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THE PAET OF RHEIMS
IN THE MAKING OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE
By JAMES G. CARLETON, D.D.
ASSISTANT LECTURER IN DIVINITY, UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN AUTHOR OF 'the BIBLE OF OUR LORD AND HIS APOSTLES*
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1902
\y
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBUSHER TO THE UNI\T:RSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK
PREFACE
In constructing the Tables which form the ground- work of this Treatise, my task has been lightened by the facilities for the comparison of versions of the New Testament afforded by two works — one of the seventeenth, the other of the nineteenth century. I refer to Fulke's Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, &c., 1 60 1, in which the Version of Rheims and the Bishops' Bible are printed side by side ; and to The English Hexapla, Bagster, 1841, in which the Authorized and five earlier versions — all, with the exception of Wickliffe's, pertinent to this inquiry — appear in parallel columns.
In this latter work the Ehemish version again finds a place ; but, strange to say, the Bishops' Bible — the most abundant of the sources of the Authorized version — is not included. Another version of primary impoi-tance, the Genevan, is also left out : for by a curious blunder, calculated to mislead the unwary student, in the column headed ' Geneva,' Whitting- ham's New Testament of 1557 has been printed.
A complete enumeration of versions and editions of versions consulted by me will be found in Chapter II.
For the history of the versions (Chapter I) I have drawn materials mainly from the following works : — • Lewis, History of the English Translations of the Bible, third edition, 18 18 ; Anderson, TJie Annals of the
iv Preface
English Bible, 1845 ; Westcott, A General Vieiv of the History of the English Bible, 1868 ; Eadie, TJie English Bible, 1876 ; Fry, The Editions of the Neiv Testament, Tyndale's Version, 1878, and TJie Bible by Coverdale, 1867 ; Cotton, Editions of the Bible in English, 1852.
For the Rheims version my cliief authorities have been, Tlie Preface to the version ; The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay, and an Appendix of unpublished Documents ; ivith an Historical Introduction by Thomas Francis Knox, D.D., 1878, forming Vol. I oi Records of the English Catholics ; Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen, 1882, being Vol. II of the same series ; Dodd, The Church History of England, 1737-42 ; Cotton, Bhemes and Doway, 1855. Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, edition of 1 813, has supplied biographical details of the Ehemish translators.
As the Textus Beceptus mainly underlies the Authorized Version, the Greek is quoted according to it, except when otherwise stated.
J. G. C. Trinity College, Dublin, 1902.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Chaptek I : Historical.
PAGE 2
4
8
9
lo
lo II
12
The Bishops' Bible 12
Tyndale ....
coverdale ....
Matthew ....
Taverner ....
The Great (Cranmer's) Bible
Whittingham
Geneva ....
TOMSON ....
Rheims
13
The Authorized Version ....... 22
Chapter II: AnalyticaIj. Section I : Method of Procedure Adopted Section II : Analysis of Comparative Tables . (a) Vulgate-Latin Influence ....
1. Vocabulary in general
2. Vulgate-words in place of modified forms
the same roots ....
3. Greek words reproduced .
4. Latin phrases taken over . , (h) English in place of Latin words (c) Modernizations .....
1. Of words now banished wholly from the
Testament .....
2. Of antiquated expressions still represented
New Testament .... {(l) Archaisms
from
New
in the
27
32 32 32
38
39 40
41 41
42
42 44
VI
Contents
{e) Improvements
1. Vocabulary
2. Tenses of verbs .
3. Singular for plural and vice versa
4. Article expressed
5. Article omitted .
6. Attention paid to Se .
7. Miscellaneous
8. Superior text followed
(/) Changes for the worse
1. Important instances .
2. Less accurate grammar
3. Miscellaneous
4. Inferior text followed
{g) Participial Construction Introduced
1. Participle in place of conjunction and finite verb
2. Participle in place of finite verb followed or pre
ceded by ' and '.....
3. Participial form but not verb (of Kheims) adopted
{]i) Literal Renderings .
1. General Instances
2. Renderings of Eheims adopted with important
changes ....
(0 Concise Renderings . I. General Instances
2. Superfluous adjectives omitted
3. Intruded adverbs omitted .
(A-) Change in Order of Words
1. Awkward constructions discarded
2. Emphatic word placed first
3. Inverted order changed
4. Miscellaneous
(?) Familiar Words and Phrases
1. Vigorous Translations
2. Other Familiar Words
{m) Less notable Words
PAGE
44
45 46
47 48 48 49 49 52
Contents vii
PAGE
(w) Suggestions only taken 79
1. General Instances ...... 79
2. More idiomatic English . . . . .82
3. Other improvements . . . . . .82
TABLES
Explanation of the Tables ...... 84
Table I. Eeadings common to Eheims and Authorized, but
not in Earlier Versions 85
Table II, Eeadings of Eheims adopted in Authorized
Version in margin but not in text 222
Table III. Eeadings common to Geneva, Eheims and
Authorized, but not in other Versions .... 230
INDEX
Passages eeferred to in Chapter II of Introduction . 251
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL
The English Bible of 1611, popularly named the Authorized Version, was designedly a revision of former versions. Among the rules laid down for the guidance of the Translators the following occur : ' The ordinary Bible read in the Church com- monly called the Bishops' Bible to be followed and as little altered as the truth of the Original will permit ' . . . ' These translations to be used when they agree better with the text than the Bishops' Bible: Tindale's, Matthew's, Coverdale's, Whitchurch's, Geneva.'
It will be observed here that there is no mention of the oldest of the English versions, that of WicklifFe, and we have no reason to suppose that it, in either of its forms, was con- sulted by the Translators. It was written in obsolete English, and, as it had never been printed ^, it had slipped out of the nation's ken. Whatever influence it exerted on the new Revision was indirect through Tyndale, who had incorporated in his work certain of Wickliffe's phrases which had passed into men's common speech ^
Another important version also finds no place in the list prescribed for consultation to the Translators of 161 1 — the version of the New Testament published at Rheims in 1583 and intended specially for the use of English Roman Catholics. This version, the latest which had appeared, is
' The New Testament in the version revised by Purvey was published for the first time by the Rev. John Lewis in 1731, a second edition by the Rev.H. H. Baber appeared in 1810, and a third in The English Hexapla, Bagster, 1841. The New Testament in the earlier version was published by Lea Wilson in 1848. The whole Bible in both versions was first edited by Forshall and Madden in 1850, 4 vols.. University Press, Oxford.
* Eadie, The English Bible, vol. i. p. 73. He instances ' strait gate ' and ' narrow way,' ' beam and mote.'
CARLETON
2 The Part of Rheims in the
more than once referred to in the Translators' Preface ^ and exercised, as has been generally acknowledged, a material influence on the new Version. To estimate and define, as accurately as possible, the degree of that influence is the design of the present treatise. To efiect this object, it has been needful not only to compare the Authorized Version of the New Testament with that of Rheims, but also to collate the other versions — with the exception of Wicklifle's — which preceded the Bible of 1611.
A short historical account of the earlier versions may fittingly be given here.
TYNDALE.
William Tyndale, the father of the English Bible, was born about A.D. 1484. He studied first at Oxford, and afterwards at Cambridge, to which latter University he was probably attracted by the lectures of Erasmus who taught Greek there at intervals from 1506 to 1514^. After leaving Cambridge, in 1520, Tyndale held for some years the post of tutor in the family of Sir John Walsh, of Little Sodbury in Gloucester- shire, and while there formed the project of placing in the hands of his countrymen the Scriptures directly translated from the original languages, WicklifFe's version having been merely a translation from the Vulgate. The Greek Testa- ment of Erasmus, published in 151 6, the first printed edition given to the world, doubtless suggested the undertaking, as it smoothed the way for its accomplishment.
Meeting with no encouragement from ecclesiastical authority in England, and fearing its active opposition, Tyndale in 1524 withdrew to the Continent, where at Cologne the New Testament was committed to the press in the following year. But news of the enterprise having come to the ears of the city magistrates, the printers were forbidden to proceed with the work, and Tyndale accompanied by Roye, his amanuensis, bearing with him the sheets already printed, removed to
^ This Preface, entitled ' The Translators to the Reader,' comments at some length on statements made in the Preface to the Rheims New Testament.
■^ Froude, L?/e and Letters of Erasmus, pp. 78, 82, 161.
Making of the English Bible 3
Worms. Here towards the close of the same year, 1525, two editions were published, one, which had been commenced at Cologne, in quarto, with marginal glosses, and another in octavo ^ without glosses.
The new Translation on its arrival in England was wel- comed and eagerly bought up by the people, but met with a very different reception from the civil and ecclesiastical powers. Tunstall, Bishop of London, preaching at St. Paul's, professed to have found 2,000 errors in it. At the instance of Cardinal Wolsey, the King ordered it to be burnt : and so faithfully was the order carried out that of the six editions which were issued up to 1530, numbering, it has been calculated, about 15,000 copies, not more than six or seven copies survive ".
After 1530 no further edition was issued by Tyndale until 3534. In that year the publication of a revision of his work, which he had in hand, was hastened by the appearance of an unauthorized edition by one George Joye who had taken upon himself to correct Tyndale's New Testament from the Vulgate. In the Preface to his new edition Tyndale makes indignant reference to Joye's act of piracy.
In the following year, 1535, the last two editions published during Tyndale's lifetime appeared. One of these was mainly a copy of the issue of 1534, but the other, which is characterized by two different dates, 1535 and 1534 on its two titles — the printing having presumably been begun in one year and finished in the other — represents Tyndale's final revision of his work ^. It bears on the first title the words, ' The Newe Testament yet once agayne cor- rected by Willyam Tindale ' ; and it was reprinted almost verbatim by John Rogers, who would naturally use what he considered Tyndale's latest text, in his (Matthew's) Bible of 1537 *. During his stay on the Continent Tyndale mastered the Hebrew language ^, and set himself to the translation of
^ The octavo edition was probably finished first (Westcott, History of the English Bible, p. 39). ' Westcott, p. 45.
' For a full account of these two editions see The Editions of the New Testament, Tyndale's version, 1525-66, by F. Fry, pp. 56 sq.
* See below, p. 9. ' Eadie, vol. i. p. 208.
B 3
4 The Part of Rheims in the
the Old Testament. The first instalment of this, the Penta- teuch, was printed at Mavburgh in 1530; in the next year the Book of Jonah appeared, and the Epistles from the Old Testament contained in the Sarum Missal were added to the New Testament edition of 1534 ; but the author did not live to complete his work. He left in manuscript a translation of the books from Joshua to 2 Chronicles, which afterwards was utilized in the compilation of Matthew's Bible. Soon after Tyndale had put the finishing touches to his New Testament, the end came to which his fearless career had been a con- tinuous challenge. He was imprisoned on a charge of heresy in May, 1535, at the castle of Vilvorde, eighteen miles from Brussels, and in the following year suffered a martyr's death. His New Testament was printed in England for the first time in 1536 during his imprisonment ^
COVERDALE.
Tyndale's New Testament was entirely a private venture, and it had fallen under the ban of Church and State. But a strong feeling was growing up even in ecclesiastical circles in favour of a vernacular Bible. In 1 534 the Upper House of Convocation preferred a request to King Henry VHI that he should order the Scriptures to be translated into English.
No such order is known to have been issued, but it would appear that representations were made to Coverdale, then on the Continent, by persons of influence — his patron Cromwell being in all probability one of them— which encouraged him to proceed to a translation. His own words as we read them in the Dedication prefixed to his edition of 1550 are: ' To say the truth before God, it was neither my labour nor desire to have this work put into my hand, nevertheless when I was instantly required, though I could not do so well as I would, I thought it yet my duty to do my best.'
The Bible, the origin of which is thus obscurely indicated, was pubUshed in 1535, probably at Zurich 2, and dedicated to King Henry. Such a dedication the author would hardly
1 Fry, p. 70.
- Lewis, History of the English Translations of the Bible, p. 91. The matter is fully discussed by Fry, Tlie Bible by Coverdale, pp. 27-34.
Making of the English Bible 5
have ventured on unless satisfied that the work had the royal approval. This approval was openly claimed in the next two editions, quarto and folio, printed in London in 1537 by Nycolson, Southwark, the title-page of each bearing at the foot the words, ' Set forth with the Kynges most gracious license.'
Coverdale's Bible was not, like Tyndale's, a dii-ect trans- lation from the original. His first title-page expressly states that it was ' translated out of Douche and Latyn into English \' Though largely indebted, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale's labours, Coverdale's version has a distinctive character of its own. It is marked by a fondness for para- phrase, combined with an easy style and smoothly turned sentences. This feature is forced upon the attention of all who are familiar with the Prayer-book Psalter, which is Coverdale's translation slightly modified in its passage through the Great Bible.
The New Testament of Coverdale was reprinted in 1538 and 1539, his Bible in 1550 and 1553.
We now come to an undertaking of Coverdale's which seems to deserve more attention than is usually given to it. In 1538 he published an edition of the Vulgate New Testa- ment with an English rendering of his own in a parallel column. The history of the publication is enveloped in much obscurity. Coverdale, it appears, before leaving England to edit the Great Bible, presently to be mentioned, commissioned Nycolson to bring out the work, which accordingly appeared in a few months with Coverdale's name on the title-page, and a 'Dedication' to the King signed by Coverdale. When a copy reached Coverdale in Paris, neither the English nor the Latin pleased him. As he says in the ' Address to Cromwell,' prefixed to the amended Paris edition, ' I found that as it was
^ The arguments put forward by Whittaker {Historical and Critical Enquiry, pp. 52 sq.), followed by Anderson {Annals of the English Bible, vol. i. p. 564), to prove that Coverdale translated from the Hebrew are overthrown by Ginsburg in his Commentary to Ecclesiastes, Appendix II. He shows that the four passages mainly relied on by Whittaker were literally rendered by Coverdale from the Zurich or Swiss- German Bible. See also Westcott, p. 213; Eadie, vol. i. pp. 282 sq.
6 The Part of Rheims in the
disagreeable to my former translation in English, so was not the true copy of the Latin text observed, neither the English so correspondent to the same as it ought to be.'
Coverdale does not express himself clearly, but words which occur previously in the ' Address ' throw some light on his meaning. ' Inasmuch,' he writes, ' as the New Testament, which I had set forth in English before, doth so agree with the Latin, I was heartily well content that the Latin and it should be set together ; provided alway that the corrector should follow the true copy of the Latin in any wise, and to keep the true right English of the same.' The conclusion, I think, which we must draw from these two passages is, that Coverdale intended the English column to be in the main a reproduction of his former translation, but that he left con- siderable discretion to some scholar to accommodate it to the Latin. His complaint is that this was not satisfactorily done, and besides that the Latin was inaccurately printed.
Notwithstanding the pressure of his other Biblical labours, Coverdale lost no time in ' weeding out,' as he expresses it, ' the faults that were in the Latin and English afore ' ; and the revised edition, in which the English varies so much from his earlier version that it may be considered a new translation, issued from the press of Francis Regnault, Paris, in November of the same year (1538), and was published by Grafton and Whitchurch of London, who were at the same time superin- tending the printing of the Great Bible. A second edition, evidently a reprint of the first, appeared in 1539.
Nycolson seems to have been in no wise abashed by the treatment his workmanship received, for he printed another edition of the condemned book in the same year (1538), this time, however, with ' Faithfully translated by Johan HoUybushe,'— probably the ' corrector ' referred to by Coverdale — on the title.
The object Coverdale had in view in publishing his Diglott was, as he states in the ' Dedication ' to the King, twofold. He wished, in the first place, to convince those who objected to former translations, on the ground that they were not made from the Latin version used in the Church Services, that the Bible was virtually the same in all languages. In the
Making of the English Bible 7
second place, he intended the book to be a help to ' such as can but English and are not learned in Latin,' — and he specially mentions those who have ' cure and charge of souls,' — ' that in comparing these two texts together they may the better understand the one by the other.'
These latter words confirm the opinion which might reason- ably be formed that the production of a parallel Testament was suggested to Coverdale by the Injunctions^ addressed by Archbishop Cranmer in the summer of 1538 to the diocese of Hereford, i<ede vacante, requiring each clergyman therein to provide himself with ' a whole Bible in Latin and English, or at least a New Testament of both the same languages/ and to 'study every day one chapter of the said Bible or New Testament, conferring the Latin and English together.' These directions^ it might naturally be expected, would in time be enforced elsewhere, as they actually were, and Coverdale, we may believe, designed his work to supply the demand which would thus be created. Nor was he alone in this enterprise. It is convenient to mention here that two other Latin- English editions of the New Testament appeared this year, the Latin being not the Vulgate but the translation of Erasmus, and the English the version of Matthew, i. e. Tyndale. And this latter form of the parallel Testament proved the more popular. Another edition came out in 1540 ; and when, at the beginning of Edward VI's reign, Injunctions ^, similar to those quoted above, and applying to the whole kingdom were issued, the Erasmus-Matthew version was reprinted in 1548, and again in 1549 and 1550.
Probably the secret of this popularity was that in the new Injunctions the Paraphrase of Erasmus was made an additional work with which each clergyman was to provide himself ; and this may have been thought to indicate that Erasmus's version also was the one which should be procured. The Injunctions were repeated early in Elizabeth's reign ^.
After 1539 no further edition of Coverdale's Diglott, in either of its forms, was called for.
^ Wilkins, Concilia, vol. iii. p. 843 ; Cranmer's Remains, Parker Society, p. 81. ^ Cardwell, Documentary Annals, vol. i. p. 13. ' Ibid. p. 186.
8 The Part of Rheims in the
If I have dwelt at what may be deemed disproportionate length on what is merely a minor version, it is because, as will appear further on, there is good reason for believing that, indirectly through the Translation of Rheims, it has made its influence felt upon the Bible of English-speaking people.
Miles Coverdale was born in 1487. He became a friar of the Augustinian order at Cambridge, where he was ordained priest in 1514. Little more is known about his early history, except that in some way or other he came under the notice of Cromwell, the powerful minister of Henry VIII, and gained his patronage : and that, like many others in those times of reli- gious persecution, he found it convenient to pay, from time to time, protracted visits to the Continent. His fame chiefly rests on his Biblical labours carried on in connexion not only with his own, but, as will presently be related, with many of the succeeding versions of the English Bible. In 155 1 he was made Bishop of Exeter. On the accession of Mary he was banished from England and took up his residence first in Den- mark and afterwards at Geneva. On his return to England at the commencement of Elizabeth's reign, he took part in the consecration of Archbishop Parker ; and, after holding for some time the rectory of St. Magnus, London Bridge, died in 1569.
MATTHEW.
The Bible which bears the name of Matthew on its title- page, and is so referred to in the rules prescribed to the Trans- lators of the Authorized Version, was really the compilation of John Rogers. At the end of the ' Exhortation to the study of the Holy Scriptures ' prefixed to Matthew's Bible, the letters I. R. are printed in large capitals ; and in an official document of grave interest to Rogers, in which accuracy of designation was essential — the legal sentence which condemned him to the stake — the words Johannes Rogers alias Matthew occur four times \ If Matthew be not simply a pseudonym, he may have furnished funds for the publication of the Bible, or assisted in some other way. Matthew's version has no claim to originality. The object of the editor seems to have been to supply the English public with a complete Bible formed out
^ Eadie, vol. i. p. 313.
Making of the English Bible 9
of existing materials — the principle guiding the selections being to give the preference to direct translation from the Hebrew and Greek. Thus Tyndale is followed as far as he goes — use being made not only of the books printed by him, but also of the manuscript material he had prepared ^ — and the portions untranslated by him are supplemented from Coverdale. A few unimportant changes introduced into the text, and some alternative renderings given in the margin, are the only signs of revision that can be assigned to Rogers.
Matthew's Bible was printed, probably at Antwerp, in 1537. When the copies arrived in England in the same year, Cromwell, at the solicitation of Cranmer, procured for the work the royal licence. The title-page bears, equally with Coverdale's, the coveted formula ' set forth with the Kinges most gracious lycence.' It thus appears that this stamp of royal approval was conferred almost simultaneously on two Bibles, Coverdale's and Matthew's. Fulke^, in his Defence of Trandations of the Bible, 1583, assigns the honour of priority to Matthew's version, asserting that it was the first printed in English with authority.
A reprint of Matthew's Bible was issued in 1549.
John Rogers was born about 1500. He was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and became the Rector of the Holy Trinity, London, in 1532. Resigning this post in 1534, he removed to Antwerp, where he was appointed Chaplain to the Merchant Adventurers ^, and came under the influence of Tyndale and Coverdale. On the accession of Edward VI Rogers returned to England, and received Church preferment, culminating in the Prebend of St. Pancras and the rectory of Chigwell in Essex. He met his end in the fires of Smith- field, Feb. 4, 1555.
TAVERNER. A revision of Matthew's Bible by a lawyer named Taverner was published in two editions in 1539. The New Testament
' See above, p. 4. =* P. 112, Parker Society edition.
^ A guild of English merchants established in Antwerp, 1474. See Demaus, Tyndale, p. 413.
lo The Part of Rheims in the
of this work was printed separately three times in 1539 and
1540, and the Old Testament formed part of a Bible of 1551- Although, in a few cases, Taverner anticipates renderings which were subsequently adopted in King James's Version, there is little probability that his Bible was consulted by the Translators of 161 1.
THE GREAT (CRANMER'S) BIBLE. The Authorized Versions, as they may be called, of Cover- dale and Matthew, were not long left in possession of the field. A revision of the latter version was almost immediately set on foot by Cromwell, and Coverdale was appointed to under- take it. Paris, as excelling in typography and paper, was selected as the place of printing ^ But after the work had commenced the Inquisitor General interfered, and presses, types, and workmen were removed to London. Here in 1539 the printing was completed under the care of Richard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch. By the name of the latter printer the volume is designated in the list of Bibles enumerated in the instructions given to the revisers of 161 1. But the titles by which it was popularly known were, the ' Great Bible,' a tribute to its size, and ' Cranmer's Bible,' from a prologue by the archbishop which was inserted in a revised edition, of which six distinct impressions were issued in 1540 and
1 541. This Bible retained its position as the Authorized Version for twenty-eight years, and was frequently reprinted, the last edition being issued so late as 1569. Free access to its pages was secured by an injunction of Cromwell in his capacity of king's vicegerent, that it should be set up in some convenient place in every church throughout the kingdom ^.
