on ^'^^ua -5»s*fsw-« —

58

and fi.'rtile oasis watered by the stream of the Wady el-Qelt" and two iniportaiU 2 springs. As Jericho is called in 2 Chr. 28, 15 the Ci(y of Palui-lrccs, tlie oasis was probably at this time, as in later days, rich in palm-trees, which, however, have now disappeared {cf. Notes on Judges, p. 49, 1, 47). Pliny, Nat. Hist., 5, 14 (70), calls the city: Hicricus palmetis consita, fontibus rigiia \ cf. Tac, Hist., 5,6. (For palm-trees, cf. the full-page illustration facing p. gS of P.'ialms and note 21 on Ezek. 40. ) The position was of military importance — 'the Chiavenna of Palesdne to any invader from this quarter' (Stanley) — opposite Jericho the Jordan could be crossed by fords, and through the hills south- west and north-west ran the passes leading up to the Hill -country of Judah and Benjamin.

The name has been interpreted (a) Place of Fragrance ; from the balsam and other odoriferous pro- ducts of the oasis (Heb. ri'iakh 'to smell'); (b) City of the Moon {WiHt). yerafih), the etymology sug- gesting that it was in ancient times a centre of Moon-worship. In the illustration on p. 57 we are west of the Jordan, with our backs to the river, looking across the plain of Jericho to the Hill-country of yudah, seen in the backgrovmd. The squalid group of huts in the foreground ('a few hovels and a tower on the edge of a swamp,' G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. of Pales- tine, p. 266), is Er'ilia or Rthd,^ the residuum of the Jericho of the Crusaders, and the modern repre- sentative of the wealth and splendor of the City of Palm-trees. The ancient city lay to the v\'est of Rilid, the OT Jericho about Ain es-.Sii/fdit,^ Herod's city on the Wady el-Oelt (p. 66, 1. 33) a little til the south of the latter. In the [ilate facing p. 2, we are on the northern mountains of Moab, shown in the foreground, and look east- ward. The plain of the Jordan fills the middle distance, and through it 45 winds the river in its deep trench. Underneath the eastern hills lay the camp of Israel before they crossed the Jordan. The hills in the distance are the highlands of Judah, and between them and the river lay Jericho. The Dead Sea is not shown ; it would be to the left of the picture.

'i'jlit Oy D. Aiiftclun ■k C'c in lite U. S. vj America. HOUSE ON THE CITY WALL.

"See below, note 23 on c. 7 a"d ""'^ 4 on c. 15

« These two forms are, of course, corruptions of the name fericho. 'That is, the 'Fountain of the Sultan,' which may be identical with the Waters of Jericlio in Josh. 16 , i and with the Fountain of Elisha in 2 Kings 2,21

59 — »4«^^s- (Uo(£0 on ^os^"* -«®'§»«'*^ — 2,9-3,10

(3) By the fords (v. 7) or swimming, if (as in 3, 15) tlie river was already 2 in flood, as in i Chr. 12, 15 the Gadites swam to David.

(4) Prostitution was not regarded as a sin by heathen nations, and was practiced as a religious observance in connection with their temple-worship ;

5 (compare Leviticus, p. 86, 1. 50; Ezekie/, p. 135, 1. 31). In Matth. 1,5 Rahab is an ancestress of David and Jesus ; she is adduced as an example of faith Heb. II ,31, and of works Jas. 2,25.

(5) Compare Exodus 15,14-16 (lEi) and Deuteronomy 2,25; 11,25. 9

(6) Compare Exodus 22,20; Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 7. 10 10 (7) ARV a true token (Vulg. verum siguuin), some clear means of indi- 12

eating to the conquerors Rahab and her friends, and of securing their safety. The clause interrupts the connection, and is either from a second source (and should possibly connect with the scarlet thread below) ; or, as it is omitted in the Greek Bible, it may be a late redactional addition. 15 (8) They will die if Rahab is not saved ; a form of oath. 14

(9) Compare St. Paul's experience at Damascus, Acts 9,25. The custom 15 of building houses on the walls of cities still prevails in the East. The cut on p. 58 gives a modern example of a house on the present city wall of Damascus.

(llotee on lti)a.)ftiv 3.

20 Note as doublets: (a) The crossing is mentioned at least twice, first

3,i6''-4,ia, and secondly -4, 10 ; — (b) The priests pass over twice, 4,11 and 18. — (c) Two sets of twelve stones, first in the midst of the Jordan, 4,9; secondly at Gilgal, 4,1.8.

3, 12 is quite out of place in its present connection, as are also 4 , i''-3. 25 4,il'-3 (Jhvh's instructions to Joshua) must precede 3,12 (Joshua's orders

to the people).

Note also the following connections in E : 3,3 and 14 the people remove

from their place; in 3,15 the waters are staid as soon as the feet of the

priests dip in them, in 4,18 they return as soon as their feet are lifted out

30 of the water to the dry ground ; also the references to the twelve stones at

the lodging place.