WHITTINGHAM.
Among the refugees to the Continent in Queen Mary's
reign was William Whittingham, who had been Fellow of
All Souls College, Oxford. He put forth at Geneva in 1557
a version of the New Testament based on Tyndale and the
^ The printer employed was Francis Regnault, of whom we have heard before in connexion with Coverdale's Latin-English Testament. See above, p. 6.
* Westcott, p. 99.
Making of the English Bible it
Great Bible. This is the first English version in which the division into verses appears^ the convenient fashion having been set by Stephens in the fourth edition of his Greek Testament printed at Geneva in 1551. Whittingham re- turned to England on the death of Mary, and was made Dean of Durham in 1563.
GENEVA.
Whittingham's New Testament was the immediate fore- runner of a translation of the whole Bible, which, under the name of the Genevan Bible, attained wide and lasting popu- larity. In the preparation of this version, which was pub- lished at Geneva in 1560, Whittingham himself took a leading part, assisted by other scholars, among whom were probably Coverdale, again a refugee, and Knox^. Whittingham's version was taken as the basis of the New Testament trans- lation, but it was subjected to a searching revision mainly guided by the Greek original and the Latin version of Beza (1556), so that, while it retains the main features of what may be called the traditional English Translation, it exhibits a large number of distinctive renderings, many of which have passed into the Authorized Version. Some of these had been previously adopted in the Rhemish version, and thus came before the translators of 161 1 with a double recommendation.
The Genevan version owed the afiection with which it was regarded to more than one feature. The old black letter was discarded for Roman type. The verse division was taken over from Whittingham's version. Numerous explana- tory notes filled the margin, imbued with a calvinistic flavour, which commended them to a large class of readers. The form of the book, a handy quarto, was better suited for general use than the ponderous folios of the earlier standard Bibles.
The Genevan version continued long a vigorous competitor of the successive Authorized Versions for the favour of the multitude. Five editions were printed at Geneva up to 1570. After the death of Archbishop Parker, who in the interests of the Bishops' Bible discouraged rival versions, the first English edition appeared in 1575. From that time impression
^ Strype, Life of Parker, p. 409, ed. of 1 821.
12 The Part of Rheims in the
after impression was struck off to meet the public demand. Up to the end of Elizabeth's reign, ninety editions in all appeared, as compared with thirty editions of the Bishops', and ten of all other versions. And even the publication of King James's version of i6i i did not at once put the Genevan Bible out of the field ; editions still appeared from time to time, until in the reign of Charles I it gradually sank into disuse ^
TOMSON. In 1576 Lawrence Tomson, under-secretary to Sir Francis Walsingham, brought out an edition of the Genevan New Testament, in which sundry alterations were introduced. Tomson's version had considerable popularity, and frequently took the place of the Genevan New Testament proper in editions of the Genevan Bible.
THE BISHOPS' BIBLE. Shortly after the accession of Elizabeth a revision of the Great Bible was taken in hand at the instance of Arch- bishop Parker. As the scholars to whom he committed the work were mainly bishops, the version gained the popular title of the ' Bishops Bible.' It was completed in 1568, when it issued from the press of Richard Jugge in London. The Bishops' Bible was the first version which came out under direct ecclesiastical auspices, and the whole weight of Church authority was exerted to assist its dissemination. In the Constitutions and Canons of 157 1 a direction was given that ' every archbishop and bishop should have at his house a copy of the Holy Bible of the largest volume as lately printed in London.' And it was further ordered that copies should be placed in the cathedrals, and, ' so far as could be conveniently done,' in all parish churches^. A scholar named Lawrence '^ having pointed out several important errors in the first edition, these were corrected in the edition of 1572 and the subsequent
' Eadie, vol. ii. p. 52.
^ Injunctions of Cromwell (see above, p. 10), of Edward VI, and of Elizabeth giving similar directions with regard to the Great Bible, were of State authority.
' He was probably Head Master of Shrewsbury School (Eadie, vol. ii. P- 79)-
Making of the English Bible 13
reprints. The last edition of the whole Bible was issued in i6c6, but the New Testament was reprinted so late as 1618 1.
RHEIMS.
One of the results of the ecclesiastical changes in England, consequent on the accession of Elizabeth, was the establish- ment in 1568 of a College or Seminary at Douay, for the educa- tion of English Roman Catholic students who were debarred by conscientious reasons from resorting to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge ; and for the training of a body of learned priests who might eventually, it was hoped, be the means of recovering England for the Papacy. This College was grafted on the University of Douay, which had been founded a few years before (in 1562) by Philip II of Spain, then ruler of the Netherlands. The originator of the project and first president of the new College was William Allen ^, who had formerly been Principal of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and Canon of York, but had resigned those offices at the commencement of Elizabeth's reign. Allen is best known as an active participator in the political intrigues of his day. He was created a Cardinal by Sixtus V in 1587, and was promised the appointment of Legate with the mission of reconciling England to the Pope, in case the Spanish Armada should prove successful ^.
After ten years, the connexion of the College with Douay was interrupted by an order from the magistrates that all the English residents should leave the town. The reason for this expulsion is obscure. Probably, as the College was under the patronage of, and in receipt of a pension from, Philip II, it became involved in the unpopularity of the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, and the civic authorities were apprehensive of an outbreak of mob violence. The professors and students removed to Rheims in France in 1578, and their stay there was rendered memorable by the preparation and publication of an English Translation of the New Testament which, though
* Eadie, ii. p. 37.
"^ For an account of Allen see Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, vol. i. col. 615-23, ed. of 1813.
^ Douay Diaries, Historical Introduction, p. Ixxxiv.
14 The Part of Rheims in the
designed solely for the use of Roman Catholics, was destined to impress a broad mark on the version which, for three hundred years, has been most familiar to the English race.
Cardinal Allen, under whose auspices as President of the College the translation was made, was noted for the interest he took in Biblical studies. He was appointed by Cardinal Carafa in 1579 one of his assistants in preparing an emended edition of the Septuagint, as an aid to the revision of the Vulgate then in contemplation ^.
It appears that in the college the Bible was allotted a large place in the instruction of the students. Ample evidence of this is given in the ' Douay Diaries ^ ' published in 1878 and other documents included in that volume.
A Latin letter ^ preserved in the English College at Rome dated Sept. 16, 1578 (altered to 1580), of Allen to Vendeville, Regius Professor of Canon Law at Douay, contains a graphic description of the Scriptural exercises of the students and the objects aimed at thereby. ' Since it is of great consequence,' he writes, ' that they should be familiar with the text of Holy Scripture and its more approved meanings, and have at their finger ends all those passages which are correctly used by Catholics in support of our faith, or impiously misused by heretics in opposition to the Church's faith, we provide for them, as a means by which they may gain this power, a daily lecture in the New Testament in which the exact and genuine sense of the words is briefly dictated to them. Every day at table after dinner and supper, before they leave their places, they hear a running explanation of one chapter of the Old and another of the New Testament. At suitable times they take down from dictation, with reference to the controversies of the present day, all those passages of Holy Scripture which either make for Catholics or are distorted by heretics, to- gether with short notes concerning the argument to be drawn from the one and the answers to be made to the other. . . . It is usual to read at table four or at least three chapters at
* Douay Diaries, Historical Introduction, p. Ixxxiv. 2 See pp. 123, 125, 144, 150, 156, 178, 304, 309.
* Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen, pp. 52 sq. The letter is translated in the Introduction to the Douay Diariet^, pp. xxxviii sq.
Making of the English Bible 15
a time. . . . Each one reads over these chapters beforehand privately in his own room, and likewise the chapters which are
expounded daily at the end of dinner and supper Those who
are able to do so read them in the original. In this way the Old Testament is gone through twelve times every three years or thereabouts. The New Testament is read through sixteen times in the same period. . . . They are also taught successively Greek and Hebrew, so far as is required to read and under- stand the Scriptures of both Testaments in the original.'
This interesting account of the systematic course of Biblical study at the College is made, in the same letter, to lead up to a proposal by Allen to undertake, with the Pope's approval, a new Translation of the Scriptures. Among the collegiate exercises English sermons were preached by the more ad- vanced students on Sundays and festivals. Allen, having mentioned this, takes up the subject of preaching in general, and the difficulties which Roman Catholics experience in preaching, owing to their Authorized Version being in Latin. 'When they,' he says, 'are preaching to the unlearned, and are obliged on the spur of the moment to translate some passage which they have quoted into the vulgar tongue, they often do it inaccurately and with unpleasant hesitation, because either there is no vernacular ^ version of the words or it does not then and there occur to them. Our adversaries, on the other hand, have at their fingers' ends, from some heretical version, all those passages of Scripture which seem to make for them, and by a certain deceptive adaptation and alteration of the sacred words produce the eflfect of appearing to say nothing but what comes from the Bible. This evil might be remedied if we too had some Catholic version of the Bible, for all the English versions are most corrupt. I do not know what kind you have in Belgium. But certainly we on our part will undertake, if His Holiness shall think proper, to produce a faithful, pure and genuine version of the Bible in accordance with the edition approved by the Church, for we already have men most fitted for the work. Perhaps indeed it would have been more desirable that the Scriptures had
' The translation in the Introduction to the Douay Diaries gives ' English ' here, but the Latin is more general, vulgaris.
i6 The Part of Rheims in the
never been translated into barbarous tongues : nevertheless at the present day when, either from heresy or other causes, the curiosity of men, even of those who are not bad, is so great, and there is often also such need of reading the Scriptures in order to confute our opponents, it is better that there should be a faithful and Catholic translation than that men should use a corrupt version to their peril or destruction : the more so since the dangers which arise from reading certain more diflficult passages may be obviated by suitable notes.'
If, as we may assume, 1580 is the true date of this letter, the version here alluded to as only in contemplation had already been commenced, and Allen must have reckoned beforehand on the Pope's approval. A marginal entry in the Douay Diaries, belonging to the year 1578, makes the following statement: — ' On October i6th or thereabout, Martin, Licentiate (in Theology), began a translation of the Bible into English, with the object of healthfully counteracting the corruptions whereby the heretics have so long lamentably deluded almost the whole of our countrymen. And in order that the work — most useful, as it is hoped — may be published the more speedily, he completes daily the translation of two chapters, which, to secure greater correctness, are read through by Allen our President, and Bristow our Moderator, who in their wisdom faithfully correct whatever seems to need emendation^.' The only other entry in the Diaries relating to the new version records the completion of the New Testament. Under the date March, 1582, the note occurs^: — 'In this month the finishing touch was put to the English edition of the New Testament.'
^ ' Octobris 16 vel circiter D.t licent. Martinus Bibliorum versionem in Anglicum sermonem auspicatus est ; ut sic tandem haereticorum corruptionibus, quibus iamdiu misere toti fere populo patriae nostrae imposuerunt, saluberriine obviaretur : et ut opus istud, ut speratur longo utile, citius prodeat, ipse vertendo* quotidie duo capita absolvit ; utautem emendatius, eadem ipsa capita praeses noster D.t Alanus et m"" n. D.t Bristous diligenter perleguut, atque etiam, si quidqnid alicuhi dignnm.* videatur, pro sua sapientia fideliter corrigunt.' Douay Diaries, p. 145.
^ 'Hoc ipso mense extrema manus Novo Testamento Anglice edito imposita est.' Ibid. p. 186.
t D. (Dominus) signifies University graduate. * MS. defective and conjecturally restored by the Editor of the 'Diaries.'
Making of the English Bible 17
Cardinal Allen in his letter indicates the motives which led to this somewhat unusual undertaking of issuing a ver- nacular version of the Scriptures with the papal imprimatur. Such a version was needed for controversial purposes ; and to meet a desire which had grown up among Roman Catholics in England for a translation of the Bible in their own language, which, if not lawfully gratified^ might drive them to read ' heretical ' versions. The latter motive is put forward prominently in the Preface to the Rhemish Testament. In it the dangers which arise from the indiscriminate reading of the Scriptures are dwelt on at length, and pains are taken to assure the reader that the issue of the present vernacular version is quite an exceptional measure, called for by the exigencies of the time. ' We doe not,' says the Preface, ' publish (this translation) upon erroneous opinion of necessitie, that the holy Scriptures should alwaies be in our mother tonge, or that they ought, or were ordained by God, to be read in- differently of all . . . but upon special consideration of the present time, state and condition of our countrie, unto which divers thinges are either necessarie, or profitable and medicin- able now, that otherwise in the peace of the Church were neither much requisite, nor perchance wholly tolerable.'
Having launched a condemnation, in no measured words, against the translations of the Bible which issued from the Re- formation, the Preface continues : ' We therfore having com- passion to see our beloved countrie men, with extreme danger of their soules, to use onely such prophane translations and erroneous mens mere phantasies, for the pure and blessed word of truth, much also moved thereunto by the desires of many devout persons, have set forth for you (benigne readers) the New Testa- ment to begin withal, trusting that it may give occasion to you, after diligent perusal thereof, to lay away at lest such their impure versions as hitherto you have ben forced to occupie.'
Gregory Martin ^ to whom the Douay Diaries assign the
^ Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, vol. i. col. 487, ed. of 1813; Dodd, Giurch History of England, vol. ii. pp. 121-3, ed. of 1737. Wood says of him: ' He was a most excellent linguist, exactly read and vers'd in the Sacred Scriptures, and went beyond all of his time in humane literature, whether in poetry or prose.'
CARLETON
i8 The Part of Rheims in the
chief credit of the new Translation, was one of the original scholars of St. John's College, Oxford, at its foundation in 1557, subsequently becoming tutor in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. He joined the College of Douay in 1570, where he was employed by Allen as Lecturer in Hebrew and Holy Scripture. Martin was well fitted for his task, as well by his proficiency in Greek and Hebrew as by his acquaintance with existing English translations of the Bible. A work of his, which was published a few months after the Rhemish New Testament saw the light, was aimed at exposing the errors in these and other recent translations. It is entitled ' A Discoverie of the manifold Corruptions of the Holy Scrip- tures by the Heretikes of our dales, specially the English Sectaries, &c., Bhemes, 1582.'
Richard Bristow^, who with Allen supervised the Trans- lation, had been formerly a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. He went to Douay in 1569, where he held the office of Moderator or Prefect of Studies. His part in the work of translation was probably small, but he has left a prominent mark upon the Version as the author of the Annotations on the New Testa- ment— an elaborate series of comments of a fiercely polemical and controversial character which were printed with the text. The Notes on the Old Testament are ascribed to Thomas Worthington ^, who became President of Douay in
1599-
The Translation is avowedly based on the Latin. ' We
translate,' says the Preface, ' the old Vulgar Latin text, not
the common Greek text.' Several reasons are alleged in
defence of this course. Amongst them ; the antiquity of the
Vulgate ; its correction by St. Jerome according to the Greek ;
its continuous employment since that time in the Church's
services ; because the Fathers used and expounded it ; because
the Council of Trent had declared it authentical ; because in
places where the Latin and Greek disagree the Latin is better
than the Greek text ; — for which statement the proof adduced
being that ' most of the auncient heretikes were Grecians, and
therfore their Scriptures in Greeke were more corrupted by
them, as the auncient fathers often complaine.'
' Wood, vol. i. col. 4S2 ; Dodd, vol. ii. pp. 59, 121. ^ Dodd, vol. ii. p. 121.
Making of the English Bible 19
Nevertheless the Greek text lay open before Martin during the translation, and exercised a certain degree of influence upon it. In the title-page to the words ' Translated faithfully into English out of the authentical Latin,' there is added diligently conferred with the Greeke and other editions in divers lang-uages.' That this was no idle assertion, so far as the Greek is concerned, is proved by the pages of the Version. There are few chapters where one or more Greek words do not appear in the margin. The Preface explains that they were placed there to give * the learned reader ' an alternative sense ; 'to take away the ambiguitie of the Latin or English '; ' when the Latin neither doth nor can reache to the signification of the Greeke word ' ; 'when the Greeke hath two senses and the Latin but one ' ; and for other reasons less easy to appreciate ^. It also specifies two ways in which the Greek left its mark on the Translation itself. One is, that it sometimes served as a guide for punctuation, the other, that in certain cases it led the translators to prefer the word in the Latin margin to that in the text.
But the most material influence which the Greek original exerted upon the Translation receives no recognition in the Preface. In a question in which the Latin could render no assist- ance, namely, whether the definite article should be employed or not, the clear rendering of the Greek has been frequently followed. The instances are numerous in which the Rhemish Testament, by the insertion or omission of the definite article, has rendered the Greek more faithfully than the earlier ver- sions. Some of these have passed from it into the Authorized Version, and are recorded in the Tables which follow. Others, neglected by the Translators of the Authorized Version, have found an entrance into the Revised Version of 1881 ^.
The ' other editions in divers languages ' with which the Latin was also ' diligently conferred ' include some at least
1 'For advantage of the Catholike cause'; 'to shew the false trans- lation of the heretike.'
2 Instances of the latter class are : Definite article in the Greek trans- lated—Matt, iv. 5 ' the pinnacle'; xxviii. 16 'the mountain'; Rev. vii. 13 ' the white robes.' Definite article omitted as not being in the Greek — Matt. ii. 13, Luke ii. 9 ' an angel'; John iv. 27 ' a woman.'
C a
20 The Part of Rheims in the
of the existing English versions. Martin, as we have seen, was a careful student of these, and, notwithstanding the scathing denunciation with which they are assailed in the Preface, it is not too much to say that they were made b}'- liim and his friends the very groundwork of their Version. Speaking generally, and leaving out of account the peculiar features of the Rhemish Testament, we find in it the phraseo- logy and the turns of expression of the traditional rendering which started from Tyndale. When we compare chapter after chapter of the Translation of Rheims with the earlier versions we are struck more by their resemblances than their differences^. We feel that, in spite of the hostile attitude which it thought fit to assume towards them, it is a lineal descendant of the versions which preceded it, and well entitled to take an honourable place in the connected series of English Bibles.
As might be expected the Translation, as derived from the Vulgate, abounds in Latin words, many of which were after- wards taken over by the Authorized Version as the annexed Tables bear witness. But this tendency of Martin and his fellow labourers to follow the Vulgate closely led to what must be regarded as the great disfigurement of the Version — the frequent transference to its pages of Latin expressions, strange, then and now, to the English ear ; and the bald literal translation of Latin sentences which often leaves the sense obscure, if not incomprehensible. As instances of the former class I may adduce : ' supersubstantial bread,' Matt. vi. 1 1 ; ' he was assumpted,' Acts i. 3 ; * odible to God,' Rom. i. 30 ; ' evacuated from Christ,' Gal. v. 4 ; ' the proposition of loaves,' Heb. ix. 2 ; ' He exinanited himself,' Phil. ii. 7 ; ' concorporate and comparticipant,' Eph. iii. 6. And of the latter : ' Against the spirituals of wickedness in the celestials,' Eph. vi. 13 ; ' As infants even now born, reasonable, milk without guile desire ye,' i Pet. ii. 3 ; ' Every knee bow of the celestials, terrestrials and infernals,' Phil. ii. 10.
It is evident that this foreign flavour must have impaired the usefulness of the Translation, as intended for popular reading ; though the criticism of the Translators of the ' See Westcott, p. 321 and note i.
Making of the English Bible 21
Authorized Version may be deemed ungenerous, — that it was ' of purpose designed to darken the sense, that since they ' [the Papists] ' must needs translate the Bible, yet by the language thereof it may be kept from being understood ^.'
The Rhemists in their Preface dwell at some length on this feature of their Version, adducing, besides others, some of the above-quoted instances. They justify themselves on the plea that they wished their translation to be ' most sincere, as becometh a Catholike translation, and have endevoured so to make it.' On this account they say ' we are very precise and religious in folowing our copie, the old vulgar approved Latin, not onely in sense, which we hope we alwaies doe, but sometime in the very wordes also and phrases.' ' We have used ... no more licence than is sufferable in translating of holy Scriptures, continually keeping our selves as neere as is possible to our text, and to the very wordes and phrases which by long use are made venerable, though to some prophane or delicate eares they may seeme more hard or bar- barous, . . . acknowledging with S. Hierom that in other writings it is ynough to give in translation sense for sense, but that in Scriptures, lest we misse the sense, we must keepe the very wordes.' ' Moreover, we presume not in hard places to moUifie the speaches or phrases, but religiously keepe them word for word, and point for point, for feare of missing, or restraining the sense of the holy Ghost to our phantasie.'
The New Testament, with Preface and Annotations, was published at Rheims in 1582 in a quarto volume. The edition was probably a large one, as copies of it are not rare at the present day. A second edition was printed at Antwerp in 1600. It differs from the first merely in the augmentation and rearrangement of some of the Notes. There were sub- sequent issues in 1621 and 1633.
The complete Bible was published in 1609-10 at Douay, whither the College had returned in 1593. The annotations on the Douay Old Testament, which are far less copious than those on the New and more subdued in language, were pre- pared by Dr. Worthington, the then President.
A second edition appeared in 1635, after which date no ' The Translators to the Reader.
22 The Part of Rheims in the
other impression of the Douay Bible was issued until 1 749- 50, when a revised edition, with Notes toned down and curtailed, was published by Dr. Challoner. The original New Testament was reprinted in 1738, and again in 1788, 1789 and 1834^. But all other later editions whether of the New Testament or of the whole Bible are generally based on Challoner, and vary considerably from the Version as put forth in Rheims and Douay ^.