Neither account is complete, but the E narrative serves as a framework.

(i) Shittim {cf. 2,1) to the Jordan, six or seven miles. 3,

(2) Probably J's account originally used Ark of jHl'H, and E's : Ark of the 3 35 Coi'Ciiant, but editors and scribes have combined and confused the designa- tions. The Greek Bible has carried the combination still further, and has almost everywhere Ark of the Covenant of jHl'H.

In the detailed accounts of the movements of the Ark, here and in c. 6, notice the entire absence of any reference to the Tabernacle (Lerit., p. 86, I. 26) 40 and its elaborate furniture.

(3) That is, about a thousand yards (cf. note on Ezek. 40,5). In Num. 4 35. 5 (P) this was to be the extent of the pasture-lands to be attached to the Levitical cities, measured outward from the city-walls. The Sabbath-day's journey of the NT (Acts i , 12) and of later Judaism was also two thousand cubits.

45 (4) A similar command is given in Ex. 19,14.15 ('Ei), the only details 5

given being that they should wash their clothes, and observe a special chastity. Special care would be taken to ensure the ceremonial cleanness of the people, and it would be accompanied by sacrifices. Q^ 7, 13 and i Sam. 16,5.

(5) Compare Deuteronomy, chapter 2, verse 25. 7

50 (6) Heb. St khay, only here in the He.xateuch ; living God in Dent. 5,26 10

( Heb. 23) is a different phrase (elohun khayyiin) ; cf. Hos. i , 10 ; Pss. 42 , 2 ; 84 , 2.

3. 15-4. lo

-=-*s^«SS5- (Jlotco on Joofiua -«ij*§eM-=^ —

60

(7) In the Greek Bible: wheat-harvest; but as the flood-time is April, it 3.i5 must have been the barley-harvest, which is important in Palestine. In i Chr. 12,15 the river is flooded in the first month (Nisan = March- April). C/^. Sir.

24 , 26 : The La-iC makes uiidersfaiiding ahoutid tike the Jordan in the time of the 5 harvest.

(8) Readings vary between at Adam imA from Adam. Adam {=red'>) men- i5 tioned only here, has been identified with ed-Diiniiye, south of the mouth of the Jabbok (see p. 75, 1. 7), opposite Qarn (;artabeh, the western point where the valley of the Jordan contracts to a narrow gorge, about 17 miles north of

10 Jericho. The river might have been dammed up in this vicinity by an exten- sive slide of its high banks (Conder).

(9) Zaretan is the same as Zereda (see note on Jud. 7,22), the native place of Jeroboam. It cannot have been in the neighborhood of Beth-shean (cf. p. 84, I. 6), which is more than 40 miles north of Jericho, about 12 miles

15 south of the Sea of Galilee ; it must have been near Qarn (^artabeh, although the two names, Zaretan and fartabeh, are not identical.

(10) Arabah = Desert, the Valley of the Jordan, and its continuation south of the Dead Sea. Between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, it is called by the Arabs et-Ghor, while its southern part, between the Dead Sea and the

20 eastern gulf of the Red Sea, still retains its ancient name et- Arabah (cf Ezekiet, p. 2or, 1. 53). Arabah is used elsewhere as a common noun for desert, or with qualifying words to form names for districts similar to the Arabah. The name of the Arabs is connected with this word, and means Inhabitants of the Desert.

(11) Salt Sea = Dead Sea; (/-notes on Ezek. 16,49; 47.S-I2.

{(JLdtia on £6apfcr 4.

( I ) No instructions of Moses are extant with regard to the crossing of the 4 , 10 lordan. The scribe, or editor, who added this note merely e.xpresses the

CROMLECH IN THK Nlili . Hill IKHOCJD OP" HESHBON.

general idea that Joshua was in all lhin;<s carrying out the Law and the orders of Moses; ef. note i on c. i (p. 56, 1. ii-M.

6i — ^-s^ieSSs- (Pofce on 3*86m<i ^S?S€a** — 4,11-5,2

( 2 ) The Greek Bible has stones for priests. 4 , 1 1

(3) Compare chapter i, verse 14. 12

(4) Only a part of the adult males, of whom there were (Num. 26 , 7 . iS . 34 ; 13 also P) 136,930.

5 (5) Fulfilment of promise in 3,7, expressed in almost identical terms. 14

(6) The Received Text has Testimony = the tables of the Law (see Levit., 16 p. 82, 1. 2), a characteristic expression of P, due here to some scribe familiar with P's language.