The controversial character of the Notes of the Ehemish Testament led indirectly to a wider circulation of the work than its translators had contemplated, and introduced it to a different class of readers from that for which they were provid- ing. William Fulke, Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, who had already written an answer ^ to Martin's ' Discoverie V entered the lists once more with his old opponent. In 1589 he republished, in a large folio volume ^, the Rhemish Testament, Notes and all, printing in a parallel column the text of the Bishops' Bible, and adding a running commentary, from a strong puritan and calvinistic standpoint, on the Rhemish Text and Notes. This work, of which a second edition ap- peared in 1 60 1, and subsequent issues in 16 17 and 1633, brought under the notice of many an Englishman a Version of the Scriptures which otherwise he would not have been likely to concern himself about or even to hear of.
Another work of a similar character, in which also the Rhemish Testament was printed at full length, was published in 1618.
THE AUTHORIZED VERSION.
We now return to the Authorized Version, the heir of the preceding versions from Tyndale's onward. A few words about it may suitably be added to fill up this sketch of the history of the English Bible.
^ 1738 (no place of publication named) ; 1788, 1789 (Liverpool) ; 1834 (New York).
^ See for a full account of the various editions Cotton, Rhemes and Doivaij.
^ A Defense of the sincere and true Translations of the Holie Scriptures into the English tong, &c., 1583.
* See above, p. 18.
^ The Text of the New Testafnent of Jesus Christ, Translated out of the vulgar Latine hij the Papists of the traiterous Seminarie at Rhemes, &c.
Making of the English Bible 23
The origin of the Version is traceable to the Conference of Divines at Hampton Court in 1604, summoned by King James I to consider complaints brought by the Puritans against the Book of Common Prayer. Among these com- plaints, objection was made to the Scriptures read in the Church's services, as being incorrectly translated, and thus creating a difficulty in the way of subscribing to the Com- munion book. On this scruple being put forward, the king, who presided at the Conference, began to * bethink himself of the good that might ensue by a new translation.' This is the account given in the Preface to the Authorized Version. In a contemporary history ^ of the Conference by Barlow, Dean of Chester, it is stated that Reynolds, President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the spokesman of the Puritans, alleged three instances of unsatisfactory renderings, viz. Gal. iv. 25 'bordereth' ; Psalm cv. a8 'they were not obe- dient ' ; Psalm cvi. 30 ' then stood up Phinees and prayed ' ; — and then and there ' moved his majesty that there might be a new translation of the Bible.' ' Whereupon,' Barlow adds, ' his highnesse wished that some special paines should be taken in that behalf for one uniform translation . . . and this to be done by the best learned in both the universities : after them to be reviewed by the bishops, and the chief learned of the church: from them to be presented to the privy councel ; and lastly to be ratified by his royal authority ; and so this whole church to be bound unto it, and none other.'
The king, having thus approved of the scheme of a new version, lost no time in making preparation for it ; and the company of translators was appointed before the end of the year. It appears, however, from a curiously worded passage in the Preface 2, which assigns about three years to the transla- tion, that the work was not regularly taken in hand until 1607. The Translators, forty-seven in all, were divided into three
^ The Sum and Substance of the Conference, &e. See Cardwell's Co7i- ferences on the Book of Common Prayer, pp. 187, 188.
2 ' The work has not been huddled up in seventy-two days ' (the allusion is to the story about the speedy translation of the Septuagint), ' but hath cost the workmen, as light as it seemeth, the pains of twice seven times seventy-two days.'
24 The Pati of Rheims in the
companies, meeting at Oxford, Cambridge, and Westminster respectively. Most of them are not otherwise known to fame, but they included the saintly Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester ; Overal, the author of the latter portion of the Church Cate- chism ; Reynolds, in some sense the father of the Version ; Saravia, the friend of Hooker ; Abbot, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury ; Barlow, the historian of the Hampton Court Conference ; and Bedwell, the preceptor of the famous Oriental scholar, Pocock. The admirable Address of the Translators to the Reader, which is usually omitted in modern copies, while the fulsome dedication to King James has maintained its ground, was the work of Dr. Miles Smith, Bishop of Gloucester. He and Bilson, Bishop of Winchester, the author of the summary of contents at the head of each chapter, -were the final revisers and editors of the new Version.
We have seen that in the Instructions^ given to the Translators they were directed to follow the Bishops' Bible, altering it as little as the truth of the original would permit. In obedience to this rule, the Translators made the Bishops' Bible the basis of the new Version, correcting it by com- parison with the Hebrew and Greek text ^. But of the other versions, which the instructions prescribed for their guidance, the Translators appear to have made little use, with one notable exception, the Genevan, many of whose distinctive readings have been incorporated in King James's Version. The magnitude of the debt which the Translators owe to the Rhemish New Testament, — not mentioned in the Instructions, — it is the aim of these pages to exhibit and assess. The Douay Old Testament, though published in 1609-10, shortly before the Royal Version, did not come into the hands of the Translators. In their Address to the Reader, referring to the Romanists, they say ' we have seen none,' i. e. no translation, ' of theirs of the whole Bible as yet.'
Much additional light, we might expect, would be thrown upon the sources of the Authorized Version if some of the
^ Above, p. I.
^ ' If you ask what they had before them, truly it was the Hebrew text of the Old Testament, the Greek of the New.' — Tlie Translators to the Header.
Making of the English Bible 25
numerous copies of the Bishops' Bible wrought upon by the Translators could be discovered. But none such are known to exist. Archdeacon Cotton, indeed, in his Editions of the Bihle'^ refers to a copy of the edition of 1602, in the Bodleian Library, as containing ' MS. corrections for King James's Translation.' But that this is a mistake has been con- clusively proved by the late Bishop Westcott. His verdict is, that ' in all probability it contains simply a scholar's collation of the Royal and Bishop's texts, with an attempt to trace the origin of the corrections'.'
We may safely assume that the Translators used the Bishops' Bible as revised in 1572, and not as it was first published in 1568. If, as is most probable, they owed their knowledge of the Rhemish Testament to Fulke's work, and had it before them, they could hardly have helped utilizing, for the purposes of comparison, the Bishops' Bible, so conveniently printed in the parallel columns ; and thus this edition might have been the one generally consulted. It may, indeed, not unreasonably be conjectured that, to the printing of these two versions side by side in Fulke's pages, was indirectly due the degree of influence which the Rhemish Testament has exerted upon the construction of our English Bible.
King James's Version was completed and published in 1611. On the title-page appeared those words with which we are still familiar, ' Appointed to be read in Churches.'
We can point to no pronouncement of Church or State in justification of this assertion, nor yet as entitling the Version to be called 'authorized.' We can quote no Royal procla- mation, no Act of Parliament, no Injunction of the Privy Council, no Canon of Convocation. Nevertheless, though it never received any formal endorsement of the rank universally conceded to it, the history of the Version sufficiently declares that it was designed to displace the Bishops'Bible, and succeed to the privileged position duly conferred upon it by Crown and Church. As a revision of that Bible, inaugurated by the king and carried out by divines of the Church of England,
' p. 56. ' Westcott, pp. 156, 7, note.
26 The Part of Rheims in the
it entered at once on the heritage of the Book it superseded, and, iure successionis, became the Authorized Version of the English Church and nation ; its intrinsic merits, soon generally- acknowledged, preventing any attempt or wish to dispute the precedence it claimed.
Making of the English Bible 27
CHAPTER II
ANALYTICAL
The position of the Version of Rheims, as a liberal con- tributor to the storehouse of the English Bible, has been frequently recognized by scholars, notably in the Preface^ to the Revised New Testament of 1881 ; and in several works, lists, more or less accurate, of some of the more important words, which were adopted by King James's Translators at the suggestion of the Rhemists, have been given. But no attempt has been hitherto made to furnish an exhaustive account of the extent to which the later version has been indebted to the earlier — an account which in order to be complete must take into consideration not only vocabulary but also the structure of sentences, grammatical distinctions and other points of greater or minor importance in which the Translation of Rheims has left traces of its influence on the Bible of the English-speaking peoples.
Section I. Method of Procedure Adopted. The plan I have pursued in this investigation has been as follows. I have, in the first place, compared the Authorized Version (designated A. in the Tables) with that version which, according to the instructions given to its Translators and followed by them, formed its basis, viz. the Bishops' Bible (B.). When any difference, even the slightest, appeared, I then consulted the Rhemish version (R.). If I found A. and R. in agreement, I proceeded to examine the earlier versions, the Genevan (G.), Whittingham's (W.), Matthew's (M.), Cranmer's^ (the Great Bible) (C.), Coverdale's (Co.), Tyndale's (T.). In case none of these exhibited the reading
* The Revisers say : ' Their ' (King James's translators) ' work shows evident traces of the influence of a version not specified in the rules, the Rhemish, made from the Latin Vulgate, but by scholars conversant with the Greek original.'
» Called Whitchurch's in the rules laid down for the Translators, see above, p. lo.
28 The Part of Rheims in the
common to A. and R., I have assumed that A. has bon-owed from R., and I have inserted the joint-reading in the first column of Table I ; while in the second column, for comparison sake, I have set down the reading or readings of the earlier versions. Whenever the readings of A. and R. were similar but not identical, I have given both readings in the fii'st column.
As Matthew is practically a reprint of Tyndale's edition of 1535-1534^, I have not inserted its symbol M. in the Tables, except in the rare cases in which it differed from Tyndale.
The marjrinal readings of A. have received the same treat- ment as the text. Those which agree with R. only, have been placed in the first column of Table II. In this Table the second column includes the text-reading of A. among those of the other versions.
It may be contended that the agreement of A. and R. in any passage, where the other versions differ from them, is no proof that A. has adopted R.'s rendering; that they might independently have arrived at the same translation of word or phrase. This is true. We have to do with presumptions, not certainties. And, if the coincidences between the two versions were few, we should naturally assume that they were casual and undesigned. But when, as an examination of Tables I and II — for the marofinal readings of A. should be given due weight — shows, they appear over and over again in every chapter, almost in every verse ; and when we know, too, from the Preface to King James's Translation, that the Revisers had the Rhemish version before them, it seems hard to resist the inference that the coincidences, except when very trifling, must be regarded as implying a trans- ference from the earlier to the later version.
A considerable number of readings are peculiar to the Genevan, Rhemish, and Authorized Versions. As the Royal Translators appear to have paid almost equal deference to G. and R., in such cases it is impossible to decide which was most likely followed. It is not improbable that the agreement of two such important authorities convinced the Translators of the value of the reading. I have recorded these readings in Table III.
* See above, pp. 3, 9.
Making of the English Bible 29
In addition to the versions mentioned above, I have collated Coverdale's Latin-English Testament (Co.^), and the versions of Taverner (Tav.) and Tomson (To.): and ^yhe^eve^ the first differs from Coverdale's Bible proper, the second from Tyndale, and the third from the Genevan version, I have recorded their renderings. But as I thought it im- probable that these minor versions were consulted by the Royal Translators, in those instances in which readings, which otherwise are peculiar to R. and A., have been anticipated by one or other of them, I have not considered myself warranted in disturbing the results. I have retained the joint-reading of R. and A. in the first column of the Tables, and simply placed (Co.2), (Tav.) or (To.), as the case might be, by its side.
The coincidences of Tav. and To. respectively with R. and A. are very few, and may be left without further remark. It is different with regard to Co.^ A considerable number of R. = A. readings are found in Coverdale's- parallel Testa- ment. To be precise, in Table I about a fourth of the readings are of this character, in Table II the proportion is somewhat smaller, in Table III somewhat greater. This is a phenomenon which demands consideration. The thought arises, may not the Translators of 161 1 have derived these renderings from Coverdale rather than from Rheims? This is, of course, possible, but the balance of probability is against it. If Coverdale's Diglott came before the Translators at all — which is unlikely — we have no reason to believe they would have attached any importance to its renderings. It was not the Coverdale's version to which the rules laid down for their guidance directed their attention. It was a version with no mark of success or popular acceptance to recommend it to them. Since 1539, as we have seen\ some seventy years before, no edition of it had been printed. On the other hand, we know that the Version of Rheims bulked large in the Translators' eyes. A good part of their Preface is occupied in discussing its merits. And, even leaving out of account readings in which their Version agrees also with Coverdale's Testament, other readings, three times as many, are common to R. and A. alone. If these latter coincidences may be
^ Above, p. 7.
30 The Part of Rheims in the
regarded as evidencinsf an intimate connexion between E.. and A,, is it likely that the Translators of A. were indebted for those other readings which are also in R.. — not to it, but to Coverdale's little known Latin-English Testament ?
Assuming, then, that we are justified in concluding that Kheims and not Coverdale's Diglott was the source from which the Royal translators drew the renderings which belong both to Rheims and Coverdale, another question suggests itself. Does this similarity of expression in R. and Co.^ imply a contact between the two versions, a borrowing of the later from the earlier ? We have no positive proof that this was so, but it is difficult to account for the numerous coinci- dences except on such a supposition. It also helps us in forming an opinion, to note that, as the Tables show, there are many cases in which R. is identical with Co.^, while A. slightly difiers from both. It will be remembered, moreover, that Martin, the chief author of the Rhemish version, had an exten- sive acquaintance with English Bibles ; it is not probable there- fore that he was ignorant of that version, which, as being a translation of the Vulgate, was most akin to the work on which he was engaged. Coverdale's Bilingual Testament, neglected in England, would have had an attraction for him which the Translators of the Authorized Version could not share.
If this conclusion is well grounded, and the Rhemish ver- sion owes to Coverdale's Testament many of those readings which it afterwards transmitted to the great Translation of 1611, the obligation of English-speaking Christians to Rheims is in no wise diminished. But it is not without interest to learn that we are able to trace the ultimate source of so much that went to build up the fabric of our EngHsh Bible, to a Version which can more properly be called native and our own.
For the coincidences of the Genevan version with Coverdale's Testament exhibited in Table III, an explanation may per- haps be found in the fact that Coverdale was one of the translators of the former Bible.
In collating the versions, for Rheims and the Bishops', I have used Fulke's edition of 1601, already referred to, which arranges the two translations conveniently in parallel columns. I have also collated throughout the first edition
Making of the English Bible 31
of Rheims, 1583, and frequently referred to the 1584 edition of the Bishops' Bible. For the Genevan version I had before me the edition of 1583. For Whittingham, Cranmer and Tyndale I have availed myself of Bagster's English Hexapla 1841, in which these three versions are printed side by side ■with Rheims and the Authorized,— Whittingham (wrongly named Geneva in the Hexapla) being a copy of the (only) edition, 1557, Cranmer of the first edition, 1539, Tyndale of the edition of 1534. For Matthew I have consulted the second edition of 1537 ; for Coverdale, the edition of 1550, which, with a few obvious misprints, is a reproduction of the original edition of 1535, to which I have also referred. For Coverdale's Latin-English Testament, I have collated his own revised edition of 1538 ; for Taverner and Tomson, the editions of 1539 and 1 59 1 respectively.
I have not retained the original spelling either of the Authorized or of the other versions, except in a few cases in which an obsolete word or form was used, as for example •wanne,''axed,''auauntage,"sythence,''strengthed,'* other' (for 'or'), 'egalnes,' 'leafuU,' 'fordelles,' 'peax,' 'withouten,' 'harbe- rous,' ' aduoutrie,' ' washen.' To have reproduced the exceed- ingly capricious etymology of the versions would not have helped the investigation, and would have rendered the second column tediously and needlessly cumbrous, as it would fre- quently have required several entries where one now suffices.
The Tables annexed give the sum total of the issue of my inquiry. They speak for themselves as to the intimate relationship, hitherto insufficiently acknowledged, which exists between the Authorized and Rhemish Versions. If one were to assess the degree of obligation due from the former to the latter, it might, I think, fairly be said, that while the Translation of 161 1 in its general framework and language is essentially the daughter of the Bishops' Bible, which in its turn had inherited the nature and lineaments of the noble line of English versions issuing from the parent stock of Tyndale's, yet with respect to the distinctive touches which the Authorized New Testament has derived from the earlier translations, her debt to Roman Catholic Rheims is hardly inferior to her debt to puritan Geneva.
32 The Part of Rheims in the
I now proceed to set down some of the results wliicli an Analysis of the Comparative Tables yields.
Section II. Analysis of Comparative Tables. ((x) Vulgate-Latin Influence,
I. In the first place, one cannot but be struck by the large number of words which have come into the Authorized Version from the Vulgate through the medium of the Rhemish New Testament. The partiality the Rhemists openly avowed in their Preface for the close reproduction of the language of the Vulgate, which, in its extreme manifestation, called forth the just censure of the Royal Translators, has nevertheless left its broad mark upon the later Version.
To mention some of the more remarkable instances of this. In Mark iv. 12, 'be converted' (convertantur) has replaced the ' turn ' of former translations, a change which the Revised Version has not approved. In three additional passages, Mark viii. 19, 20, Luke ix. 17, John vi. 12, 13, 'fragments' (fragmenta) is found for ' broken meat.' We read ' ruin ^ ' {rui7ia) instead of ' fall,' Luke vi. 49 ; ' cure ' (curare) instead of 'heal,' Matt. xvii. 16, 18, Luke ix. i ; 'founded' {funCiata) instead of ' grounded,' Matt. vii. 25, Luke vi. 48. In numerous passages ' revealed ' (revelare), ' manifested ' (manifestare) and their cognates have dispossessed ' opened,' ' declared,' ' shewed,' &c., Matt. X. 26, John i. 31, xiv. 21, 22, Rom. ii. 5, viii. 18, 1 Cor. xi. 19, 2 Cor. iv. 2, i Pet. i. 5, 20, i John ii. 19, iii. 10, &c. 'Famine' (fames) has been preferred to 'dearth' or 'hunger,' Luke xv. 14, xxi. 11; 'derided' (deridehant) to ' mocked,' &c., Luke xvi. 14, xxiii. ;^^ ; ' usury ' to ' vantage,' Matt, xxv. 27, Luke xix. 23 ; ' adorned ' (ornatum) to ' garnished,' &c., Luke xxi. 5, Rev. xxi. 2 : see i Tim. ii. 9,
1 Pet. iii. 5 ; ' terrified ' (terreri) to ' afraid,' Luke xxi. 9 : see
2 Cor. X. 9, Phil. i. 28 ; 'altered' (altera) to * changed,' Luke ix. 29 ; * exalted ' (exaltaheHs) to ' lifted up,' Matt. xi. 23 ; ' the descent ^ ' (descensuni) to ' the going down,' Luke xix. o,'] ; ' descending ' (descendens) to ' coming down,' Acts x. 1 1 : see Luke iii. 22, Rev. xi. 7 ; ' malefactor ' which has been taken
^ Thick type marks words which are new comers into the English New Testament. * New in this sense.
I
Making of the English Bible 33
over by R. from the Vulgate of John xviii. 30, has supplanted
* evildoer ' there, and in Luke xxiii. 32 where the Vulgate has ' nequam.' ' More tolerable ' (tolerabiUus or remissius) has taken the place of ' easier,' Matt. x. 15, xi. 32, 24, Luke x. 12, 14. We find 'elect' (electos) for 'chosen,' Rom. viii. 33;
* tribes ' (trlbus) for ' kindreds,' Matt. xxiv. 30 ; ^ vesture ' (vestem) for 'coat,' John xix. 34; 'adjure' (adiuro) for ' charge ' or ' require,' Matt. xxvi. 63, Mark v. 7 ; ' named ' (nominavit) for 'called,' Luke vi. 13; 'appoint' (ponet) for 'give' or 'set,' Matt. xxiv. 51, Luke xii. 46; 'numbered' {annumeratus) for 'counted,' Acts i. 26; 'dispersed' (dis- persi) for ' scattered abroad,' Acts v. 37 ; ' dismissed ' (dimissi) for ' departed ' or ' sent forth/ Acts xv. 30, see xix. 41 ; ' apprehended ^ ' (cq^prehendisset) for ' caught,' Acts xii. 4, see 2 Cor. xi. 32; 'testify' (testijicatus) for 'bare -witness,' Acts ii. 40, see Heb. ii. 6 ; ' testimony' (testimonium) for 'witness,' ' record,' &c.. Matt. viii. 4, Luke v. 14, John v. 34, Acts xiii. 22, xxii. 18, Heb. iii. 5, xi. 5, Rev. i. 9, &c. ; 'the expectation' (exspectatione) for 'the waiting for,' Acts xii. 11 ; ' expecting' (exspectans) for 'tarrying,' Heb. x. 13 ; 'commendeth' (com- onendat) for ' setteth out,' Rom. v. 8 ; ' commend ' (commen- dant) for ' praise,' 2 Cor. x. 12 ; 'be sober' [sohrii) for ' keep measure' or 'be in our right mind,' 2 Cor. v. 13; 'rule' (regulam) for 'measure' or 'line,' 2 Cor. x. 15; 'appear' (appareamus) for ' seem,' 2 Cor. xiii. 7 ; ' centurion ' (centurio) for 'captain' or ' undercaptain,' Acts x. i, 22; 'generation' (generatione) for ' time,' Acts xiii. 36 ; ' colony ' (colonia) — here R. gives the Latin form without change — for ' a free city ' or the paraphrase (G.) ' whose inhabitants came from Rome to dwell there,' Acts xvi. 12^; 'sign' (signum) for ' badge ' or 'token,' Matt. xxvi. 48, Acts ii. 19, see xxviii. 11 ; 'clemency' (dementia) for 'courtesy,' Acts xxiv. 4; 'prin- cipal ' (principalibus) for ' chief,' Acts xxv. 23 ; ' signify ' (significare) for ' shew,' Acts xxv. 27, Rev. i. i ; ' conformed to' (conformari) for 'fashioned like unto,' Rom. xii. 2, see viii. 39 ; ' confidence ' (conjido) for * trust,' Gal. v. 10 ; ' divine ' (divinae) for * godly,' 2 Pet. i. 3, 4.