(7) Abib or Nisan = March - April ; see Levit., p. 94, 1. 21 ; p. 95, 1. 17. 19 10 (8) According to Josephus and St. Jerome, about !>< or 2 miles from Jericho ;

but probably to be identified with Tel JeljAl, about half-way between Jericho and the Jordan. Tel Jeljul is one of twelve small mounds of earth and debris. The name is usually interpreted circuit ; it may, however, be a reduplicated form oi gat 'stone-heap ;' in either case it will refer to a stone circle or cromlech

15 [cf. notes on Jud. 2,1) similar to those still standing in large numbers in Palestine, especially in the region east of the Jordan. The cut on p. 60 repre- sents a cromlech in the neighborhood of Heshbon, in the land of Moab (see Isaia/i, p. 169, 1. 14). Gilgal appears in later history as an important sanctuary or high-place (Jud. 3,19; Hos. 4, 15 ; 9, 15 ; Amos 4 , 4 ; 5,5). There seem to

20 have been other places of the same name (see 2 Kings 2,1), but throughout Joshua the Camp of Gitgal must refer to this Gilgal. Cf. p. 69, 1. 19.

(9) So RV ; AV, following the vowels of the Received Text, that ye might 24 fear.

(llofce on £6a}5(er 5.

25 (i) So Qfre (</; p. vi, 1. 3), Ancient Versions and some Heb. MSS ; ARV 5,1

with most Heb. MSS, we passed over ; ef w. 6. If we be original, it may be due to an unconscious lapse of R° into the language of personal discourse, much of his matter consisting of speeches. If intentional, it marks the writer's identification of himself with the nation in its continuous history, and is not

30 due to his being an eye-witness.

(2) An account of the institution of circumcision by Joshua at Gilgal 2-9 (ascribed to J' on account of its apparently ancient character). In Deuter- onomy the use of the figure circumcise your hearts, in speeches ascribed to Moses ( Deut. lO, 16; 30,6), implies the pre-Mosaic institution of the rite, and in

35 P the institution is ascribed to Abraham. The presence and importance of this discrepancy were a continual source of trouble to the editors; vv. 4-7 and the other redactional additions are due to successive attempts to harmonize this account with D and P.

According to some critics this narrative is not history, in tlie strict sense,

40 because no commander would thus disable his army when on a campaign. It is a Temple story, explaining the origin of a custom (Lev., p. 56, 1. 6) observed

45 by the tribe of Ben- jamin or some of its clans. Among them circumcision was performed at the sanctuary of Gilgal, and the circumcised remained at

50 the sanctuary till they were healed. The Hitt of the Foreskins was so called, because the foreskins were buried there. Many similar customs are reported from the South Seas and Africa. Among tribes that circumcise, the operation

EGYPTIAN STONE KNIVES.

5 , 2-6,4 ^**e*es»:- dlotco on ^o^Bua -sSBSfa** — 62

is usually performed in a special locality, and the circumcised remain apart from 5 the rest of the tribe before and after.

(3) A stone is the instrument of circumcision in Ex. 4,25 (J). The ancient 2 Egyptians also performed the operation with stone knives. The employment

5 of a stone knife for the purpose of circumcision represents the survival of a primitive usage (<-/"• below, p. 63, 1. 43) like the primitive ram's horn (Heb. sliojdr; see below, 1. 47) in the service of the modern synagogue (Lagarde, Mitthcil., 4, 192). See also Ezek. p. 192, 1. 30.

(4) Verses 6.7 repeat the explanation in 4.5 in a slightly different form. 4-7 10 The Greek Bible re-arranges and supplements tliese verses, stating that most of

the armed men who came out from Egypt were uncircumcised.

(5) Compare the note on verse i. 6

(6) Circumcision was regarded in Egypt as a mark of civilization. By this 9 institution at Gilgal the reproach of Egypt, that Israel was barbarous because

15 uncircumcised, was rolled azvay.

This quasi-etymology is a play upon tlie resemblance between have I rolled a-way {W^h. gallothi) and Gilgal.

(7) Nisan, t/. 4,19. In Ex. 12 (P) the preparations for the Passover begin 10 on the 10"' ; P accordingly fixed the encampment at Gilgal on the lo"" ; hence

20 the date in 4 , 19.

(8) Compare Notes on Ezekiel, p. 199, 1. 40. 11

(9) This section does not connect with what precedes, and ends abrupdy 13-15 (6,2 is not the original continuation of S, 15). It is apparently a fragment of ancient story, used by the compiler of JE (or of the Hexateuch?) to introduce

25 the narrative of the Fall of Jericho ; cf. the appearance of angels to Jacob in Gen. 32 , I . 2, which is equally foreign to its context and without sequel.

As the story now stands, no march to Jericho is noticed, ana nothing is said about the war with the men of Jericho, 24,11.

(10) Compare Numbers 22,31 (J); \ Chronicles 21,16. 13 30 (11) Compare Exodus, chapter 3, verse 5. iS*"

(TXofce on CRapfcr 6.