^ New in physical sense.
^ The Greek gives the Latin term untranslated, KoXavia.
CARLETON D
34 The Part of Rheims in the
We now read 'emulation' {aemulandum) instead of the former 'envy' or 'zeal,' Kora. xi. 14; 'remission' (remis- sionem) instead of 'forgiveness/ Rom. iii. 25; 'spectacle' (spectacuhtm) instead of the more forcible ' gazing-stock,' I Cor. iv. 9 ; ' grain ' (granuvi) instead of ' corn,' i Cor. xv. 37 ; 'abound' (ahundetis) instead of 'be plenteous' or 'have plenty,' 2 Cor. viii. 7, Phil. iv. 18; 'more abundantly' (abundantius) instead of ^most of all,' 2 Cor. i. 12, see i Cor. xii. 23, 24, I Thess. ii. 17; 'dissolved' (dissolvatur) instead of ' destroyed,' 2 Cor. v. i ; ' contemptible ' {contemptibilis) instead of 'nothing worth,' &c., 2 Cor. x. 10; 'sound' (sanae) instead of 'wholesome,' i Tim. i. 10, 2 Tim. i. 13, iv. 3, Tit. i. 9, ii. I, 8 ; 'form' (formmn) instead of 'pattern' or ' ensample,' 2 Tim. i. 13^; 'avoid' {devita) instead of ' put from thee,^ 2 Tim. ii. 23 ; ' patient ' (patientem) instead of ' suffering evil,' &c., 2 Tim. ii. 24.
We have 'just' {iudi) for ' righteous,' Horn. ii. 13, Tit. i. 8 'justified' (iustijicari) for 'made righteous,' Gal. ii. 17 'direct' (dirigat) for 'guide/ i Thess. iii. 11, 2 Thess. iii. 5 * approve ' (probaveritis) for ' allow,' i Cor. xvi. 3, see Rom. ii. 18, 2 Cor. x. 18, Phil. i. 10; 'impart' (mipertiar) for ' bestow,' Rom. i. 11 ; 'humble me ' (humiliet) for ' bring me low,' 2 Cor. xii. 21 ; ' enmity ' (' enmities ' R.) (inwiicitias) for 'hatred,* Eph. ii. 15, 16; ' compacted '(' compact ' R.) (co77i- pactum) for 'coupled/ Eph. iv. 16; 'iniquity' (iniquitatis) for 'wickedness/ James iii. 6; 'ofiend' (' offend eth ' R.) {pffe^adat) for * fail ' or ' sin,' James ii. 10, iii. 2 ; ' meditate ' ('upon' A.) {vieditare) for 'have a care of or 'exercise,' I Tim. i V. 15; ' incontinent ' {incontinentes) for ' riotous ' ' intemperate/ &c., 2 Tim. iii. 3 ; ' person ' (persona) for 'sight' or 'room,' 2 Cor. ii. 10; ('free A.) course' (currat) for ' free passage,' 2 Thess. iii, i ; ' alienated ' (cdienati) for 'strangers' or 'far off,' Col. i. 21; 'illuminated' (illuminati) for 'received light/ Heb. x. 32 ; 'use ('using' R.) hospitality ' (hospitales) for ' be ye harberous,' i Pet. iv. 9 ; 'reserved' (reservari) for 'kept/ 2 Pet. ii. 4; 'propitiation' (propitiatio) for 'atonement' or 'reconciliation' or ' agree -
^ Here ' form of sound words ' replaces ' pattern ' or ' ensamj)le of wholesome words.'
I
Making of the English Bible 35
ment,' &c., i John ii. 2, iv. 10 ; ' have confidence ' {fiduciam) for 'be bold,' i John ii. 28, see iii. 21, v. 14: 'doctrine' (dodrina) for ' learning,' E.ev. ii. 24 ; ' voice ' (vocem) for ' sound,' Eev. xiv. 2 ; ' delicacies ' (deliciarum) for ' pleasures,' Rev. xviii. 3, see 7, 9; 'merchandise' (^merces) for 'ware,' Eev. xviii. 11, 12 ; 'fountain' (fonte) for 'well,' Rev. xxi. 6.
We find ' glory ' (gloria) in the room of ' royalty ' or 'praise,' Luke xii. 27, i Cor. xi. 15, 2 Tim. iv. 18, i Pet. ii. 20 ; 'glory' (gloriamur) in that of 'rejoice' or 'boast,' Rom. V. 3, 2 Thess. i. 4, see Rom. iv. 2, xv. 17, i Cor. ix. 15, 16; ' question ' (conquirere) in that of ' dispute,' Mark viii. 1 1 , ix. 10, 14, 16, see i. 27 ; ' stand ^' {stahit) in that of 'endure' or ' continue,' Matt. xii. 26, Mark iii. 25, 26 ; ' render ' [reddite) in that of 'give reward' or ' recompence,' Matt. xxii. 21, Mark xii. 17, Luke xx. 25, Rom. ii. 6, xiii. 7, i Cor. vii. 3, i Thess. V. 15 ; ' subject' (suhiiciuntur) in that of ' subdued,' 'obedient,' &c., Luke X. 17, 20; 'remaining' {manentem) in that of ' tarrying still,' John i. 33 ; ' entered ' (intravit) in that of 'went,' Luke xvii. 27, see Matt. x. 11, Mark vii. 17; ' malignity ' (malignitate) in that of ' evil conditioned ' or ' taking all things in the evil part,' Rom. i. 29.
' Elements ' (elementis) is preferred to ' rudiments,' ' ordi- nances,' &c.. Gal. iv. 3, 9 ; * contain (themselves,' R.), {continent) to ' abstain,' i Cor. vii. 9 ; ' judgeth ' (iudicat) to ' discemeth' or ' discusseth,' 1 Cor. ii. 15; 'judged' (iudicavi) to 'deter- mined,' I Cor. V. 3 ; ' expedient ' {exi^ediunt) to ' profitable,' 1 Cor. vi. 12; 'necessity' (necessitatera) to 'need,' i Cor. vii. 37 ; 'interpret' {interpretetur) to ' expound,' i Cor. xiv. 5 ; ' convinced ' (convincitur) to ' rebuked,' i Cor. xiv. 24 ; see Acts xviii. 28 ; ' sincerity ' (sinceritate) to ' pureness,' 2 Cor. i. 12; 'sedition' (seditionem) to 'insurrection,' Luke xxiii. 1 9, 25 ; ' desert place ' {desertum) to ' wilderness ' or ' solitary place,' Mark vi. 31, Luke ix. 10; 'torments' (tormentis) to ' gripings,' Matt. iv. 24 ; * letters - ' (litter as) to ' the Scriptures,' John vii. 35 ; 'ministry' (ministerio) to ' office,' Acts xii. 25, Heb. viii. 6, see Rom. xii. 7 ; ' magistrates ' (magistratus) to ' officers,' ' rulers,' &c., Luke xii. 11, Acts xvi. 20, 22, ^^, ^6, 38 ;
' Anglo-Saxon, but suggested by the Latin cognate. ^ New in this sense.
Da
36 The Part of Rheims in the
' infirmity ' (i'Ji/ir'nwteie) to 'disease,' Luke xiii. 12, see John v. 5 ; 'confirmed' {conjiT'rwaverunt) to 'strengthened,' Acts xv. 32, see 41 ; * covet ' (concu2ytsces) to ' lust,' Rom. vii. 7 ; 'salute ' (salutate) to 'greet,' Rom. xvi. 14; 'communicate ' (communicet) to ' minister ' or ' distribute,' Gal. vi. 6, see Heb. xiii. 16 ; ' com- munication^' (cominunicatio) to 'fellowship,' Philera. 6; 'access' (accessum) to 'an entrance,' Eph. ii, 18, iii. 12; ' sanctification ' (sanctificatio) to ' holiness,' 1 Thess. iv. 4 ; ' traditions ' (traditiones) to ' ordinances ' or ' instructions,' 2 Thess. ii. 15, see iii. 6 ; ' second ' [secundam) to * double ' or ' one . . . more,' 3 Cor. i. 15 ; ' sobriety ' (sobrietate) to ' modesty,' ' discrete behaviour,' &c., i Tim. ii. 9, 15 ; ' parents ' (parentes) to ' elder kinsfolks,' ' kindred,' &c., i Tim. v. 4 ; ' seducers ' {sedvyctores) to * deceivers,' 2 Tim. iii. 13 ; ' seduce ' (seducunt) to ' deceive,' i John ii. 26, see Rev. ii. 20 ; ' had compassion ' (compassi) to ' suffered also,' ' sorrowed,' &c., Heb. x. 34 ; 'substance' (substantia) to 'ground' or 'sure confidence,' Heb. xi. I ; ' translated him ' (transtulit) to ' taken him away'; 'before his translation' {translationem) to 'before he was taken away' Heb, xi. 5 ; 'contradiction' (contradlctionem) to ' speaking against,' Heb. xii. 3, see Acts xiii. 45 ; (' most R.) peaceable' {j^acatissiiniuin) to 'quiet,' Heb. xii. 11 ; 'confess' (confitemini) to ' acknowledge ' or ' knowledge,' James v. 16, I John i. 9 ; ' dominion ' [dominationem) to ' rulers ' or ' govern- ment,' Jude 8 ; ' tribulation ' (tribulatione) to ' adversity ' or 'affliction,' Rev. ii. 22; 'incense' ('incenses' R.) (incensa) to ' odours,' Rev. viii. 3, 4 ; ' admiration ' (admiratione) to ' marvel,' Rev. xvii. 6.
The Marginal Readings (see Table II) in which A. has followed R. are mainly of this character — words traceable to the Vulgate. Thus 'simple ' [siDipUces) is given in the margin as an alternative for ' harmless ' in the text. Matt. x. 16 ; ' Gentile ' (gentilis) for ' Greek,' Mark vii. 26 ; ' excuse ' (excu- eationem) for ' cloke,' John xv. 22 ; * author ' [audorem) for ' prince,' Acts iii. 15 ; 'consent ' (consent iunt) for 'have plea- sure,'Rom. i. 32; 'passions' (jxissiones) for ' motions,' Rom. vii. 5 ; ' concupiscence ' (concupiscentiam) for ' lust,' Rom. vii. 7 ; ' testaments ' (' testament ' R.) (testamentum) for ' cove- ^ New in this sense.
Making of the English Bible 37
nants,' Rom. ix. 4 ; * discerneth ' (discernit) for ' doubteth,' Rom. xiv. 33; 'revelation' {revelationem) for 'coming,' I Cor. i. 7 ; ' persuasible ' {persuasihilihus) for ' enticing,* 1 Cor. ii. 4; 'edified' {aedijicahitur) for 'emboldened,' i Cor. viii. 10 ; ' veil' (velamine) for ' covering,' i Cor. xi. 15 ; 'judg- ment ' (iudicinni) for * damnation ' or ' condemnation,' i Cor. xi. 29, 34, James iii. i ; ' an abortive ' (ahoHivo) for ' one born out of due time,' i Cor. xv. 8; 'rule' (regula) for 'line,' s Cor. x. 16; 'prepared' {praeparavit) for 'ordained,' Eph. ii. 10; ' incorruption ' (incorruptione) for 'sincerity,' Eph. vi. 24 ; ' elements ' (elementa) for ' rudiments,' Col. ii. 8, 20 ; ' prejudice ' {praeiudicio) for ' preferring one before another,' I Tim. V. 21 ; 'distributions' {distrihutionihus) for 'gifts,' Heb. ii. 4 ; ' interposed ' {interposuit) for ' confirmed,' Heb. vi. 17 ; ' perfected ' {perfecturti) for ' consecrated,' Heb. vii. 28 ; 'glory ' (glorietur) for 'rejoice,' James i. 9, see i Thess. ii. 19 ; 'dominion' {dominationem) for 'government,' 2 Pet. ii. 10; ' persuade' [suadebmius) for 'assure,' i John iii. 19 ; 'princi- pality ' {principatum) for ' first estate,' Jude 6 ; ' sign ' (signuTTi) for 'wonder,' Rev. xii. i, 3 ; ('the R.) fornications' (fornicationum) for 'harlots,' Rev. xvii. 5. I may refer also to I Cor. X. 6, Phil. ii. 29, i Tim. v. 6, Rev. xi. 18. In these and subsequent quotations from Table II the earlier versions sometimes vary from the text of A., but in no case do they agree with R. and A. margin.
An analysis of the renderings peculiar to Genevan, Rhemisli and Authorized Versions (Table III) adds the following to the list of passages which have felt the influence of the Latin Bible. 'Parents' (parentes) is introduced instead of the paraphrase ' fathers and mothers' or of 'elders,' Matt. x. 21, Mark xiii. 12, Rom. i. 30, Heb. si. 23 ; 'tumult' {tumuUus) takes the place of 'business,' ' unquietness,' &c., Matt, xxvii. 24, Acts xxi. 34, xxiv. 18 ; 'preached' (praedicavimus) of ' uttered' or ' shewed,' Acts xv. 36 ; ' reprobate ' {reprobum) of ' lewd,' 'convenient' {conveniunt) of 'comely,' Rom. i. 28 ; 'debt' {debitum) of ' duty,' Rora. iv. 4 ; ' simplicity ' (simpliciiate) of ' singleness,' Rom. xii. 8 ; ' be contentious ' (contentlosus) of ' strive,' I Cor. xi. 16 ; ' contention ' [con- tentionem) of ' strife,' Phil. i. 16 ; 'note ^ ' (notate) of ' signify,' 2 Thess. iii. 14; 'profane' (pro/anus) of 'unclean,' Heb. xii. 16; 'reconciliation' of 'the atonement,' 2 Cor. v. 19; 'principality' [principatum) of 'rule,' Eph. i. 21 ; * entire ' (integri) of ' sound,' James i. 4 ; ' humble ' {humilihus)
^ New as verb.
38 The Part of Rheims in the
of ' lowly,' James iv. 6. We find ' reveal ' {revelare) for ' open,' &c., Matt, xi. 27, xvi. 17, Luke x. 21, John xii. 38, Rom. i. 17; 'be converted' {conversi) for ' turn,' Matt, xviii. 3 ; ' reverence ' (verebuntur) for 'stand in awe of or 'fear,' Matt. xxi. 37; 'elect' (electos) for 'chosen,' Matt. xxiv. 31; 'stand' (stare) for 'endure,' Mark iii. 24, Luke xi, 18, Rev. vi. 17; 'testify' (testetiir) for 'witness' or 'warn,' Luke xvi. 28 ; ' enter' (intretis) for ' fall,' Luke xxii. 40, 46 ; ' conferred ' (conferebant) for 'counselled' or 'communed,' Acts iv. 15 ; 'persuadeth ' (persuadet) for ' counselleth,' Acts xviii. 13 ; 'instructed ' (instructus) for 'informed,' Rom. ii. 18; 'abound' (abundaret) for 'increase,' 'be rich,' &c., Rom. V. 20, XV. 13, 2 Cor. i. 5, viii. 7, ix. 8 ; ' subject ' (subiecta) for ' obedient,' &c., Rom. viii. 7 ; ' admonish ' (monere) for ' exhort,' Rom. xv. 14; 'confirm' (conjirmabit) for 'strengthen,' i Cor. i. 8; 'permit' (per- miserit) for ' sufi"er me,' i Cor. xvi. 7 ; ' formed ' [formetur) for ' fashioned ' or 'imprinted,' Gal. iv. 19; 'created' {creatus) for 'shapen' or 'made,' Eph. iv. 24, Col. iii. 10. 'Glory' [gloria] has succeeded to 'royalty,' Matt. vi. 29 ; ' fornications ' (fornicationes) to 'whoredoms,' Matt. xv. 19 ; 'face' (facieni) to 'outward appearance' or 'fashion,' Matt. xvi. 3; 'desert' (deserio) to 'wilderness,' Luke ix. 12; 'armour' (arma) to 'harness' or 'weapons,' Luke xi. 22; 'generation' (generatione) to ' nation' or 'kind,' Luke xvi. 8 ; 'sign ' (signum) to 'token,' John ii. 18 ; ' idolatry ' (idololatriae) to ' worshipping of idols' or 'images,' Acts xvii. 16 ; 'centurions' {centurionibus) to 'under captains,' &c.. Acts xxi. 32, xxiii. 17, 23, xxiv. 23, xxvii. 31, 43 ; 'iniquities' (iniquitates) to 'unrighteous- nesses,' &c., Rom. iv. 7, Rev. xviii. 5, see Tit. ii. 14; 'dominion' (domi- nabitur) to ' power,' Rom. vi. 9, 14, vii. l ; ' redemption ' (redemptionem) to ' deliverance,' Rom. viii. 23 ; ' famine ' (fames) to ' hunger,' Rom. viii. 35, Rev. xviii. 8 ; 'severity' (severitatem) to ' rigorousness,' Rom. xi. 22 ; 'covet' (concupisces) to 'lust' or 'desire,' Rom. xiii. 9; 'sincerity' (stn- ceritatis) to ' pureness,' &c., i Cor. v. 8, 2 Cor. ii. 17 ; ' doctrine ' (doctrina) to 'teaching' or 'learning,' i Tim. v. 17, 2 John 10; 'confession' (con- fessionem) to 'profession,' &c., i Tim. vi. 13 ; 'contradiction^' (contradic- tione) to 'controversy,' &c., Heb. vii. 7 ; ' mountains' (montium) to ' hills,' Rev. vi. 15, 16 ; ' torment ' [tormentum) to 'punishment,' Rev. xviii. 7, lo.
3. It will be observed that the Vulgate-Latin word suggested by the Rhemists has frequently taken the place of some other Latin or French-Latin word. We also note a few instances in which the Vulgate-Latin expression has dispossessed a modified form derived from the same root. Thus ' edification ' {aedificationcm) has succeeded to * edifying,' i Cor. xiv. 3 ; ' equality ' (ae^uaZiias) to ' egalness,' 2 Cor. viii. 14 ^ ; ' humility '
^ In the only other passage (Heb. xii. 3) where ' contradiction ' occurs it is peculiar to R. and A., see above, p. 36. ^ Here the phrase 'by an equality ' replaces 'that there be egalness.'
Making of the English Bible 39
(humilitate) to 'humbleness,' Acts xx. 19, Col. ii. 18, 23, see I Pet. V. 5 ; ' malice ' {malitiae) has been preferred to 'maliciousness,' i Cor. v. 8, xiv. 30, Eph. iv. 31, Col. iii. 8, Tit. iii. 3, 1 Pet. ii. i ; ' an entrance ' {introitus) to ' an entering in,' 3 Pet. i. 1 1 . ' The testator ' (testatoris) has taken the place of 'him that made the testament,' Heb. ix. 16 ; 'a mixture' {mixturam) of ' mingled together,' John xix. 39 ; ' neglect not ' {negligere) of 'be not negligent in,' i Tim. iv. 14; 'unction ' (unctionem) of ' anointing ' or ' ointment,' i John ii. 30 ; 'revelation' (revelationem) of 'revealing,' Rom. xvi. 35^.
In Table III (G. = R.=A.) we find another instance of 'edification' {aedificationem) for 'edifying,' Rom. xv. 2; also 'suflBciency' {sufficien- t'tant) for 'sufl5cient,' 2 Cor. ix. 8; and ' sanctification ' {sanctijicatio) for 'sanctifying,' i Thess. iv. 3, 2 Thess. ii. 13.
3. Under this head may be placed those instances in which R. and A. have followed the Vulgate in reproducing the Greek word. Thus ' hymn ' [hymno) appears for ' psalm,' ' song,' ' grace,' &c., Matt. xxvi. 30, Mark xiv. 36 ; ' sycomore ' (syco- vwrum) for ' wild fig,' Luke xix. 4 ; ' austere ' (austerus) for 'strait' or 'hard,' Luke xix. 31, 33 ; ' thrones' (thronos) for ' seats,' Luke xxii. 30 ; ' Areopagus ' {Areopagum) for ' Mars' street,' &c.. Acts xvii. 19 ; ' theatre ' (tkeatrum) for ' common hall' or 'open place,' Acts xix. 39, 31 ; ' Nazarenes ' {Nazare- noTum) for ' Nazarites,' Acts xxiv. 5 ; ' Crete ' (Gretae) for 'Candie,' Acts xxvii. 7, I3, 13, 31 ; 'mysteries' {miysteriovum) for 'secrets,' i Cor. iv. i, xiii. 3; 'schism' (schisma) for ' strife ' or ' division,' 1 Cor. xii. 35.
In Table II (R. = A. marg.) we read 'scandals' [scandala) for 'things that offend,' Matt. xiii. 41; 'scandal' (scan- dalum) for 'occasion of stumbling,' i John ii. 10; 'Peter' (Petrus) for ' a stone,' John i. 43 ; ' orphans ' {orphanos) for 'comfortless,' John xiv. 18; 'of Python' (' Pythonical ' R.) (pytJionem) for ' of divination,' Acts xvi. 16 ; ' schisms ' {sc?ds~ mata) for 'divisions,' i Cor. i. 10, see xi. 18; 'anathema' [anathema) for 'accursed,' i Cor. xii. 3; ' keeping of a sab- bath ' ('sabbatism' R.) (sabbatismus) for ' rest,' Heb. iv. 9.
^ G. also has ' revelation ' here, but the full reading of A. 'according to the revelation of ' is found in R. only.
40 The Part of Rheims in the
Table III (G.=R.=A.) adds 'throne' (thronus) for 'seat,' Matt. v. 34, xxiii. 22, Heb. i. 8 ; 'parable ' (parabolam) for 'similitude,' Mark vii. 17, Luke viii. 9, xii. 41, xiv. 7; 'blasphemed' {hlasphematur) for 'evil spoken of,' Rom. ii. 24 ; 'Pentecost ' {Pentecosten) for 'Whitsuntide,' &c., I Cor. xvi. 8.