Note doublets: v. 5 (blowing of horns); command to shout (vv. 5.10); shouting (v. 20) ; destruction of city and contents (vv. 21.24); deliverance of Rahab (vv. 21 . 22 and 24. 25). Note how vv. 17. 18 interrupt the connection.

35 In J they compass the city once a day for 7 days (vv. 3. 10. 11) ; they shout

at the command of Joshua. In E they compass the city 7 times on one day (vv. 4. 12. 13), rising early (v. 12) in order to have plenty of time; the Ark and the priests are prominent, and the signal for shouting is given by the horn (v. 5). There are also traces of a third story, used by E, according to which

40 the signal, as in Ex. 19, 16, was given by a long (supernatural?) blast of a single horn. Accordingly v. 5 and parts of vv. 7 and 20 are ascribed to E'.

RJE and R'' have done their best to combine the two accounts into a con- tinuous narrative ; and some one with musical enthusiasm, after the manner of Chronicles, has thrown in a perpetual blowing of horns, which would have ren-

45 dered the horns useless as a signal, and is excluded by vv. 6 and 16.

(i) As a precaution against surprise l>y the Israelites. 6, i

(2) Cf. Ex. 19,13. [These horns (Heb. shofarfilh) were made of rams' 4 horns and, as a rule, straightened and flattened by heat. The horns of any animal may be shaped either by heat or by boiling in oil. The bore of this

63 ^fl-*sa8«e:- Qlofce on ^^''^"O -iSsats*^- 6,5-26

instrument is a cylindrical tube of small caliber, which opens into a kind of 6 bell of parabolic form. The sound is produced by the blast of a volume of air, the lips, pressed against the orifice of the horn, acting as a reed. The shaping of the lips is difficult, and only three proper tones are usually obtained, 5 although in some instances higher notes can be sounded. See Cyrus Adler, The Shofar (Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1892, pp. 437-450), Washington, 1894, and cf. Notes on the Psalms, p. 222. — P. H.]

(3) Literally, will fall under it, that is, in its place or where it stood; cf. 5 I Sam. 14 , 9 ; 2 Sam. 2, 23 ; Jud. 7 , 21 ; Is. 25 , 10 ; Hab. 3, 16 ; so, too, in v. 20. 10 (4) So Q§re, Peshita, Targum, Vulgate (cf. p. v, 1. 26) ; Received Te.xt : a)id 7

/ h e y said, that is, the priests.

(5) RV following the Received Text: And it ivas so, that luhen Joshua had 8. c spoken unto the people, the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rains' horns before the Lord passed on, and blew &c. What was part of the directions

15 has been transformed into a narrative. The present version virtually follows the Greek Bible.

(6) That is, before the Ark [cf note 2 on c. 24). 8

(7) The word devoted is here analogous to the Polynesian taboo and 17 the Greek anathema, and signifies anything withdrawn from common use, and

20 consecrated to Jhvh (cf. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 104, 11. 21.32; p. 131, 1. 8 ; p. 134, 1. 44; p. 195, 11. 2.10). Devoted men and animals were killed, and devoted things either destroyed or given to the sanctuary; cf. Lev. 27 , 28 ; Num. 18, 14, and Notes on Ezekiel, p. 135, 1. 17 ; p. 196, 1. 15 ; see also Levit., p. 68, 1. 42 and p. 69, 1. 10, and cf. below, p. 65, 1. 32.

25 (8) Hebrew consonants t-kh-m-d-w, d=-\, with LXX ; RV ivhen ye have 18

devoted it (Heb. consonants t-kh-m-r-w, r = -|, with Received Text. Cf. notes on 9,4; IS , 22 ; 19 , 10 ; 21 , 35 ; Judges, p. 70, 1. 49 ; p. 90, 1. 22 ; Ezck., p. loS, 1. 17.

(9) Compare Notes on Ezekiel, p. 151, 1. 36. [Some bronze tools, which 19 were found by Professor Petrie at Gurob, Egypt, and which appear to belong

30 to the Eighteenth Dynasty (about 1450 B.C.), contain about 7 per cent, of tin. In some of the earlier Egyptian alloys the quantity of tin is so small that they must be regarded rather as imperfectly purified copper than as bronze. The Assyrian bronze ornaments of the palace-gates at Balawat (see Psalms, p. 206, I. 10) contain about 11 per cent, of tin; and one of the bolts, which

35 fastened the bronze bands to the wooden frainework of the doors, contained a little more than 9 per cent., a proportion approaching that usually found in ancient bronze, as well as that of modern gun-metal. The bronze votive- tablet from the palace of Sargoh (see Isaiah, p. 152) at Khorsabad contains about 10 per cent, of tin. As in Assyria and elsewhere, bronze seems to have

40 been used by the Israelites for some time to the total exclusion of iron [cf. I Sam. 17 , 5 . 6 . 38 ; I Kings 4,13; Ps. 18 , 34 &c. ; contrast Deut. 19,5; 27 , 5 ; Josh. 8,31 and the iron chariots of the Canaanites, Josh. 17,16); and between the stone age (cf. above, p. 62, 1. 5) and the bronze age there must have been a copper age in which copper ores were smelted and used for implements &c.