4. Another way in which the Vulgate has through R. affected the language of A. maybe seen in the literal translations of Latin phrases which have been taken over from the earlier by the laterversion. In Luke x. 34 where the Greek is cTre/xeArj^Tj avTov, ' took care of him,' the Rhemists' direct rendering of ' curam eius egit ' has displaced the ' made provision for him ' of the older versions. In Luke xx. 34 (e/cya/jtio-Kovrai) we find 'are given in marriage,' a reproduction of traduntur ad nuptias, for 'are married.' In Matt. xvi. 22 ("lAew* o-ot) we read, ' be it far from thee ' (ahsit a te) for * favour thyself or ' look to thyself ' ; in Mark x. 52 (a-ia-MKe ae) 'made thee whole ' (' safe ' R.) {te salvum fecit) for ' saved ' or ' helped thee ' ; in Acts ii. 28 (eyviopia-as) 'made known ' (notas fecisti) for ' shewed' ; in Acts xxi. 18 {rf] (■niova-rj) * the day following ' {sequent i die) for 'on the morrow ' or 'next day ' ; in Acts xxiv. 16 (airpoa- Koiiov (Tvv€ih](nv) * a conscience void of (without R.) offence * {sine offendiculo conscientiam) for ' a clear conscience ' ; in I Cor. X. 5 {ovK €vb6Kr](rev 6 0eo's) ' God was not well pleased ' {non bene placitum est Deo) for ' had God no delight ^ ' ; in Eph. vi. 19 {yvuipia-ai to p.v(m'ipiov) ' to make known the mystery' {notum facere mysterium) for ' to utter the secrets' ; in Tit. i. 5 (to XeLTTovTo) ' the things that are wanting ' {ea quae desunt) for ' the things that are left,' ' that which is lacking,' &c. ^
Table II (R.=A. marg.). In Acts ii 6 {yevopevr)^ 8e Trjs <})aivr]s TavT-qs) ' when this voice was made ' {facta autem hac voce) is the marginal reading for 'when this was noised abroad.'
In Table III (G. = R.=A.) I may refer, under this head, to Luke sx. 21 (icai ov Xcip^duds npoa-anov) where et non accipis personam translated by R. * and thou dost not accept person ' appeai-s substantially, though in slightly varying forms, in G. and A. for 'neither considerest thou the outward appearance of any man,' &c. ; also to 2 Cor. ix. 8 (Tj-aaav xup'" nfpiaa(vaai) where oninem , gratiam ahmtdare facere is reproduced in
^ G. has ' God was not pleased.'
* Other Vulgate-Latin words will be found under later sub-sections.
Making of the English Bible 41
G. R. A. as 'to make all grace (to G.) abound '—former vei-sions having ' to make you plentiful (rich) in all grace ; ' also to Mark xv. 40, where the familiar designation ' the less,' applied to James the son of Alphaeus, which supersedes ' the little,' the more accurate rendering of tov niKpoii, may be traced to the Vulgate ' minoris.'
(h) English in j^lcice of Latin icords.
It should, however, be noted that in sundry cases in which A. has felt the influence of R., R. reversing its characteristic method, has used a home-born or long- naturalized word when the earher translations preferred a term of Latin origin, some- times even the very expression, or its congener, which the Rhemists found in the Vulgate and passed by. Thus ' blessing ' has taken the place of 'lauding,' Luke xxiv. 53 ; 'blessedness' of ' felicity,' Gal. iv. 15 ; ' strengthening ' of ' comforting ' {con- fortcms), Luke xxii. 43 ; ' stock ' of ' generation ' (generis). Acts xiii. 26 ^ ; ' praise ' of ' commend,' i Cor. xi. 2 ; ' building (up A.) ' of ' edify ' (superaedijicantes), Jude 20 ; ' tried ' of ' examined,' Rev. ii. 2 ; ' borne ' of ' suffered,' Rev. ii. 3, see 2 Cor. xi. I. We find ' set' instead of ' ordained,' i Cor. xii. 28; 'know' instead of 'perceive,' 2 Cor. ii. 4; 'witness' instead of ' record,' i Thess. ii. 5 ; ' better ' instead of ' more excellent,' Heb. i. 4 ; ' unskilfid ' instead of ' inexpert ' (expers), Heb. v. 13 ; 'heavenly' instead of ' celestial ' (coelestem), Heb. xii. 22 ; ' think (of A.) us ' instead of ' repute us,' 2 Cor. x. 2.
Some expressive Saxon compounds have succeeded to single Latin words, as ' stirred up ' to ' moved ' (commoverunt), Acts vi. 12, xxi. 27, see xiii. 50, Luke xxiii. 5; 'taken away' to 'exalted,' Acts viii. ^^'y '^^^ ^^ (upon R.) thee' to 'invade thee,' Acts xviii. 10.
In Table III (G.=R. = A.) we find ' garment ' for 'vesture ' (vestimenti), Matt. ix. 20, 21 ; ' gain ' for ' lucre,' i Tim. vi. 5 ; ' according to the flesh ' for 'carnally ' {secundum carnem), 2 Cor. i. 17.
(c) Modernizations. The sucrgestions of the Rhemish New Testament in the direction of modernization have frequently been accepted by the Authorized. Li many passages of A., in which the archaic word or phrase of the older versions no longer appears, its successor is found first in R. ^ In Phil. iii. 5 ' stock ' replaces ' kindred ' or ' people.' See below, p. 78.
42 The Part of Rheims in the
I. In some cases the expressions thus superseded have disappeared altogether, at least in the same sense, from the New Testament. So it was when ' moisture,' adopted from R., took the place of 'moistness,' Luke viii.6; when 'trouble not ' was substituted for 'disease not,' Luke viii. 49; 'cutting him- self for 'all to cutting himself,' Mark v. 5 ; 'to be (much A.) displeased with ' (' at ' R.) for ' to disdain at,' Mark x. 41 ; ' are ye (you R.) angry at ^ ' for ' disdain ye at,' John vii. 23 ; 'outside' for 'utterside,' Matt, xxiii. 35; 'to make war' for 'to make battle,' Luke xiv. 31, Rev. xix. 19; 'musick' for ' minstrelsy,' Luke xv. 25 ; ' which . . to gainsay ' for ' whereagainst ' or ' against the which ' to ' speak,' Luke xxi. 15 ; ' four hundred' for ' a four hundred,' Acts v. '^6 ; 'what man is there ' for ' what man is it,' Acts xix. ^^ ; ' at the least ' for 'at the least way,' Acts v. 15 ; ' gain' for ' vantage,' Acts xvi. 16, Phil. iii. 7 ; ' it seemeth to me ' for ' me thinketh it,' Acts XXV. 27; 'raised' for 'stirred,' Rom. ix. 17; 'have sorrow' for 'take heaviness,' 2 Cor. ii. 3; 'distresses' for 'anguishes,' 2 Cor. xii. 10 ; 'who did hinder (hath hindered R.) you' for 'who was a let unto you,' Gal. v. 7 ; 'senses' {sensus) for 'wits,' Heb. v. 14; 'adorned' (ornahant) for ' did . . tyre,' i Pet. iii. 5 ; ' bear 2' for ' forbear,' Rev. ii. 2 ; ' under- standing' for 'wit,' Rev. xiii. 18.
Table III (G.=R.=A.) contributes ' departed ' for ' gat him ' or ' went their way,' Matt. xix. i, Acts xvii. 15 ; 'saw ' for ' spied,' Matt. xxii. 11 ; ' devil ' for 'fiend,' Mark v. 15 ; ' brought up ' for ' nursed,' Luke iv. 16 ; ' sat' for 'set him' or ' sat him down,' Acts xii. 21 ; ' toward man ' for ' to manward,' Tit. iii. 4.
2. But, in general, it is the recurrence of antiquated ex- pressions, still represented in A., which the example of R. has checked. Thus ' anon ' has been discarded in favour of ' after- ward ' or ' immediately ' or ' quickly,' Mark iv. 1 7, 29, Rev. xi. 14 ; * after ' has been replaced by the more modern ' according to,' Matt. XXV. 15, Luke ii. 22, John xviii. 31, see Acts xxii. 12, Rom. i. 4; 'them,' as a reflexive pronoun, by 'them- selves,' Matt. xiv. 15; 'grudged' by ' murmured,' Mark xiv. 5 ; ' coasts ' has yielded to ' country,' Luke iii. 3 ; ' pnvy ' to 'secret,' Luke xi. $s '■> **^® ^^^^ go ' to ' the lame walk,' Luke ^ G. has ' be ye angry with.' ^ T. has ' bear with.'
Making of the English Bible 43
vii. 32 ; ' the remnant ' or ' the other ' to ' the rest,' Luke xii. 26, xxiv. 9, Acts V. 13, xxvii. 44, 1 Cor. vii. 13, Rev. ix. 20 ; ' the uttermost ' or ' the utmost ' to ' the very last,' Luke xii. 59 ; ' goodman ' to ' master,' Luke xiv. 21 : ' fellows ' to ' fellow servants,' Matt, xviii. 28, 29, 31, ^'^, xxiv. 49; 'go about' to ' seek,' John vii. 25, viii. 40 ; ' went about ' to ' sought,' Mark xii. 12, Luke xx. 19, John x. 39; 'season' to 'time,' Matt. XXV. 19 ; ' instantly' to ' much,' Mark v. 10 ; ' the blind ' to 'the blind man,' Mark x. 49, 51 ; 'the Just' or 'that Just' to the ' Just One,' Acts vii. 52 ; ' aforehand ' to ' beforehand,' Mark xiii. 11 ; ' platter ' to ' dish,' Mark xiv. 20. The curious rendering ' much babbling's sake '' has given way to ' much speaking,' Matt. vi. 7 ; ' be . . athirst ' to ' thirst,' John iv. 14 ; ' my very disciples ' or ' verily my disciples ' to ' my disciples indeed,' John viii. 31 ; ' know to give ' or ' can give ' to ' know how to give,' Matt. vii. 1 1 ; 'we will hear ' to ' we desire to hear,' Acts xxviii. 22 ; ' for thy wealth ' to ' to (unto E.) thee for good,' Rom. xiii. 4 ; ' that I speak ' to ' that which I speak,' 2 Cor. xi. 1 7 ; * amiss ' to (' but A.) not well,' Gal. iv. 1 7 ; ' which are not comely' to 'which they ought not,' i Tim. v. 13 ; 'do adultery ' to ' commit adultery' (' aduoutrie ' R.), James ii. 11.
The preposition ' of,' used in the sense of ' by ' or ' from,' has been frequently replaced by one of these words, Matt. xii. 38, Luke ii. 18, John xv. 26, James ii. 24, 2 Pet. i. 17, Rev. ix. 18, &c. ; 'how that' has yielded to 'that,' Heb. x. 34, James iv. 17, I Pet. V. 12 ; ' which,' referring to a personal antecedent, has repeatedly been succeeded by the more modern ' who,' Mark iv. 16, Luke xxiii. 19, Acts iv. 36, x. 41, Rom. i. 25, I Cor. X. 13, I Thess. v. 10, 24, 2 Thess. iii. 3, &c. ; ' the which ' by ' which,' Heb. xii. 14.
The participle ' drunken ' has been modernized into ' drunk,' Rev. xviii. 3 ; 'jeopardy ' into ' danger/ Acts xix. 40 ; ' deep- ness ' has given place to ' depth,' Rom. xi. 33, see Rev. ii. 24 ; 'quick ' to ' living,' Rom. xiv. 9 ; ' let ' to ' hindered,' Rom. XV. 22 ; ' fulfilled,' as a strong form of ' fiUed,' has been changed into the simpler verb, Col. i. 9 ; ' manslayer ' has given way to 'murderer,' i John iii. 15 ; 'reckoning' to 'account,' Acts xix. 40 ; ' damned ' to ' condemned,' Tit. iii. 11;' haply ' or 'perchance' to 'perhaps,' Philem. 15; 'vexed' to 'tor-
44 The Part of Rheims in the
merited,' Rev. ix. 5, xi. 10; 'mete' to 'measure,' Rev. xi. I, 2 ; 'waxed' to 'became' or 'were made,' Rev. xviii. 15, see vi. 12, Luke viii. 24.
I should mention here the almost complete dispossession of ' other,' as a plural form, by ' others.' For instances see Matt, xxi. 8, Mark vi. 15, Luke v. 29, John vii. 13, Acts xvii. 34, I Cor. ix. 2, 27, Heb. xi. 2)^, &c.
In Table III (G. = R. = A.) we read 'know' for *wot,' Matt. xx. 22, Luke xxii. 60, xxiii. 34, John iv. 22, xii. 35, xiii. 12, xx. 13, Rev. vii. 14 ; ' sought ' for ' went about,' Luke xix. 47 ; ' according to ' for ' after,' ' as pertaineth to,' &c., John vii. 24, Rom. i. 3, ix. 3 ; ' knew' for 'had know- ledge,'John xii. 9; 'witnesses' for 'records,' Acts v. 32 ; 'murmuring' for ' grudge,' Acts vi. i ; 'wash ' for 'wash thee,' John ix. 7; ' strengthened' for 'comforted,' Acts ix. 19; 'is able' for 'is of power,' Rom. xi. 23; 'living' for 'quick,' Rom. xii. i; 'rejoicing' for 'meriy,' 2 Cor. vi. 10; 'fill' for 'fulfil,' Eph. iv. 10; 'winepress' for 'winefat,' Rev. xix. 15; 'the rest' for 'the other,' Rev. xx. 5 ; 'to shine in' for 'to lighten,' Rev. xxi. 23; 'that' for 'how that,' i Thess. iii. 6, James iii. I, 2 Pet. iii. 5, 8; 'who' for 'which,' Matt. x. 4, Acts vii. 46, Rom. iv. 16, I Cor. i. 8, Gal. ii. 20, Col. iv. 9, &c.; 'others' for 'other,' Mark xii. 9, John ix. 9, 16, X. 21, xii. 29, Acts ii. 13, 2 Cor. viii. 8, see Luke xxiii. 35.
(cZ) Archaisms. A few instances, of the reverse kind, where antiquated ex- pressions have been introduced into A from R. may be found. ' If haply ' replaces ' to see if ' or ' whether,' Mark xi. 13, see Acts xvii. 27 ; 'to the end they might not ' ousts the more modern-sounding ' that they should not,' Acts vii. 19 ; ' inso- much that we desired ' is found instead of ' that we should desire ' or ' so that we could not but desire,' 3 Cor. viii. 6 ; ' foretell ' instead of ' tell before,' 2 Cor. xiii. 2, see Mark xiii. 23; 'without' instead of 'out of,' Heb. xiii. 13; 'thereof instead of ' of it,' Rev. xxi. 23. ' Slain ' instead of ' killed,' Rev. V. 6, 9, 12, vi. 9, may also be mentioned.
Table III (G. = R.=A.) adds 'impotent' for 'sick,' Acts iv. 9; 'would exclude you' for ' intend to exclude you,' Gal. iv. 17 ; 'slain ' for 'killed,' Rev. xiii. 8.
(e) Improvements.
Hitherto in my citations the Rhemish Translation, followed by the Authorized, has been considered from other points of view than that of being an improvement, or otherwise, on the
Making of the English Bible 45
rendering of the earlier versions. Generally speaking, in the changes taste rather than accuracy was involved. I come now to cases in which readings suggested by the Rhemists plainly emend faulty or defective translations handed down by the English traditional interpretation.
I. And first, as regards vocabulary, the following are manifest improvements : * came ' [ikOwv) for ' went,' Matt. iv. 13 ; ' come ' ((Xe^'iv) for ' go,' Matt. xvi. 24 ; ' gather ' (a-vvdyovTiv) for ' carry,' Matt. vi. 26 ; 'delivered' {TTapeb66i]) for 'given,' Matt. xi. 27, 2 Pet. ii. 21 Jude 3 ; ' punishment' (/co'Aao-ir) for ' pain/ Matt. XXV. 46 ; ' rock ' {iriTpav) for ' stones,' Luke viii. 6, i'^, see Matt, xxvii. 51 : ' seek ' (^Tjreire) for ' ask,' Luke xii. 29 ; ' straitened ' {(Twixoixai) for ' pained ' or ' grieved,' Luke xii. 50 ; ' pass ' {bUpx€(rdai) for ' come,' Luke xix. 4 ; ' boat ' (-nXotdpiov) for 'ship,' John vi. 22, 23; 'take away' (dprj) for 'take down,' John xix. 38, see 31; 'call hither' (/xeTa/caAeo-at) for 'call for,' Acts X. 32 ; ' leapt ' (' leaping' R.) {€(})a\\6ixevos) for ' ran,' Acts xix. 16 ; ' customs' ('the custom ' R.) {iO^iTL) for 'laws,' Acts xxviii. 17 ; ' worketh ' (^pyaCoixiv(f) for ' doth,' Rom. ii. 10 ; 'worketh' {KarepydCeTai) for ' causeth,' Rom. iv. 15, 2 Cor. vii. 10;' speech ' (Ao'you) for ' words,' i Cor. ii. i , 4 ; ' a matter ' (-rrpdyixa) for 'business,' i Cor. vi. i ; ' helps, governments ^ ' {dvTiki]\l/eLs^ Kv^epvriarus) for * helpers, governors,' i Cor. xii. 28 ; 'revenge ^' {eKbiKr^<nv) for 'punishment,' 2 Cor. vii. 11 ; 'rejected' (e^eTrrv- o-aTe) for ' abhorred,' Gal. iv. 14 ; ' partakers ' (^Jarticipes) (avpixeroxoi) for ' companions,' Eph. v. 7 ; ' to present ' (irapa- oTTjo-at) for ' to preserve ' or ' to make,' Col. i. 22 ; ' hurtful ' (I3ka^€pds) for ' noisome,' i Tim. vi. 9 ; ' reprove ' (iKeyiov) for ' improve,' 2 Tim. iv. 2 ; ' repay ' (aTronVco) for * recompense,' Philem. 19 ; 'worshippers ' (karpevovTas) for ' offerers,' Heb. x. 2 ; 'refuse'(7iapatr7jo-r/a-0e) for 'despise,' Heb. xii. 25; 'kill' ((Povevere) for ' envy,' James iv. 2 ; ' understanding ' (hLavotav) for ' mind,' I John V. 20; 'gathered' {hpvyna-i) for 'cut down,' Rev. xiv. 19; ' soul ' (i/^uxT/) for ' thing,' Rev. xvi. 3 ; ' tell ' (ep(3) for 'shew,' Rev. xvii. 7; 'camp' (Trape^/SoAr/r) for 'tents,' 'the breadth ' {to TrXdros) for ' the plain,' Rev. xx. 9 ; ' light ' (6 (fxaa-Trjp) for 'shining,' Rev. xxi. ii.
^ A, 1st edition has 'helps in governments.' ^ New as substantive.
46 The Part of Rheims in the
Another improvement, whicli should be mentioned in this connexion, is the uniform rendering inE.. and A. of apxi(.ptis\>y * chief priests ' — a wise translation which by reserving ' high ' for the singular apxicpcvs clears up an evident ambiguity in the Greek. In the earlier versions the epithet ' high ' is applied without distinction to singular and plural until we reach the Genevan Testament, where apxtepeU is occasionally (twenty times out of sixty-four) rendered * chief priests.'
From Table II (R. = A. marg.) may be added 'con- tinued' (eTTotrjoraz;) for 'wrought,' Matt. xx. 12; 'bound' (o^eiAet) for 'guilty,^ Matt, xxiii. 18; *raw' (aym^ou) for 'new,' Mark ii. 21 ; 'beds' (KXivutv) for 'tables,' Mark vii. 4; 'dasheth' {pi](raei) for 'teareth,' Mark ix. 18; 'inrolled' {aTToypd(f)eadai,) for 'taxed/ Luke ii. i ; 'the first' {-npwTr]) for 'the chief,' Acts xvi. 12; 'speech' {\6yov) for 'words,' i Cor. i. 17 ; 'hoped' (TrporjXinKOTas) for ' trusted,' Eph. i. 12 ; 'wood' (vXrjv) for ' matter,' James iiL 5 ; ' wherein ' {h w) for 'whereas,' i Pet. ii. 12.
Table III (G.=R. = A.) supplies the following verbal improvements: 'words' (Xoyovs) for 'preaching,' Matt. x. 14; 'whitedi' {K€Koviafxevois) for 'painted,' Matt, xxiii. 27, Acts xxiii. 3 ; ' word ' (prifm) for ' promise,' Luke ii. 29 ; ' envy ' (C'jXou) for ' indignation,' Acts xiii. 45 ; ' first born ' (TTpcoTOTOKov) for ' first begotteu,' Rom. viii. 29; ' darkened ' {(TKOTia-drjToiaav) for 'blinded,' Rom. xi. 10 ; 'wrath' {opyrjv) for 'punishment,' Rom. xiii. 5 ; ' infirmities ' (dadevrjixaTa) for ' frailness,' Rom. xv. I ; ' I spare ' (^eiSo/iai) for ' I bear with ' or ' I favour,' i Cor. vii. 28 ; ' pressed ' {e^aprj6r]fj.ev) for ' grieved,' 2 Cor. i. 8 ; ' subject to ' {ivoxoi) for ' in danger of,' Heb. ii. 15 ; ' remaineth ' (dTroXeiTrfrai) for ' followeth,'Heb. iv. 6 ; 'made mention of {ipLvr]p6v(.v(Te) for 'remembered,' Heb. xi. 22; 'camp^' {■nap(pL^oKi]i) for 'tents,' Heb. xiii. 11, 13; 'tormented' {^aa-aviadtjaeTai) for 'punished,' Rev. xiv. 10.
I have already noticed the frequent change of ' high priests ' into ' chief priests.'
2. Though a careful discrimination of tenses is not a strong point in A., we trace some emendations, in this direction, of the renderings of the older versions to its contact with R.
* The participle is new.
^ In the only other passage, Rev. xx. 9, where ' camp ' occurs it is peculiar to R. and A. See above, p. 45.
Making of the English Bible 47
Thus R. and A. have ' saith ' for the former ' said,' where the Greek is Aeyet, Matt. xix. 8, xxvi. 38 \ Mark iii. 3, xiii. I, John xiii. 25, xix. 4, xx. 16. They have 'see' (^ecopoCo-i) for 'saw,' John vi. 19 ; 'are not' (ov/c etVi) for 'were not,' Matt. ii. 18; 'knowest' {dUvai) for 'knewest,' Luke xxii. 34 ; ' may glory ' (Kaux^/o-coz^rai) for ' might glory,' Gal. vi. 13 ; 'were blinded' (eTrcopw^Tjo-ai^) for ' have been blinded,' ' are blinded,' &c., Rom. xi. 7 ; ' were broken (off A.) ' (e^- tK\a(rQr](Tav) for * are broken off,' Rom. xi. 19 ; ' hath been done ' (yeyore) for 'is done,' Actsiv. 16 ; ' he hath testified '(jue//apTi;/0'?'««) for ' he testifieth ' or 'he testified,' i John v. 9 ; ' had not died ' {ovK h.v a-TT^dave) for ' had not been dead,' John xi. 32 ; 'was lying' (rjv avaKdixevov) for 'lay,' Markv.40; ' saw' (/3Ae7rety) for ' had seen,' Acts xii. 9 ; ' may not see ' (tov ju,7j /3Ae7reti;) for 'see not,' Rom. xi. 10; 'from coming' {tov eXOdv) for 'that I could not come,' Rom. xv. 22 ; ' did signify ' {ih]\ov) for ' should signify,' i Pet. i. 1 1 ; ' shall have finished ' (reXeVcricrt) for ' have finished,' Rev. xi. 7 ; ' and prepare ' {koI hoifxaao}) for ' to prepare,' John xiv. 3 ; ' standing ' [eaTStra) for ' stand/ Luke v. 2, Rev. xix. 17 ; ' forgetting' [eTnXavOavoix^vos) for ' I forget,' Phil. iii. 13 ; * blessing ' {^vXoyodvTes) for ' bless,' i Pet. iii. 9 ; ' casting' {kittppC^j/avTes) for ' cast,' i Pet. v. 7 ; 'saying' {Xeyovros) for 'say,' Rev. vi. i. See also Luke xvii. 17, John ix. 34.
Table II (R.=:A. marg.) has 'going out' (o-SeWwrat) for ' gone out,' Matt. xxv. 8.
Table III (G. = R.=A.) furnishes 'walking' {irepiTraTovvTas} for 'walk,' Markviii. 24 ; 'we have heard ' (aKrjKoanev) for ' we heard,' Acts vi. 14 ; ' I was found ' (evpfdrjv) for ' I have been found ' or ' I am found,' Rom. x. 20.
3. In sundry cases in which the earlier versions inaccurately make substantives plural instead of singular, or vice versa, the translation has been righted in R. and A. We find ' a writing table' {TTLvaKibiov) for 'writing tables,' Luke i. 6^; 'heart' {Kapbio) for 'hearts,' Luke xxiv. 32; 'first fruit' (aTrapxn) for 'first fruits,' Rom. xi. 16; 'mouth' (o-Toixa) for 'mouths,' Jude 16, Rev. ix. 19.
We read also * times ' {Kaipoi, xpovcav) instead of ' time,' Luke
^ Here also earlier versions follow the inferior reading which inserts 'O 'lijcrovy.
48 The Part of Rheims in the
xxi. 24, Acts iii. 19, 21, xvii. 30 ; ' multitudes ' {o)(Kov<i) instead of ' multitude,' Matt. v. i, ix. 8, xi. 7, xiv. 22 ; ' prices' (n/ias) instead of ' price,' Acts iv. 34 ; ' helps ' {^o^Qdaii) instead of 'help,' Acts xxvii. 17 ; 'prisons' ((^uAa/cats) instead of 'prison,' 2 Cor. xi. 23 ; * burdens ' (l^apri) instead of ' burden,' Gal. vi. 2 ; ' foundations ' {OeneXCovs) instead of 'foundation,' Heb. xi. 10 ; ' peoples ' (Aaoi) instead of ' people,' Rev. xvii. 15. I may add ' deserts ' (ep?//xots) instead of ' wilderness,' Luke i. 80.
In Table III (G. = R.=A.) we read 'word' (Xd-yw) instead of 'words,' John ii. 22, Rev. iii. 10 ; ' captives ' (alxfinXmrois) instead of ' captive,' Luke iv. 18; 'sins' (ifrnpriais) instead of 'sin,' John ix. 34. Also 'these things ' instead of ' this' where the Greek is Tavra, John xv. 17.
4. A. has followed R. in giving force to the Greek article in a few cases in which previous versions have ignored it. Thus we read 'the furnace,' Matt. xiii. 50 ; ' the wind,' Matt, xiv. 30; 'the seeds,' Mark iv. 31 ; 'the Baptist,' Mark vi. 24; 'the seven,' Mark xii. 22, 23, Rev. xvii. 7 ; 'the Scribes,' Mark xiv. 43; 'the oxen,' John ii. 15; 'the king,' 2 Cor. xi. 32; 'the fulness,' Eph. iii. 19; 'the saints,' Col. i. 4; 'the truth,' Col. i. 5; 'the heavens,' Heb. iv. 14 ; ' the faithful witness,' the prince,' Rev. i. 5 ; ' the . . manna,' Rev. ii. 17 ; ' the nations,' Rev. ii. 26 ; ' the two . . the two,' Rev. xi. 4. In all these passages the earlier translators have omitted the article though prefixed in the Greek. To this section may be added — ' the same rule ' for ' one rule,' Phil. iii. 16 ; ' the same (selfsame R.) mouth ' for 'one mouth,' James iii. 10 ; 'the same ' for 'them,' Heb. ii. 14; 'the body' for 'his body,' Matt. xiv. 12 ; 'the days' for 'those days,' Mark xiii. 20 ; ' the things ' for 'those things,' Rom. xiv. 19 ; ' the false prophet ' for ' that false prophet,' Rev. xix. 20.
Table III (G. = R.=A.) adds 'the power,' Luke x. 19; 'the king,' John xii. 13; 'the saints,' Rev. viii. 4; 'the fountains,' Rev. viii. 10; also 'the five' for 'those five,' Matt. xvi. 9; 'the nine' for 'those nine,' Luke xvii. 17;' the bread ' for ' that bread,' John vi. 50 ; ' the brother ' for 'that brother,' 2 Cor. viii. 18 ; ' the Father ' for ' my Father,' John xvi. 25.
5. Some instances of a converse kind should also be noticed in which the article, as not being expressed in the Greek, is omitted by the Rhemists, and after them by A., though incorrectly inserted in the earlier versions.
Thus we find the improved renderings ' death ' for ' the
Making of the English Bible 49
death,' Matt. xxvi. 38, Mark xiv. 34, Rev. ii. 10; 'angels' for 'the angels,' Matt. iv. 11, i Cor. vi. 3, a Pet. ii. 11 ; 'justifi- cation' for ' the justification,' Rom. v. 18 ; 'heirs' for 'the heirs,' Rom. viii. 17 ; ' vapour' for ' the vapour,' Acts ii. 19 ; 'faith' for 'the faith,' Rom. iii. 22; 'Israelites' for 'the Israelites,' Rom. ix. 4 ; ' evil men ' for ' the evil men,' 3 Tim. iii. 13 ; 'regeneration ' for ' the regeneration,' Tit. iii. 5 ; ' a shadow' for ' the shadow,' Heb. x. i ; ' promises ' for ' the promises,' Heb. xi. 33 ; ' women ' for ' the women,' Heb. xi. -^^ ; ' mount Sion ' for ' the mount Sion,' Heb. xii. 32 ; ' a dragon ' for ' the dragon,' Rev. xiii. 1 1 ; ' prophets,' ' saints ' for ' the prophets,' ' the saints,' Rev. xviii. 34 ; ' priests ' for ' the priests,' Rev. xx. 6.
6. A marked characteristic of the earlier English versions of the New Testament is their constant neglect to pay attention to hi as a connecting particle in narrative. This defect, which makes their sentences jerky and disjointed, has been largely remedied in the Rhemish, and subsequently in the Authorized Version. In a large number of passages U is represented in both versions by ' and' prefixed to the sentence. As specimens, let me refer to the following verses in Table I. Mark xii. 39, Luke i. 6, xviii. 15, John xi. 51, Acts ii. 13, Rom. xvi. 20, I Pet. iv. 17. We also frequently find the particle recognized in R. A., but represented by a different word in each version, ' and ' being generally favoured by R. and ' now ' by A. See, for instances, Luke vii. i, viii. ii, John xix. 35, I Cor. xvi. I, Phil. iv. 30, i Thess. v. 14, Heb. xiii. 30.
In Table III (G. = R. = A.) see Matt. xi. 12, Luke xii. 25, Acts xix. 30, I Cor. xiii. 13, 2 Cor. ix. 8, Gal. iv. 6, &c.
7. Among miscellaneous improvements in translation sug- gested by the Rhemish version I may mention the general rendering of oAo? 6, by ' the whole,' instead of by ' all the,' as in previous versions. In Luke viii. 39 we have ' the whole city' {o\r]v Tr]v -noXiv) instead of 'all the city'; in Matt. vi. 33 ' thy whole body' [oXov to (rw/xa aov) instead .of ' all thy body' ; in John iv. ^"^ * his whole house' (^ otKta ovtov oArj) instead of 'all his household ' ; in Rev. xii. 9 ' the whole world ' {ti]v oIkov- fxevrjv 6Xr]v) instead of ' all the world ' ; see also Matt. xiii. S3> Mark vi. 5^, Luke xiii. 21, Eph. iv. 16, James iii. 3, &c.
CARLETON
5© The Part of Rheinis in the
Similarlj'-, ' every ' has succeeded ' all ' (with a plural noun) as a rendering of ttoj. Thus in Rom. xiv. ii Trao-a yXwo-tra, ' every tongue' has taken the place of ' all tongues ' ; in i Cor. xvi. 1 6 -navTi rw avv^pyovvri, ' every one that helpeth' appears instead of ' all that help ' ; in Phil. iv. 21 ' every saint ' {-navTa ayiov) is read for ' all the saints ' ; in Rev. v. 13 ' every creature ' {jiav KTia-fxa) supplants ' all the creatures.'
The R. A. rendering ' give me to drink ' (bos iioi Tiieiv) is to be preferred to the former ' give me drink,' John iv. 7, 10; ' I know not ' [ovk dlha) is better than ' I cannot tell,' John ix. 12, 25, see 21 ; 'know this' ('this know' R.) (yti/wo-Kere) than ' of this be sure,' Matt. xxiv. 43, see Luke xii. 39, xxi. 20 ; ' we (do A.) know ' (yivaxTKOfxev) than ' we are sure/ i John ii. 3. ' What manner of stones ' (TTora-^rol XCOol) gives the sense more clearly than 'what stones/ Mark xiii. i ^, see i Pet. i. 11, I John iii. i ; ' what manner of men ' (otoi) than ' after what manner/ i Thess. i. 5 ; 'in the midst ' (h rw /xe'cro)) than 'before them/ Acts iv. 7 ; ' the rest of the apostles ' (tovs Aoittovj airoa-ToXovs) than ' the other apostles/ Acts ii. 37 ; ' one voice ' (vox) {({)(i)vri \xia) than a 'shout/ Acts xix. 34; 'thy (thine R.) own soul ' [aov 8e avTi]'i ti]v ^vx?/r) than ' thy soul/ Luke ii. ^^ ; ' his own reward . . .' ' his own labour ' (t6v thiov tua-Oov . . . Tov Ulov kottov) than ' his reward . . .' ' his labour/ i Cor. iii. 8 ; ' the world itself ' {avrdv tov koo-jjlov) than ' the world/ John xxi. 25. ' This woman ' (avrrj) is a more accurate rendering than ' the same/ Acts ix. 36^ see xviii. 25, James i. 25 ; ' with these' (tovtols) than ' with such things/ Heb. ix. 23 ; 'these' {ravTaLs) than ' those/ Acts xi. 27, see Luke xv. 26, Heb. vii. 27 ; ' in these ' {ev ravraLs) than ' in which/ John v. 3 ; ' he ' (ovtos) than ' the same/ John i. 41 ; ' she ' (avri]) than ' which/ Luke ii. 36 ; ' who ' (rts) than ' what/ Mark i. 24 ; ' himself (avros) than 'he/ John iv. 53; 'whereupon' (oOei-) than 'wherefore/ Matt. xiv. 7 ; ' he that hath ' (6 exooi-) than ' which hath ' ; * he that openeth ' (6 avoiycov) than ' which openeth/ Rev. iii. 7, see xii. 12.
How much has been gained by the substitution of ' by him and without him ' (81' avrov . . . Kal ^uiph avrov) for * by it and without it ' when the reference is to 6 Ao'yo?, John i. 3 ; ' who ^ T. has ' what manner stones.'
Making of the English Bible 51
is he ? ' (rtj 6) is a marked improvement on the singularly perverse rendering 'who is if?' i Pet. iii. 13, i John v. 5. ' Having our hearts sprinkled ' {^ppavTia-iiivoi Tas Kaphias) is a more idiomatic translation than ' sprinkled in our hearts ' ; ' our bodies (body E..) washed ' {k^Xovp^ivoi to aStixa) than ' washed in our bodies,' Heb. x. 22.
Further emendations are — ' brought him down ' (Kan^yayov) for ' brought him,' Acts ix. 30 ; ' sailed under ' (vTrcTrXevaa/Mer) for 'sailed hard by,' Acts xxvii. 4 ; 'for (unto R.) good' (eis- ayaOov) for 'for the best' Rom. viii. 28 ; ' serve ' (XarpevovTes) for ' serve in,' where the construction of the verb with the dative was misunderstood, Heb. xiii. 10 ; ' withal praying ' (' praying withal ' R.) {T:po(T€vxoP'(voL apLo) for ' praying,' Col. iv. 3 ; ' hath made old ' {TT€'na\at(OK€i>) for ' hath worn out ' or ' hath abrogate,' Heb. viii. 13; '(the R.) just (men A.) made per- fect' (SiKaiW TereAetcojuerajy) for 'just and perfect men,' Heb. xii. 23 ; 'by many thanksgivings ' (8ia ttoWQv cvxaptortwi;) for 'by the thanksgiving of many/ 2 Cor. ix, 12 ; 'the army ^ of (the A.) horsemen ' [t(ov (TTpaTev[xdT(Dv rod linnKov) for ' the horsemen of the armies ' or ' the horsemen of war/ Rev. ix. 16 ; * more sure ' (/Se^aioVepoy) for ' right sure ' or ' most sure,' 2 Pet. i. 19 ; ' the land of Egypt' (yijs AlyviTTov) for 'Egypt,' Jude 5 ; ' filled with ' {ey€ixC(r6i]) for ' full of,' Rev. xv. 8 ; * opened ' (ave(oyixei'ov) for ' open,' Rev. xix. 11, see Acts vii. ^6 ; ' written thereon' {eTnyeypaiip.4va) for 'written,' Rev. xxi. 12.
' Return back ' (e7na-Tpe\}fdT(a ds rd oTrtcro)) corrects the blundering translation ' turn back to that he left behind.' Luke xvii. 31. 'She stooped down and looked ' (7rapeKr;\/^ey) brings out the meaning of the Greek better than ' she bowed herself/ or ' she looked,' John xx, 11, see Luke xxiv. 12 ; 'it ' has well replaced ' they ' in Matt. xi. 23, where 26boiJi.a is understood as the subject, and the earlier versions were misled by the plural epeivav. The final force of Xva has been expressed more clearly in i John v. 20, ' that we may know ' appearing instead of ' to know.'
' Render therefore to all (men R.) their dues (due R.) ' (0.776-
boT€ ovv iraa-L rds ocpeiXas) is an improvement on ' give to every
man therefore his duty,' Rom. xiii. 7 ; 'ye (you R.) fail '
^ But ' army ' for ' armies ' is not a change for the better.
E 2
52 The Part of Rheims in the
{enXC-nriTe) on ' ye shall want,' or ' have need,' or * depart,' Luke xvi. 9 ; ' but thou, when ' (av be orar) on * but when,' Matt. vi. 6 ; ' they also ' (KaKetvot) on ' they,' John xvii. 24 ; ' I also ' (fcdyw) on ' I,' I Cor, xi. 1 , Rev. iii. 21;' lest perhaps such a (an E,.) one' (fji-qiTois 6 tolovtos) on 'lest that same person,' &c,, 2 Cor. ii. 7, see 6 ; ' for ye ' {' you ' R.) (vixds yap) on ' yea, ye,' i Thess. ii. 20; 'according to' (KaTo) on 'of or 'like,' Rom. viii. 28, Heb. viii. 9; 'lest there be any' (ju?/ rt?) on 'let there be no,' Heb. xii. 16 ; 'even as' (KaOoos) on 'how,' 3 John 3; 'some better thing' (ri) on 'a better thing,' Heb. xi. 40, see x. 27; ' that if any ' (ha koI ei rives) on ' that even they which,' i Pet. iii. I ^ ; ' becometh greater ' (yii^erat) on ' is greater,' Mark iv. 32, see I Cor. xiii. i, Rev. vi. 12 ; 'in the sight of God ' (evcoTTiov Tov Qeov) on ' before God,' i Pet. iii. 4 ; ' very many ' {tovs irkeiovas), though not quite accurate, on ' many,' 2 Cor. ix. 2.
8. In a few instances R. A. have followed a superior text to that adopted in the earlier versions. In Eph. vi. 7 ' doing service (serving R.) as to the (our R.) Lord ' accepts the better reading which inserts w?, replacing ' serving the Lord.' In James ii. 18 'without (thy A.) works' (x^^P^^) appears instead of 'by thy deeds ^' (ck). In Rev. xviii. 19 'saying' emends 'and saying,' Kai being properly omitted before keyovres.
Table II (R. — A. marg.) supplies the following under this head : ' into ' (eb) for ' for,' Mark i. 4 ; ' thinketh (that A.) he hath' (boKel exeiv) for ' seemeth to have,' Luke viii. 18 ; ' hold us (our soul R.) in suspense ' (rrjv yj/vxw rjn&v aXpeis) for ' make us to doubt,' John x. 24 ; ' the court days are kept ' (' there are courts kept ' R.) {ayopaioi dyovrai) for ' the law is open,' Acts xix. 38 ; ' beloved of God, your election ' (t/yaTTTj- ixivoi v-nb ©eou, tt]v hXoyi]v vix&v) for ' beloved, your election of God,' I Thess. i. 4 ; 'at any time ' (irore) for ' in old time,' 2 Pet. i. 21; also these readings inspired by a better text: ' no more than (not above R.) eight or ten days ' (rnxepa's [ov'] ■nkeiovs [oKTw] ?) beKo) for ' more than ten days ' — the textus receptus omitting the words in brackets — Acts xxv. 6 ; ' both your and their master ' (' both their lord and yours ' R.) (kqI avrSiv KOI vjjLW 6 Kvpto^) for 'your master also ' (kol v\xG>v avrCcv
^ Though here R. A. sink below the earlier versions by failing to give any equivalent of Kai ^ G. has ' out of thy works.'
Making of the English Bible 53
6 Kvpios, Eph. vi. 9 ; (' for A.) a little ' {okiym) for ' clean ' {ovTins), 2 Pet. ii. 18.
In Table III (G. = R.=A.) we find 'thy whole body' (oXo«/ ro aana) for ' all thy body,' Matt. v. 30, vi. 22, Luke xi. 34, 36 ; ' the whole world ' (oXw Tw Koa-fjia) for ' all the world,' Rom. i. 8, see also Matt, xxvii. 22,
1 Cor. xii. 17; likewise, 'every town' {Trda-Tjs Kw/xrj?) for 'all the towns,' Luke V. 17 ; ' every day ' {nacrav hy^epav) for ' all days,' Rom. xiv. 5 , see also Luke xvi. 5. ' In their seasons ' {iv rois Kuipo'is avrav) is better than 'in due seasons,' or ' at times convenient,' Matt. xxi. 41 ; ' shut ' (e/cXeio-^i;) than 'shut up,' Matt. XXV. 10 ; 'it is good for us to be here" {koKop iuriv fjfxas S)Se €ivai) than ' here is good being for us,' Mark ix. 5, Luke ix. 33 ; ' one of such ' (|y Tuv ToiovTav) than ' any such a,' Mark ix. 37 ; ' this shall be a sign unto (to G. R.) you ' {tovto hixiv to arj^fiov) than ' take this for a sign,' Luke ii. 12; 'sit down' {(Wmeaov) than 'sit,' Luke xiv. 10; 'nothing' {ovtfvos) than ' no,' Luke xxii. 35 ; ' know ' {ol8a) than ' am sure,' John V. 32, ix. 25, 29; 'know not' (ovk oidanev) than 'can not tell,' John ix. 21, xviii, 21, XX. 2, I John ii. li; 'the greater sin' {pfiCova dfiapTiav) than ' the more sin,' John xix. 11 ; ' one towards (toward G. R.) another ' {els (iX\r]\ovs) than ' one with another,' Rom. i. 27 ; ' faith is made void' {KfK(V(OTM T] ni(TTis) than 'then is faith but vain,' Rom. iv. 14; 'round about ' {KVKKodev) than ' about,' Rev. iv. 3, 4. ' That ' {(Ke'ipos) must be preferred to ' this,' Matt, xxvii. 63 ; ' that city' (noXei fKHvji) to ' the same city,' Luke xviii. 3; 'these' (raira) to 'such,' John vii. 4, xii. 16, 41, xix. 24 ; ' these things ' {ravTa) to ' that,' Rev. xviii. I ; ' that he ' {on) to ' for he,' Acts ii. 29 ; ' anything ' (rt) to ' it,' Rom, xiv. 14 ; ' yourselves ' {Ipuv avrwi/) to 'you,' I Cor. V, 13 ; 'any man' {ns) to 'a man,' James iii. 2 ; ' wherein ' (eV a) to ' and,' i Pet. iv. 4 ; ' whereas ' (ottou) to 'when,'
2 Pet. ii. II. In a few passages words formerly left untranslated receive due honour: 'they noio accuse me' {vwi), Acts xxiv. 13; 'Christ also,' 'myself also' (/cat), Rom. xv. 7, 14; 'if therefore' {oSv), Rev, iii. 3, In Acts vii, 36 ' the land of Egypt,' the reading yij AlyvnTov is followed ; ' Egypt ' in all earlier versions being a translation of rfj AlyvnTco. A more distinct rendering of "lvu has been given in Eph. iv. 10, Heb, v. I , i John iii. 8.