45 A small votive figure found at Telloh (Ezek., p. 179, 1. 43) is nearly pure copper, without any tin whatever. Most of the earliest copper objects, however, contain certain impurities which make the metal somewhat harder than refined copper. Cf]. H. Gladstone, On Copper and Bronze of Ancient Egypt and Assyria in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, Mar. 4, 1890. — P. H.]

50 (10) As heathen and therefore unclean; cf. Num. 5,3; 31 , 19 (both P). 23

(11) If any man rebuilt Jericho, his firstborn son should die when the 26 foundation was laid, and his youngest son when the fortifications were com- pleted by setting up the gates. As Jericho is mentioned in Jud. 3,13 (cf. above, p. 58, 1. 4) and in the time of David (about 1000 B.C.), 2 Sam. 10,5,

7,1.2

—>4fmi»- (tXotce on JooBua ^fisSa+< —

64

the curse apparently applied to fortifying the city. This was done by Hiel in 6 the time of Ahab (876-854 n.c), and the fulfilment of the curse is recorded in I Kings 16 , 34 ; the Greek Bible inserts the fulfilment here also. In Neh. 7,36, among the Jews who returned from the captivity, are mentioned 345 of 5 the Men of Jericho. The rebuilding of a city cut off by divine judgment is generally held to be sacrilege {rf. the curses pronounced on Troy and Carthage). About 596-586 n. c. the town and territory of Kirrha, in Phocis, SW of Delphi, were put under a curse for sacrilege against the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. Two centuries and a half afterward the rebuilding of Kirrha was the prete.xt for 10 the Amphictyonic War (355-346 11. c. ) in which Philip of Macedon overtlirew the liberties of Greece.

In Jol) 15,28 Eliphaz gives as a proof of the reckless audacity of the wicked man, that /if dwelt in cities that had been cut off. So Dent. 13,16 says of an idolatrous city : It shatt be a heap for ever, it shatt not be built a,t;aiu.

(llotce on £0ap(cr 7.

There are indications that two narratives are combined in this chapter, but the amalgamation is too well done to admit of complete analysis. Observe doublets in vv. 3 . 7 = vv. 8.9. 12. 15.25, and see notes on these verses.

(1)1 Chr. 2,7; Greek Bible and Josephus : Achar, an adaptation to the 7 , i 20 name of the valley Achor ; cf. v. 25, and i Kings 18 , 17. 18.

nKTIl-KI,.

(2) ^/='Heap.' The name occurs as a landmark in connection with 2 Beth-el, Gen. 12,8; 13,3. Variously identified with a certain knoll, ct-Tcl, and other sites near Beth-el, most probably with Haiydn, two miles east of Beth-el, separated from it by a deep ravine. For Beth-el, see Gen. 12 , 8 ; Judges i , 22.

65 ^^*ts^^B<- (Jlofce on ^oafivia -tii^^im*^ — 7.3-21

Our picture shows the modern village of Bi-itn (about four hours north of 7 Jerusalem, on the road to Shechem ; see Jud. 21 , 19), which occupies the site of the ancient Beth-el (that is, House of God), a sanctuary before the dawn of history, and the most important centre of worship in the Northern Kingdom. 5 The hill on which Bet'ui stands rises in a series of terraces, or steps, which may have suggested the ladder reaching to heaven in Jacob's Dream. The ruined tower on the summit is built on ancient foundations. The modern Bet'in consists of a few poor huts, amidst three or four acres of ruins. An enormous cistern (300x200 feet) is the chief relic of antiquity. The country is 10 stony, and there are traces of cromlechs (see above, p. 61, 1. 14). The hill rises to over 2S00 feet ; and one of the main roads from Jerusalem to the north has always run, and still runs, along its western slope (f/i above, I. 2). The earlier name of Beth-el was Luz \ see 16,2; 18,13; Jud. 1,23.

(3) i^t/Zz-rtiV;/ =' House of Vanity;' omitted in the Greek Bible. In Hosea ^5 4 I 15 ; 5.8; 10 , 5 it occurs as a name of contempt for Beth-el ( House of God) ;

but in Josh. 18,12; i Sam. 13,5; 14 , 23 it is mentioned in a way that seems to establish its separate e.xistence. Its site is not identified.

(4) The suggestion that only a part of the people should go up, and the 3-5 account of the flight and smiting, are both given twice over, probably through

20 combination of sources.

(5) Shebariiu= 'breakings' or 'broken places,' either natural, broken ground 5 with ravines and precipices, or (as RV''') artificial, /. e. quarries. Both quarries and ravines are numerous in the neighborhood. As a proper name the word occurs only here, and the site is not identified.