(/) Changes for the Wo7'se.
As a set- off against these improvements, in which A. has followed R., we observe instances, not a few, in which A. has been led by R. into translations distinctly inferior to the earlier renderings, to which the Revised Version has frequently returned.
I. For example, in Mark xii. 44, and Luke xxi. 4 (ex rod TTepKTo-evovTos), the ' abundance ' of A. R., suggested by the ex CO quod abundahat and the ex ahundanti sihi of the Vulgate, is no bettering of 'superfluity,' — the earlier reading again
54 The Part of Rlieims in the
adopted by the R. V. Likewise in i Tim. iv. 6 (TTapr]KoXov6i]Kas) ' attained ' does not give the sense so well as ' continually fol- lowed'— the former translation — (R. V. ' followed until now').
In Luke i. 57 (6 xpoVos) ' full time ' unduly emphasizes the earlier ' time.' In Acts xv. 20 (ttviktov) ' things strangled ' (' strangled things ' R.) is less accurate than ' strangled ' or • that that is strangled,' as former versions have it.
Contrast also the following. In each instance, the first- mentioned word or phrase is the reading of R. A., the second (and third) that of the earher versions. In most cases the latter reading is found also in R. V. Matt. xvi. 9 (i^oetre) ' under- stand': 'perceive'; Luke xxii. 6 (i^cofxoKoyria-ev) 'promised': 'consented'; Luke xxii. 50 {a(})elk(v} 'cut off': 'struck off,' 'took away,' &c. ; Acts vi. 2 (apearov) 'reason': 'good' or ' meet ' ; Acts viii. 20 (KTaa-dai.) ' purchased ' : ' obtained ' ; Rom. viii. 35 (6\L\f/Ls) ' distress ' : ' anguish ' ; Rom. xi. 32 (o-ureKAeto-er) ' concluded * (conciusit) : ' shut up ' ; 3 Cor. v. 9 {evbrjixovvre^ eire eKSTjjaoui^res) ' present or absent '(' absent or present' R.) (absentes sine 2^'i'ciesentes) : ' at home or from home ' ; 2 Cor. xi. I (acfypocrvvq), 'foUy^': 'foolishness'; I Tim. iii. 13 (kavTois -n^pi-noiovvTai), ' purchase to themselves ' : ' get them- selves ' ; I Tim. vi. 4 (reri^c^crirat), ' proud ' : puft up ' ; Heb. xiii. 5 {avSi), ' leave ' : * fail ' ; Rev. xv. 2 {daXaaaav vaXU'rjv), ' sea of glass ' : ' glassy sea ' ; Rev. xv. 6 {Xap.T:p6v), ' white ' : ' brio-ht,' see xix. 8 ; Rev. xxii. 6 [y^viaOai), ' done ' : ' fulfilled.'
From Table II (R. = A. marg.) ' things ' for 'sajings ' {prip.aTa), Luke i. 6c), should perhaps be mentioned here.
2. Some of the foregoing examples have involved points of orammar : other cases also may be noted in which the gram- matical accuracy of R. A. is inferior to that of the earlier versions. In James ii. 5 (e^eAefaro) ' hath promised ' supplants the more correct ' promised ' as a rendering of the aorist. Com- pare also, Rev. i. 6 (e-noLrjo-ev) ' hath made ' and ' made ' ; Rev. xviii. 7 {(ho^aaa') ' hath glorified ' and ' glorified.' In i Cor. ix. 15 'have I written ' is no improvement on ' I write' (iypayj/a) ; nor in Phil. iv. 10 is 'rejoiced ' any emendation of 'rejoice' (exdpm') {epidclary aorids). In Luke vii. 16 ' And, that ' {koI
1 In 2 Tim. iii. 9 ' folly ' replaces ' madness' (see below, p. y8).
Making of the English Bible 55
oTi) for ' and,' disregards the Greek idiom introducing oratio recta, recognized by the older versions. In Matt. v. 48, ' be ye (you R.) therefore perfect ' is a blundering alteration, inspired by the Vulgate edote, of the old rendering ' ye shall therefore be perfect' (eo-eo-^e). Rev. vi. 17 shows a parallel mistake, 'shall be able' (Vulgate ^o^eri^) replacing 'is able' {hvvarai).
Table II (R.=: A. marg.) supplies an instance in Acts i. 8, 'the power (virtue R.) of the Holy Ghost coming upon you ' for 'power after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you.' Here R. and A. margin follow the Vulgate virtutem swpervenientis Spiritus sanctl, in translating eTrekOovros tov 'Aytov Uv^vfxaTos as depending upon bvvaixiv, and not as a genitive absolute.
3. Other obvious blunders in translation which first appear in R. are, ' might be rich ' for ' might be made rich ' (ttAou- Tri(Tr]Ti), 3 Cor. viii. 9 ; ' another ' for ' yet another ' — which brings out the force of TTpoa-edcro, Luke xx. 11;' that bread/ suggested by the Vulgate ^xtue illo, for ' the bread ' (tov aprov), I Cor. xi. 28 ; similarly ' this world ' (hunc miiindum) for ' the world' {tov koctixov), I Tim. vi. 7 ; ' who now rejoice' (qui nunc gaudeo) for ' now rejoice I ' (vvv x«tp'")) Col. i. 24. ' Darkness ' is a bad exchange for ' the dark' or ' the darkness ' (ttj o-kotlo}, John xii. ^^ ; * a certain disciple ' for 'a certain woman, a disciple,' which better expresses the meaning of [xaO/jTpia, Acts ix. ;^6 ; 'by the Holy Ghost ' for ' through the Holy Ghost' (8ta IlvevixaTos 'Aytou), 2 Tim. i. 14; 'for which cause' (propter quod) for 'wherefore' (8to), 2 Cor. iv. 16; ' for this cause ' (2)ropter hoc) for ' unto this pui-pose ' (ets TovTo), I Pet. iv. 6 ; ' whereupon ' for ' wherefore ' or ' for which cause also' (oOev), Acts xxvi. 19, Heb. ix. 18. 'By whom' (per quern) is probably not so correct as ' whereby ' (hC ov), Gal. vi. 14. 'Rich' does not bring out the predicative force of irkova-Lovs, so well as ' that they might be rich,' James ii. 5. ' The love (charity R.) of God ' replacing the simple ' love ' (ti]v aydirrjv), I John iii. 1 6, is clearly prompted by the Vulgate caritatem Dei.
4. We meet with a few instances in which A. followino- R. misled generally by the Vulgate, adopts an inferior reading to that preferred by the earlier versions. In Mark viii. 24 ' I see
56 The Part of Rheims in the
men (as it were E.) trees walking ' {video homines velut arhores amhulantes) has taken the place of ' I see men : for I perceive them walk as they were trees ' — where the former translations rightly accept the text with ort and opSj. In i Pet. i. 24 'thereof ' (e?!ws) — the reading avrov being adopted — has been added to ' the flower.' In Rev. vii. i ' these things ' (ravTa) (haec) is found instead of ' that ' (roCro) ; in Rev. x. i ' a rain- bow ' — the article being wrongly omitted — instead of ' the rainbow' (?/ tpt?). In Rev. xxii. 16 'bright and' [splendida et) (kuC incorrectly inserted) instead of ' bright.'
Table III (G. = R. = A.) shows the following less correct renderings:— ' To be seen ' instead of ' to the intent that ye would be seen ' {rrpos to fieadrjvai), Matt. vi. I ; ' is made' instead of 'is become one' (yevrjrai), Matt, xxiii. 15 ; 'beginning ' instead of ' and began' {kuI being ignored), Luke xxiii. 5; 'said' instead of 'said unto him' — the reading which omits avra being followed— John iv, 1 7 ; 'of you ' instead of ' on your behalf (vnep vfiSiv), 1 Cor. ix. 2 ; 'before God' instead of 'in the sight
of God' {KanviiiTiov Beoii), 2 Cor. xii. 1 9.
(g) Participial Construction Introduced. I. Another indication of the influence which R. has exerted upon A. may be traced in certain passages in which a participle has succeeded to a conjunction and finite verb. Thus in Mark xvi. 5 R. A. have 'entering into ' (introeuntes), the earlier versions ' when they went into ' or ' they went into . . and,' see Mark vii. 15. Compare also ' lest coming ' with ' lest if he come ' or ' that he come not . . and,' Mark xiii. ^6 ; ' seeing Jesus ' with ' when he saw Jesus ' or 'when he had spied Jesus,' Luke v. 1 2 ; ' straightway (forthwith R.) coming up ' with ' as soon as he was come up,' Mark i. i o ; ' casting away (off R.) his garment ' with ' when he had thrown away his cloke ' or ' he cast away his garment from him . . and/ Mark x. 50 ; ' having received ' with ' when ho had received ' or ' as soon ... as he had received,' John xiii. 30 ; ' having received ' with ' after he had received,' John xviii. 3 ; ' being warned ' with ' after he was warned,' Matt. ii. 22 ; ' going ' with ' when he was gone ' or ' he went . . and,' Matt. iv. 21 ; 'beckoning' with 'when he had beckoned' or ' he beckoned . . and,' Acts xii. 17 ; ' John departing ' with ' John when he departed ' or ' John departed . . and,' Acts xiii. I J ; ' receiving ' with ' when they had received ' or ' received
Making of the English Bible 57
. . and,' Acts xvii. 15; 'finding' witli 'when we had found,' Acts xxi. 4 ; ' dwelling ' with ' when he had dwelt ' or ' and dwelt,' Heb. xi. 9; 'having saved' ('saving' K) (salvans) with ' after that he had delivered,' Jude 5 ; ' being turned ' with 'when I was turned,' Rev. i. 12. See also Luke iii. 21, vi. 10, viii. 15, Acts viii. 28, xv. 3, Col. ii. 14.
Table III (G. = R. = A.) has 'looking up ' for 'when he had looked up' or ' looked up . . and,' Mark vii. 34.
2. Sometimes the construction, thus superseded by a par- ticiple, has been a finite verb generally followed or preceded by ' and,' as in the alternative renderings of earlier versions given above. I may also instance Luke xxiv. 27, where ' beginning ' has supplanted ' he began . . and ' ; Matt. xiv. 19, where we find 'looking up ' for 'looked up.' In Mark s. 21 we have 'Jesus beholding him' for 'Jesus beheld him and'; in Acts ix. 31 ' walking ' for ' walked . . and ' ; in Acts xi. 20 ' preaching ' for ' and preached ' ; in Acts xix. 9 ' disputing ' for ' and disputed ' ; in Acts XX. 10 'embracing him (he R.) said' for ' embraced him and said' ; in Acts xxv. 15 'desiring' for 'and desired'; in 2 Cor. iv. 10 'always bearing about' for 'we always bear about ' ; in 2 Cor. v. 6 'knowing ' for ' and know ' ; in Col. ii. 19 'not holding' for'holdeth not'; in i Tim. v. 21 'doing nothing' for 'and do nothing'; in James v. 14 'anointing' (' anoiling ' R.) for ' and anoint ' ; in i Pet. i. 8 ' whom having not seen ye (you R.) love ' for ' whom ye have not seen and yet love him ' ; in 2 Pet. ii. 5 ' bringing in ' for ' and brought in'; in Jude 7 'going after' for 'and followed.' See also Acts xxvii. 16, Rom. i. 27.
3. I have included in Table I those passages in which A., varying from the traditional rendering, has followed R. in adopting a participial construction, but has not accepted R.'s choice of verb. Most frequently, when this has been so, A. has retained the verb or one of the verbs used in the older versions. For instance, in Mark vii. 31 we find ' again depart- ing ' A., ' again going out ' R., for ' when he was departed again ' or ' he departed again . . and.' Here, in addition to a similar construction of sentence, the change of the position of ' again ' is common to R. and A. Mark x. 27 has ' looking upon them ' A., ' beholding them ' R., for ' when he had looked upon them '
58 TJie Part of Rheims in the
or ' looked upon them and.' We may also compare ' calling unto him ' A., ' sending for ' R., with ' when he had called unto him ' or ' called unto him . . and,' Mark xv. 44 ; ' bruising him ' A., ' renting him ' B., with ' when he hath bruised him,' Luke ix. 39 ; * being astonished ' A., ' marvelling ' R., with ' and was astonied,' Acts xiii. 12 ; ' having passed ' A., ' having gone ' R., with passed . . and,' Acts xix. i ; ' entering ' A., ' going up ' R., with ' we entered . . and,' Acts xxvii. 3 ; ' taking my leave of them ' A., ' bidding them farewell ' R., with ' when I had taken my leave of them ' or ' I took my leave of them and,' 2 Cor. ii. 13 ; 'having seen' A., 'beholding' R., with 'when they had seen' or 'saw,' Heb. xi. 13; 'knowing this first' A., 'un- derstanding this first ' R., with ' so that ye first know this ' (note the position of ' first '), 3 Pet. i. 20 ; * sufiering ' A., 'sustaining' R., with 'and suffer,' Jude 7.
Qi) Literal Renderings.
One of the characteristics of the version of Rheims, upon which the translators dwell with considerable complacency in their preface, is its literalness. In their devotion to this — in their care to render word by word — they have at times gone so far as to make their version unintelligible to the ordinary English reader. The Royal Translators have avoided this error, but they have frequently availed themselves (rf the more literal interpretation of R. where the older versions have expressed the sense loosely or in paraphrase.
1. For example, in Luke viii. 14 (rjhov&v rod fiCov) ' pleasures of this fife ' gives the meaning more accurately than ' volup- tuous living ' or ' voluptuousness of this life.' In Acts xix. 32 [uvyKexvixivr]) ' confused ' (' confuse ' R.) (confusa) has replaced the paraphrase ' all out of quiet ' or ' all out of order.' In Rom. i. 5 (eh viraKOTiv TriVrea)?) ' for obedience to the faith ' is more literal than ' that obedience might be given to the faith.' In Rom. ii. 20 (aq[)/)o'rcoy) 'the foolish' is a simpler rendering than ' them which lack discretion ' ^ : compare i Cor. x. 15 (obs (ppovLixois) where * as to wise men ' has supplanted ' as unto them which have discretion.' In James i. 5 (/lit) dveLbi^ovTos) ' up- braideth not ' has been preferred to ' reproacheth no man ' or * Co. alone has ' the unwise.'
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* casteth no man in the teeth.' In James v. 20 {-nXavi)^ ohov avrov) we read ' the error (errore) of his way ' instead of going astray out of his way ' ; in i Pet. iv. 2 (top l-nikoi-nov xpoVor) ' the rest of his time * instead of ' as much time as remaineth ' ; in i Cor. xii. 38 {hvvaiius) ' miracles/ instead of ' them that do miracles ' or ' doers of miracles ' ; in Tit. ii. 8 (6 e^ kvainias;) * he that (which R.) is of (on R.) the contrary part ' instead of ' he which withstandeth ' ; in i Tim. i. 15, iv. 9 (Trao-Tj? aTroSoxT/? a^tos) ' worthy of all acceptation [acceptione) instead of ' by all means worthy to be received.' In the latter passage also ' a faithful saying ' takes the place of ' a true ' or ' sure saying.'
Other instances of more literal renderings suggested by R. are Mark v.42 (cKo-rao-ei ixeyaXj]) 'with (a A.) great astonishment ' for ' out of measure ' ; Mark v. 43 (bodrivaL airy (f)aydv) ' that something should be given her to eat ' for ' to give her meat ' ; Luke i. 8 (h rfi ra^ei r?> i(p7]{X€pias avrov) ' in the order of his course ' for ' as his course came in order ' ; Luke i. 10 (Trpoo-euxo- fxevov c^m) ' praying without ' for ' without in prayer ' ; Luke xii. 55 (Kavaoov eorai) ' there will be heat ' for ' it will be hot ' or * we shall have heat ' ; Mark xv. 22, 34 {iii6^p}xr]V€v6ixtvov) ' being interpreted ' for ' if a man interpret it ' or ' by interpre- tation,' see Matt. i. 23 ; Matt. xxii. 16 {kv aXiqdda) ' in truth ' for 'truly'; John iv. 10, 11 {vhu^p C<^v) 'living water' for
* water ofjife,' see John vii. 38 ; Luke ii. 27 {kv rw ITi^evVart) ' by (in R'.) (the A.) Spirit ' for ' by inspiration ' or ' by inspira- tion of the Holy Ghost'; Mark i. 17 (Sevre ottiVco \xqv) 'come (ye A.) after me ' for ' follow me ' ; Mark v. 14 {ol 5e jBoa-Kovres Toh xo^povs) ' they that fed the swine ' (' them ' ^ R.) for ' the swineherds ' ; Luke iv. 36 (n's 6 Aoyos ovtos) ' what (a A.) word is this ' for ' what manner of saying is this ' ; Luke xii. 49 (rt ^e'Ao)) ' what will I ' for ' what is my desire ' or ' what would I rather' ; Luke xxii. 59(60^0? /xtas)'one hour' for 'an hour' ; Luke xxiv. 28 (ov kiropevovTo) ' whither they went ' for ' which they went unto' ; John iii. 28 {p.apTvpdTe) ' bear me witness ' for ' are my witnesses ' ; Acts i. 23 (o? eTre/cArj^rj) ' who was surnamed ' for ' whose surname was ' ; Acts ii. 7 (FaAtAaiot) ' Galileans ' for ' of Galilee ' ; Acts iii. 21 {yjpovoav azoKaTaaTaaeio's iravToiv) * the times of (the R.) restitution {restitutionis} of all things ' for ' the
^ R. follows the better reading avTovs.
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time that all things be restored ' ; Acts iv. 2 (SiaTroi'ou/Aei'oi) 'being grieved' for 'taking it grievously'; Acts xii. 13 {tt]v Ovpav Tov TTvKcovos) ' the door of the gate' for ' the entry door' ; Acts xvi. 3 1 , xviii. 8 (oIkos) 'house ' for ' household,' see i Tim. iii. 12; Acts xxvii. 41 (e/xeti^ey acrdXevTos) 'remained unmove- able ' for ' moved not,' ' abode fast unmoved,' &c. ; Acts xxviii. 10 (TToXAarj n/xats inij.rja-av rjixas), ' honoured us with many honours ^ ' for ' did us great honour' ; Rom. viii. 31 (v-nep rjixStv) ' for us ' for ' on our side ' ; Rom. xi. 25 (aird ixepovs) ' blindness in part' [ex parte) for 'partly blindness,' see 2 Cor. i. 14, ii. 5; Rom. xii. 16 (ju?) ra vy^r]\a (fypovovvres) 'mind not (not minding R.) high things ' for ' be not high minded ' ; Rom. xv. 24 (eav ■np^Tov) ' if first ' for ' after that ' or ' but so that . . . first ' ; 1 Cor. xii. io{h€pyrip.aTa bwdixeoDv) 'the working of miracles ' for 'power to do miracles ' ^ ; 2 Cor. vii. 4 (ttoAA?/ fxot Kavx^jtris) ' gi'eat (much R.) is my glorying ' {gloried to) for ' I glory greatly ' ; 2 Cor. viii. 8 (A.€ya)) ' I speak' for ' this say I ' ; 2 Cor. x. 6 (eK8tK?/(rat) ' to revenge ' for ' wherewith to take vengeance on,' ' the vengeance against,' &c. ; 2 Cor. x. 15 (eATrtSa e'xoyre?) ' having hope ' for ' hoping ' ; Col. iv. 1 1 (/xoi ■naprjyopta) ' a comfort unto (to R.) me ' for ' unto my consolation ' ; Eph. ii. 2 (KaTo. tov apyovTa tt/s e^ouo-ms TOV adpos) ' according to the prince of the power of the (this R.) air ' for ' after the governor (prince) that ruleth in the air' ; Eph. ii. 14 (ro fxeaoTOLxov tov ^pay\xov) 'the middle wall of (the R.) partition (between us A.) ' for ' the middle wall that was a stop between us ' or ' the stop of the partition wall ' ; Eph. V. 15 (/SAcTrere) ' see ' for ' take heed ' ; 2 Thess. iii. 14 (Aoyw) ' word ' for ' doctrine ' or ' sayings ' ; Heb. vii. 1 1 (t/)? AevirtK?/? Up(jL>avv\]s) ' the Levitical priesthood ' for ' the priesthood of the Levites '; Heb.xi.4 {koI 8t' avTiis) ' and by it ' for 'by which also ' ; Heb. xi. 19 {\oyia-diJ.€vos) ' accounting ' for ' for he considered ' ; Heb. xi. 36 (TTelpav eAa/Soz^) ' had trial of ' for ' were tried with ' or 'suffered' or 'tasted of; Heb. xii. i (oyKor Traira)' every (all R.) weight ' for ' all thatpresseth down '; Heb. xii. 15 (iina-KOTiovvTes pLi'j Tts) ' looking diligently lest any man ' for ' taking heed that no man,' &c. ; Heb. xiii. 19 (tovto irotT/o-at)' to do this ' for ' that
' Multis honorihus nos lionomveriint.