25 The LXX, Pesh., Targ. by a slight alteration of the vowels translate: until

they (the Israelites) were broken in pieces.

(6) Descent (Heb. Mordd). From Shebarini, which was probably on the edge of the plateau on which Ai stood, down the passage from v\hich the Israelites had come.

30 (7) J's equivalent for v. 7 (E) ; note the new beginning in v. 8; Aniorite 8.9

in V. 7, Canaanite in v. 9 ; and cf. Jacob's fears in Gen. 34,30 (J).

(8) Note the contagious character of the taboo ; cf Ezekiel, p. 195, 1. 2. 12

(9) Compare chapter 3, verse 5. 13

(10) Before the Ark; r/ 6 , 8. 14 35 ( 1 1 ) By lot ; cf. the election of Saul to the kingdom, i Sam. 10, and the

scene in i Sam. 14. The tribes &c. are to be represented by their chiefs.

(12) RV, with the Received Text, And he brought near the family of 17.18 Judah, and he took the family of the Zarhitcs, and he brought near the family

of the Zarhitcs, man by man, and Zabdi was taken, and he brought ?iear his 40 household, man by man &c. &c.

The present version follows the Greek Bible, whose text is supported in some points by the Vulgate, Peshita, and some Heb. MSS.

(13) LXX and Peshita omit my son. 19

(14) Achan's confession showed that Jhvh had discovered the offender, 45 and that the defeat of Israel was not due to any failure of Jhvh's power or

faithfulness, but to the sin of Israel.

(15) RW^ give praise.

(i5) Indicating that Achan's words are not given in full; cf. 2 Sam. 17, 15. 20

(17) .S/»'«rt;- = Babylonia, cf. Gen. 10 , lo. LXX many-colored, tliat is, 21

50 embroidered robe ; Vulg. scarlet robe ; suggesting the costly materials and

elaborate workmanship of Babylonian wares. Cf. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 139, 1. 51.

(iS) The shekel is here a weight of metal (200 shekels = 8| lbs., 50 shekels

= about 2\ lbs. ) ; but the data as to the amount of this weight are obscure

and inconsistent. The Phcenician shekel was about 224 grains ; the Maccabean

5

7 , 22- 26

— »4«#^a*- (JtoUa on ^iedua -sasifs^t-t —

66

shekels, as coins, weigh 21S grains, and are about the size of an English half- 7 crown. The accompanying illustration represents a Jewish silver shekel, gen- erally supposed to have been coined under Simon Maccabaeus (B.C. 142-135),

but it must probably 5 be assigned to the time of the great rebellion of the Jews, A. D. 66 - 70 (see Notes on the 10 Psalms, p. 219, 1. 17 ; r/. ibid. p. 221, fig.

£■ ; p. 223, figs. Ill, I! ; p. 224, figs. />. (7)

JEWISH SHEKEL.

The AR between the obverse and re- verse means argen- /iiiii, silver. On the obverse, with the goblet, we read, in Old Hebrew char- acters, 'PNX'" "jiX' Shekel of Israel ; the X above the

goblet signifies First Year. On the reverse, with the lily (?),- we find: 15 ncnp D''?"J'1T Jerusalem, the holy one. Cf. notes on Lev. 27,3; Jud. 17,4;

Ezek. 45 , 10-12.

(19) Under it and the absence of any reference to the gold in v. 22 suggest 22 the introduction of the bar of gold from a second source.

(20) So RV following the Received Te.xt. LXX, Elders of Israel. 23 20 (21) The Greek Bible omits the list of stolen things. The present position 24

of all Israel with him suggests that the intervening words after Achan are an addition. There seem to be traces of two stories : in one, Achan alone was stoned (compare the provision of Deut. 24,16 that the children should not be punished with the parents), thus in v. 25 they stoned him; v. 26 the heap is

25 erected over hitn; — in the other story he was treated according to the law of 'devotion' (see the note on 6,17), Deut. 13,15-17, and his family and possessions were burnt with him, thus v. 25 they burnt them. The two words for stoning in v. 26 are different, and the former is probably due to a redactor.

(22) Should be him. 24.25

30 (23) Northern boundary of Judah 15,7; its desolation is implied in Hos. 24.26

2, 15 / -ivill give her the I 'alley of Achor as a door of hope, and Is. 65, 10 the Valley of Achor shall become a resting-place for herds. Probably the Wady el-Qelt [cf. above, p. 58, 1. i) which leads from Jericho into the Hill-country. The plate facing p. 10 represents a wild gorge of this Wady. The ruins in the

35 foreground are those of an ancient aqueduct, either one built by Herod to supply Jericho, or a later one which supplied some monaster)'. The scene of the stoning of Achan would not be this narrow gorge, but the more open part of the valley, where it debouches into the Plain of Jericho (cf. above, p. 58, 1. 43). The meaning of the name Achor (AV' Trouble, RV^' Troubling) is uncertain ;

40 it may have been Desolation. The narrator evidently derived the name from the verb 'achar, translated in the preceding verse and in 6,18: bring calamity upon.

(24) 77/dV/ ////'// >r/('«fe</= Deuteronomy 13, 17. 26

(llofco on €6apfcr 8.

45 Note doublets: arising to go up (vv. 3 and 10 ; 9 and 13.14); the emptying

of the city (vv. 16. 17.24).

In J the ambush is 30,000 (v. 3), in E, 5,000 (v. 12).— In J flight is feigned (vv. 5-7); in E it is real (v. 15). — In J the ambush set fire to the city (vv. 8. 20.21); in E Joshua burns it.— In E they flee to the Wilderness (vv. 15.20),

" According to some this 'lily' represents the budding rod of .\aron (Num. 17,8).

67 — »*«#ei8Ss- (Tlotcs on Joe^ua ^@Jis*« — 8,2-32

and rally when Joshua stretches out the javelin (vv. 1S.19); in J they turn when they see the smoke of the city (v. 21).

( 1 ) The fate of the king of Jericho has not been mentioned. 8 ,

(2) Agrees almost word for word with 11 , 14 and Deut. 2, 35 ; 3,7; 20, 14.

5 (3) From Gilgal to Ai (</. the map on p. 71 J was about 16 or 17 miles. 3

(4) In the ravine between Ai and Beth-el. 4

(5) Q^- ^- 13. which was probably composed by the Redactor to harmonize 9 with this verse. ARV, with Received Te.xt, have people (one Heb. consonant less).

10 (6) Joshua and the Elders (that is, chiefs), v. 10. 13

(7) The main body, see verse 11.

(8) So Vulg. and Pesh., lit. its heel; ARV (with Targ. ) their Hers in wait, the word is apparently used in this sense in Ps. 49 , 5, the malice of mine oppos- ers surrounds me (RV"'' them that cvould supplant me). It has been suggested

15 that an ambiguous word is used intentionally to indicate that the rear included one or both of the ambushes.

(9) As in V. 9 and some MSS here; ARV (with Received Text) went.

(10) This verse is omitted in the Greek Bible. It is obscure and confused, apparently an attempt by the Redactor to render it possible to interpret the

20 two combined accounts as a single coherent narrative.

(11) Heb. mordd for moed, of the Received Text, translated in ARV time 14 appointed, RV^ place appointed; neither makes sense as the narrative stands.

If moed be the correct reading it must refer to something omitted by the Redactor. For mordd see above, p. 65, 1. 27.

25 (12) Usually the name of the Jordan valley {cf. above, p. 60, 1. 17); here

commonly understood of some desert tract opposite Ai and identical with the Wilderness in vv. 15 . 20 . 24, and possibly with the Wilderness of Beth-aven in 18,12; but this view is improbable. Here, again, if the reading be correct, we have an obscurity due to the redaction. The Greek Bible omits the clause

30 to the 'moSd< opposite the Arabah.

(13) ARV tnade as if they were beaten, but there is no suggestion in E 15 that they only pretended to flee.

(14) Desolate country east of Ai.

(15) Cf. Ex. 17, II, where similarly Moses' hand is uplifted till the battle 26 35 is over.

(16) It was apparently rebuilt, possibly on a neighboring site; in Ezra 2,28 28 we read of the men of Beth-el and Ai.

(17) Complies with the laws in Deut. 13,16; 21,22.23. It need not, how- 29 ever, be referred to R^^; these passages probably give ancient customs which

40 were incorporated in the Deuteronomic Code.

(iS) For the gate, see Notes on Ezekiel, p. 178, 1. 20.

(19) For the altar, see Notes on Ezekiel, p. 106, 1. 51.

(20) The peace-offerings were sacrificial meals; see Levit., p. 65, 1. 9. 31

(21) Not the stones of the altar, but the stones described in Deut. 27, 1-4, 32 45 to which the writer is referring. "The letters were not to be carved in the

stone (as is usually the case in ancient inscriptions), but to be inscribed, with some suitable pigment, upon a prepared surface coated with lime or gypsum. This practice was Egyptian. In Egypt it was the custom to put a layer of stucco, or paint, over the stone used in architecture, of whatever quality, even 50 granite ; and in the case of sandstone, which was porous, a coat of calcareous composition was laid on before the paint was applied. The black pigment, used in Egypt, consisted of bone-black of ivory ; and figures, or characters,

8.33-9.3

(Uofco on ^aedua -«®»

68

^S^^M'^^W'^

15

\

\^^ \

.-■■■*

h\<y u

,.^,vyo,..^

h^B/f:.W"V'"/ ;VW

■ >

25

30

35

W'

\

inscribed by this method were very permanent (cf. above, p. 49, 1. 26). It was a 8 common custom in antiquity to engrave laws upon slabs of stone or metal, and to set them up in some public place. At Carthage the regulations respecting

sacrifices were thus engraved. In Greece such slabs were called stelar ; many laws and decrees of Athens, and other Greek states, so inscribed, have been discovered during re- cent years" (Driver on Deut. 27 , 2).

(22) In Deut. this law, with no clear in- dication of its contents, but probably the Deu- teronomic Code, Deut. 12-26. The later Jews called Deuteronomy itself ///(• diip/i<a/e of the Law.

( 23 ) In Deut. 27, 33 the curses come first and the main emphasis is laid on them.

( 24 i Shechem be- 35 tween Ebal and Geri- zim (see full-page illustrations facing pp. iS . 20 of Judges) is about 20 miles N of Ai ; in c. 9 the army is again at Gilgal. Noth- ing is said about either

of these long marches through an unconquered country. The incident is not

only a late insertion but without any historical probability.

■^v

\^v% y^'ih

ym

■;).-]

\',

FRAGMENT OF CARTHAG!NI.\N SACRIFICIAL TABLET.

(llotce on €6apfcr 9.

Note triplet, v. 15; and doublets, vv. 6^ and 8^; 16'' and 17^; 18 and 26. —

40 Also (i) J lias Me/i of Israel (vv. 6. 14a); E, Joshua (vv. 3 . 6 . 8. 15); P, Princes

of the Congregation (v. 15 &c. 1. — (ii) J, treaty (vv. 6. 16) ; E, peace (v. 15). —

(iii) I, Hix-itcs (v. 7); E, Inhabitants of Gibcon (v. 3). — (iv) E, thy servants

(vv. S. II).

In vv. 15. 17-21 the ignoring of Joshua shows that this section does not 45 belong to the main body of P in Joshua, in which Joshua is always introduced, as subordinate, however, to Eleazar (14,1; 19,51; 21,1); cf. 22,13, where Joshua is similarly ignored.

According to the Priestly Code the servants of the altar were the Levites {cf. notes on Ezek. 44, 11. 14); accordingly P* (cf above, p. 46, 1. 7) changes 50 tlie Gibeonites into zcood-cuttcrs and water-carriers.

{i) The present el fib on a little isolated hill about iS miles W of Gilgal, 9,3 about 7 miles S\V of Ai, and about 5 miles SE of Upper Beth-horon {cf notes

69 — »*e«ea*- (Pofcs on ^o^^ua -sBs#s*** — 9,4-10,1

10 and 12 on c. 10). The remains of an old fortress and a few scattered hovels 9 stand on the top of the liill whose sides are terraced for vineyards and covered with oHves, figs, and pomegranates (see the plate facing p. 14).

(2) So following the Ancient Versions; ARV, following the Received Text, 4 5 made as if they had been ambassadors. The reading of the Versions has d ='\

where the Received Text has ;■= 1 (cf. note on 6,iS); there is no other difference. The word in the Received Text is found only here, and if read, its meaning would be very doubtful.

(3) Literally bound up (so ARV), that is, the edges of a rent were tied 10 around with string. Wine-skins (cf. the illustration on p. 92) are mended in the

East by being hound up in this way, or patched, or even by covering the holes with round, flat pieces of wood.

(4) Heb. niqqudim; Vulg., Targ., Aquila crutnhlcd ; ARV, with LXX, 5 mouldy. NiqqudUn were part of the present Jeroboam's wife took to the prophet

15 Abijah, with barley loaves and honey (i Kings 14,3); the word is there trans- lated cracknels in ARV. Things dry and broken might apply to stale bread and equally to hard biscuits or crackers. [Contrast the fresh fig produced by Cato in the Senate to illustrate the proximity of Carthage (Pliny 15,20). — P. H.]

(5) The Gilgal of the first encampment; suggestions that this is a second 6 20 Gilgal are quite unnecessary, and arise simply from a desire to interpret the

narrative, so as to connect R^'s addition 8,30-35 with the earlier narratives between which it has been placed. Cf. above, p. 6r, I. 21.

(5) No king is mentioned; apparently Gibeon was under family or patri- 11 archal government. 25 (7) Third day (omitted in the Greek Bible), a distance of about iS miles 17

as the crow flies {cf. v. 3), but longer by rough, hilly roads. In 10,9 Joshua went up from Gilgal to Gibeon in a single night.

(8) Cf. 18,25-28; Chephirah (that is. Village) = Kcfirc about five miles SW of Gibeon; Beeroth (that is, Cisterns; cf. the name Bey root, see above,

30 P- 53. 1- 21) perhaps = c/-i?/')r, about four miles NE of Gibeon; Kirjath-jearim (that is. City of Woods), probably Qaryet el- Ineb, about two miles south of Chephirah, cf 15,9 and Notes