- G.'s very literal rendering, ' the operations of great works,' has not been followed by R. or A.
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ye so do' ; James i. 21 {tov (fxcfiVTov Xoyov) *the engrafted (en- graffed R.) word ' for ' the word that is grafFed in you ' ; James i. 36 (jUTj xaAtmycoywi/) ' and bridleth not ' (' not bridling ' E.) for ' and refraineth not' ; James iii. 16 (kqI -nav) ' and every ' for ' all manner of,' see i Pet. ii. 13 ; James iv. 11 (-7701177775) 'a doer' for ' an observer ' ; 2 Pet. iii. 9 {{xr} /SouAo'/xei'oj TLvas) ' not willing that any ' for ' forasmuch as he would have no man,' ' and will not that any man,' &c. ; 1 John ii. 17 (ttoicSz^) ' doeth ' for ' fulfilleth '; Jude 16 (Kal TO (TTOfxa) ' and their mouth ' for 'whose mouths'; Rev. ii. 14 {(fjaye'iv) ' to eat ' for ' that they should eat' ; Rev. xiii. 1 2 {rrjv k^ovcriav tov irpuiTov O-qpiov -naa-av) ' all the power of the first (former R.) beast ' for ' all that the first beast could do ' ; Rev. xvii. 4 (-noTripiov xP'^crovv) ' a golden cup ' for ' a cup of gold ' ; Rev. xvii. 14 (//er avTov) ' with him ' for ' on his side ' ; Rev. xviii. 14 (Xa/M77pa) ' goodly ' for ' had in price \' In Phil. ii. 3 zeal for literalness has led to the translation of kavTuiv by ' themselves/ though ' each ' has preceded : here the earlier versions have 'himself as required by the English idiom.
Table II (R. = A. marg.) furnishes several instances under this head. Weread 'debtors' (debitores) (o^eiXeVai) for ' sinners,' Luke xiii. 4; 'troubled himself {hdpa^ev kavTov) for 'was troubled,' John xi. 33 ; ' Herod's foster brother ' (' the foster brother of Herod ' R.) (Hpcobov avvTpo(t)os) for 'which had been brought up with Herod,' Acts xiii. i ; ' sat there ' (sedit) (iKdetae) for ' con- tinued there,' Acts xviii. 11; 'in you ' (h vixlv) for ' with you ' and 'among you,' Rom. i. 12, 13 ; 'according to charity' (/cara aydTrrjv) for ' charitably,' Rom. xiv. 15 ; ' kinds ' (yivrj) for' diver- sities,' I Cor. xii. 28 ; 'of spirits ' {TTvevixaTMv) for 'of spiritual gifts,' I Cor. xiv. 12 ; ' put in us ' (^eVei-os) for 'committed unto us/ 2 Cor. V. 19 ; ' according to God ' (KaTo. Qeop) for ' after a godly manner,' 2 Cor. vii. 9 ; ' bowels ' {(nrXdyxva) for ' inward afiection,' 2 Cor. vii. 15 ; ' of the might of his power ' (tov Kpd- Tovs Trjs IfTxvos avTov) for 'of his mighty power,' Eph. i. 19 ; * in a (this R.) chain ' {h aXvaet) for ' in bonds,' Eph. vi. 20 ; ' the Son of his love ' (tov vlov r?)? -ayaTrr^s avTov) for ' his dear Son,' Col. i. 13 ; uncertainty of riches ' (ttKovtuv dSrjXorTjn) for ' uncer- tain riches,' i Tim. vi. 17 ; ' the word of hearing ' (6 Ao'yos ttjs
^ G. has the more literal ' excellent.'
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o.KOT\i) for 'the word preached,' Heb. iv. 2; 'the word of the beginning of Christ' {jov Trjs apx^f ''"ou Xpta-rov koyov) for 'the principles of the doctrine of Christ,' Heb. vi. i ; ' thou hast fitted (to R.) me ' (/caTrjprtcrco /uot) for ' hast thou prepared me,' Heb. X. 5: 'evils' (KaKutv) for 'evil,' James i. 13; 'well {or seemly A.) ' (K-aAw?) for ' in a good place,' James ii. 3 ; ' other ' (hepas) for ' strange,' Jude 7 ; ' slain ' {ia(f)ayixdvr}v) for 'wounded,' Rev. xiii. 3.
Turning to Table III (G.=R. =A.) we find * from two years (year G-. R.) old ' ((1770 8i€Tovs) for 'as many as were two years (year) old,' Matt.ii. 16 ; ' and nothing shall' {koL oiSev) for 'neither shall anything,' Matt. xvii. 20 ; 'saying' (XeyovTos) for 'which saith,' Matt. xxii. 31 ; 'from the dead' (fK. veKpuiv) for 'from death,' Mark vi. 16; 'salted with salt' (dXl dXto-^ij- mrai.) for ' seasoned with salt,' Mark ix. 49 ; ' those that love them ' {tov^ ayanaivTas avTovs) for 'their lovers,' Luke vi. 32; 'do not the things' (a) for 'do not as,' Luke vi. 46; 'it' {alr^p) for 'them,' Luke xi. 32; 'this man' (ovtos) for 'he,' John vii. 15 ; 'knew' {eyva) for 'perceived,' John xvi. 19; ' Cometh ' {epx^Tai) for ' draweth nigh,' John xvi. 32 ; 'called to be saints ' {K\r]Toh dyiois) for ' saints by calling,' Rom. i. 7 ; ' according to the flesh' {Kara crdpKa) for 'carnally' or 'bodily,' 2 Cor. i. 17, Eph.vi. 5, Col. iii. 22 ; ' such as we are ' (oln ea^xev) for ' as we are,' 2 Cor. x. 11 ; ' that it may be well with thee ' (ev croi yhrjrai) for ' that thou mayest prosper ' or 'be in good estate,' Eph. vi. 3 ; ' see your face ' (faciem), {Ituv vfjiuiv TO Trpoa-conov) for ' see you personally' or ' jn-esently,' I Thess. iii. 10; ' to the good . . but also to the ' [ro'is dyadoh . . dXXa Koi rot?) for ' if they be good . . but also though they be,' i Pet. ii. 18 ; 'jasper stone' (kido) ido-TTiSi) for 'jasper,' Rev. xxi. 11.
2. Under this head I should include those passages in which A., accepting in general the form of R.'s more literal rendering, has made important changes in it. Thus in Mark v. 26 (koI ixTjUv d)(^eA7j^eT(Ta) R.'s ' neither was anything the better ' seems to have suggested the ' and was nothing bettered ' of A., earlier versions having ' and felt none amendment at all,' 'and it availed her nothing,' &c. In Rom. i. 28 (ovk ihoKi- jxaarav tov 0e6y exeti' iv eTnyvunrd) R. has ' they liked not to have God in knowledge ' and A. ' they did not like to retain God in their knowledge ' ; former versions ' they regarded not to know (acknowledge) God.' Other instances are Matt. v. 32 (irapeKTos koyov), 'excepting the cause (caum) of R., ' saving for the cause of ' A., for ' except it be for '; Rom. v. 14 (€77t Tw 6/xotw//ari TJ/s 7ra/3a/3d(recos 'A8a/x), 'after the similitude
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(similitudinem) of the prevarication of Adam' K., 'after the similitude of Adam's transgression ' A., for ' with like transgression as did Adam ' ; Phil. i. 25 (tovto TreTroi^w? otba), ' trusting this I know ' R., ' having this confidence I know ' A., for 'this I am sure of; Col. i. 26 (otto t&v aiiavcav koL aTtd Tti>v yeve&v), ' from worlds and generations ' E.., ' from ages and from generations ' A., for ' since the world began and since the beginning of generations,' &c. ; i Pet. ii. 17 (tj^v a8eA</)0Trj7a ayaTTare), 'love the brotherhood ' ('fraternity' R.), for 'love brotherly friendship ' ; i Pet. iii. 21 (a-vvuh^creois ayaOrjs iirepwrqiJia els Qeov), 'the answer (examination R.) of a good conscience toward God ' for ' in that a good conscience maketh request (consenteth) to God/ &c. ; 2 Pet. ii. 10 (av9ab€Ls), ' self-pleasers ' R., ' selfwilled ' A., for ' and stand in their own conceit,' &c. ; i John iii. 9 (aixapTiav vv ttoih), * committeth not sin ' R., 'doth not commit sin' A., for ' sinneth not ' ; Rev. xviii. 6 (bnrkcacraTe avrfi biTrka), ' double ye double ' R., ' double unto her double ' A., for ' give her double ' ; Rev. xxii. 2 (els Oepa-ndav Tutv kOvSiv), ' for the curing of the Gentiles ' R., ' were for the healing of the nations ' A., for ' served to heal the people withal ' ; 2 Thess. iii. 8 (e^dyofxev), ' have we eaten bread' R,, ' did we eat . . . bread' A., for 'took we bread' ; Phil. ii. I (a-TrXdyxva kol oUtlpixol), ' bowels of commiseration ' R., ' bowels and mercies ' A., for ' compassion and mercy ' — an ill-judged concession to the fancied requirements of literalism. See also i John iii. 17.
(^) Concise Renderings.
In the earlier versions a perceptible tendency may be observed to insert words which have no equivalents in the original with the object of elucidating or emphasizing the sense. If A. is comparatively free from this tendency, which ignored the difference between translation and exegesis, its obligations in thist respect to the literalism of R. should not be passed over. In numerous passages we find the concise renderings of R. reproduced in the later version.
I. Thus in Mark iv. 15, R. A. have 'by the wayside.' The simplest of former translations is that of T. ' that are by the wayside ' ; while B. has ' that received seed
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by the wayside,' and C. the involved ' whereof some be rehearsed to be by the wayside.' In Luke xxiii. 41 ' we indeed justly' (iuate) has replaced 'we truly are righteously punished.' In John xviii. 23 ' but if well ' appears instead of ' but if I have well spoken ' ; in Mark iii. 8 ' they about Tyre ' instead of 'they that dwelt about Tyre' ; in i Cor. xiii. 12 * then face to face ' for ' then shall we see face to face.'
Other instances are Matt. xvii. 5, ' a voice ' for ' there came a voice ' ; Matt. xxi. 38, ' go work ' for ' go and work ' ; Mark V. 25, ' a (certain A.) woman ' for ' there was a certain woman ' ; Mark vi. 39, ' all ' for * them all ' ; Mark xii. 6, ' last ' for ' at the last ^ ' ; Mark xiv. 29, ' all ' for ' all men ' ; Luke V. 12, ' a man ' for ' there was a man' ; Luke v. 14, ' go' for ' go, saith he ' or ' go thy way, said he ' or ' that he should go'; Luke v. 25, 'that whereon (wherein R.) he lay' for 'his couch (bed) whereon he lay ' or ' the bed that he had lien upon '; Luke vii. 12, ' the only son of his mother ' for ' which was the only (only begotten) son of his mother ' ; Luke viii. 37, ' to depart ' for ' that he should depart ' ; Luke xv. 30, ' for him' for 'for his pleasure (sake)'; Luke xvi. 3, * to beg' for 'and to beg'; John i. 14, 'the only begotten' for 'the only begotten Son'; Acts vii. 42, ' turned ' for 'turned himself; Acts xi. 30, ' which also they did ' for ' which thing they also did'; Acts XV. 22, 'chief men' for 'which were chief men'; Acts xvi. 21, 'being Romans' for 'seeing we are Romans';
1 Cor. ix. 25, ' we, an incorruptible ' for ' we, to obtain an incorruptible^'; Gal. i. 7, 'which is not another' for 'which is not another Gospel ' ; Gal. iv. 4, ' made under ' for ' and made under ' ; Gal. iv. 7, * and if ' for ' if thou be ' ; Gal. iv. 27, ' bearest not ' for ' bearest no children ' ; i Tim. iv. 6, 'nourished (up A.)' for 'which hast been nourished up';
2 Tim. i. 5) * that in thee also ' for ' that it dwelleth in thee also'; Heb. v. 10, 'called' for 'and is called'; Heb. xi. 7, ' by the which ' for 'through the which ark'; James ii. 20, ' O vain man ' for ' O thou vain man ' ; i Pet. ii. 6, ' elect, precious ' for ' elect and precious ' ; i John iv. 21, ' love ' for ' should love ' ; Jude 11,' woe imto ' for ' woe be unto ' ; Jude 13, ' raging waves,' ' wandering stars ' for ' they are the raging
* G. lias ' the last.' "^ G. lias ' we for an incorruptible.'
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waves,' ' they are wandering stars ' ; Rev. ii. 8, ' the first ' for * he that is first ' ; Rev. vi. 2, * behold ' for ' behold there was ' ; Rev. vii. 2, ' it was given ' for ' power was given ' ; Rev. ix. 5, ' the torment (torments R.) of ' for ' the pain that cometh of ' ; Rev. xii. 2, ' to be delivered ' for ' ready to be delivered ' ; Rev. xvii. 16, 'these shall' for 'are they that shall'; Rev. xviii. 7, ' a queen ' for ' being a queen ' ; Rev. xxi. 13, * east,' ' north ' for ' east side,' * north side.'
In Gal. V. 1 2 ' I would ' modifies ' I would to God,' a much too vigorous interpretation of ocfieXov, but still retained in 2 Cor. xi. I ; in Matt. vi. 25 ' more than ' is free from the redundancy of ' more worth than ' ; in Matt. xvi. 5 ' take bread ' has succeeded to ' take bread with them ' ; in Matt, xxiii. 15 ' than yourselves ' to ' than ye yourselves are,' see i Thess. ii. 1, v. 2 ; in Mark xiii. 32 ' neither (nor R.) the Son, but the Father' to ' neither the Son himself, save the Father only'; in Luke i. 43 ' whence is this ' to ' whence cometh this ' ; in i John iv. 7 ' is of God ' to ' cometh of God ' ; in Rom. iii. 20 ' is the knowledge ' to 'cometh the knowledge' (the R.V. of the passage is a return to this rendering). In John ix. 9 we read 'he said' for ' he himself said ' ; in 3 John 1 2 * we ' for ' we ourselves ' ; in Acts ix. 1 2 ' coming in ' for ' coming in to him ' ; in Acts xii. 6 'brought him forth' for 'brought him forth unto the people.' In Acts xxiv. 2 ' by thee ' has taken the place of ' by the means of thee ' or * by reason of thee ' ; in Rom. v. 17 ' by one ' of ' by the means of one ' ; in Rom. xiv. 20 ' for meat ' of •' for meat's sake ' ; in Phil. iii. 7 ' for Christ ' of ' for Christ's sake ' ; in Col. i. 5 ' hope ' of ' hope's sake ' ; in Heb. i. 14 ' for them ' of ' for their sakes ' ; in i Pet. i. 20 ' for you ' of ' for your sakes ' (R.V. ' for your sake ') ; in i Cor. viii. 6 ' the Father ' of ' which is the Father ' or ' even the Father.'
Table III (G. = R.=A.) is fruitful in instances of this kind. 'From beyond Jordan ' has replaced the redundant ' from the regions that lie beyond Jordan,' Matt. iv. 25. The concise 'towns of has succeeded to ' villages that long to' or 'villages that belong to the city called,' Mark viii. 27 ; ' the things that are Caesar's ' to ' the things that belong to Caesar,' Mark xii. 17, see Luke xx. 25. We read 'the proud' instead of the paraphrase 'them that are proud,' Luke i. 51 ; 'who is this' instead of 'what fellow is this' or the curious rendering 'what is he this,' Luke v. 21, see John vi. 52; 'the Christ of God' instead of 'thou
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art the (that) Christ of God,' Luke ix. 20; 'the ruins' instead of ' that which is fallen in decay,' Acts xv. 16 ; ' and with him Priscilla and Aquila' instead of 'Aquila and Priscilla (Priscilla and Aquila) accompanying him,' Acts xviii. 18 ; 'being reconciled ' instead of 'seeing we are reconciled,' Rom. v. 10. Other more concise, and, in most cases, more accurate, renderings are * which is ' for ' which is to say,' Mark iii. 17, see i Pet. iii. 20 ; 'we can ' for ' that we can ' or ' yea, that we may,' Mark x. 39 ; ' nation shall rise ' for ' there shall nation rise,' Mark xiii. 8 ; 'return * for ' go home again,' Luke viii. 39 ; ' laid up ' for ' laid up in store,' Luke xii. 19 ; ' the just ' for ' the just men,' Luke xiv, 14 ;
• as wheat ' for ' as it were wheat,' Luke xxii. 31; ' it is ' for ' it draweth,' Luke xxiv. 29; 'salvation is of the Jews' for 'salvation cometh of the Jews,' John iv. 22 ; ' Pilate sought ' for ' sought Pilate means,' John xix. 12; 'all the wisdom' for 'all manner of wisdom,' Acts vii. 22, see Luke X. 19 ; ' Lord of all ' for ' Lord over all,' Acts x. 36 ; ' one Tyrannus ' for 'one called Tyrannus,' Acts xix. 9; 'by the letter' for 'being under the letter,' Rom. ii. 27; 'thus' for 'on this fashion,' Rom. ix. 20;
* willingly ' for ' with a good will,' i Cor. ix. 17 ; * in all ' for ' for in all ' or 'finally in all,' 2 Cor. vii. 11 ; 'which' for 'which mystery,' Eph. iii. 5 ; ' which is of God ' for ' which cometh of God,' Phil. iii. 9 ; ' under it ' for ' under that priesthood,' Heb. vii. 1 1 ; ' a vine, figs ' for ' a vine bear figs,' James iii. 12 ; ' which is ' for ' which hire is,' James v. 4 ; ' let none of you ' for ' see that none of you,' i Pet. iv. 15;' Christian ' for ' Christian man,' i Pet. iv. 16; 'by constraint' for 'as compelled thereunto,' i Pet. v. 2; 'ours only' for 'our sins only,' i John ii. 2; 'love not' for 'see that ye love not,' i John ii. 15 ; ' speak ' for ' speak with you,' 2 John 13 ; ' which • for ' which deeds,' Rev. ii. 6 ; ' of hair ' for ' made of hair,' Rev. vi. 12; 'of thy brethren' for 'the fellow-servant of thy brethren,' Rev. xxii. 9.
%. Sometimes R. and A. agree to omit an adjective inserted in the former versions. In John xiii. 4 we read ' his gar- ments ' instead of ' his upper garments.' In this case the intruded adjective is plainly of an expository character, and defines the meaning of the original. But no such justification can be pleaded for B.'s rendering of Luke xxii. 15 ' with hearty desire I have desired.' Here the adjective ' hearty,' omitted in R. and A., was apparently inserted with no better reason than to add vigour and emphasis to the sentence. The other versions resort to a paraphrase more in accordance with the English idiom ' I have earnestly {or inwardly or heartily) desired.'
' Own ' is an adjective sometimes used in the earlier versions to strengthen statements. It has been struck out by R. A. in these passages. Matt. xxi. 37, ' his own son'; Luke xiii. 1,
Making of the English Bible 67
•their own sacrifices'; John xiv. 21, 'mine own self (R. A. 'myself').
' Same,' an intruder of a like kind, has disappeared from Matt. vii. 24 where we read ' doeth them ' for ' doeth the same'; from Matt. x. 12 where 'salute it' has taken the place of ' salute the same' ; from Rom. ii i where 'wherein ' alone repre- sents the former paraphrase ' in that same wherein ' ; from 2 John 5 where ' that which ' succeeds ' that same which.'
In Table III (G.=R.=A.) we may instance 'the half for 'the one half,' Mark vi. 23 ; 'my beloved Son ' for *my dear beloved Son,' 2 Pet. i. 17; 'God' for 'Lord God,' Rev. xix. 5; 'this night' for 'this same night,' Matt. xxvi. 34 ; ' that prophet ' for ' that same prophet,' Acts iii. 23 ; * this day ' for 'this same day,' Acts xxii. 3.
3. Sometimes this undue emphasis corrected in R. A. is ex- pressed in the earlier versions by an intruded adverb. Thus in Mark vii. 1 2 ' so ye suffer ' becomes ' ye (you R.) suffer ' ; in Luke xiii. 8 ' round about it ' is replaced by ' about it ' ; in John viii. 33 * how sayest thou then ' by ' how sayest thou ' ; in Acts xiv. 3 ' abode they there ' by ' abode they ' (' they abode' R.) ; in Rom. iv. 11 'as (for) a seal' by 'a seal' ; in 2 Cor. V. I ' but eternal ' by ' eternal ' ; in i Thesp. v. 2 ' even as a thief by 'as a thief; in Rev. i. 12 'turned back' by ' turned ' ; in Rev. ii. 28 ' so will I ' by ' and I will ' ; in Rev. xvi. 6 ' therefore hast thou ' by ' thou hast.' On the other hand, in Rom. vi. 1 6 ' yourselves as servants ' gives the sense more clearly than ' yourselves servants,' and R. V. has returned to the former translation.
In Table III (G. = R. = A.) we note many passages of this class — the adverbs 'then' and 'even' being those most frequently pruned away as redundant. Thus ' and then thou ' is cut down to ' and thou,' Matt. v. 25 ; 'then were he' or 'then he is' to 'he is,' Matt. xii. 26 ; 'then is it not' to ' it is not,' Matt. xix. 10 ; ' then fear we ' to ' we fear,' Matt. xxi. 26 ; 'how is he then' to 'how is he,' Matt. xxii. 45 ; 'that then his brother' to ' that his brother,' Luke xx. 28 ; ' then hath he ' to ' he hath,' Rom. iv. 2 ; ' then are we ' to ' we are,' i Cor. xv. 19 ; ' then make I ' to 'I make,' Gal. ii. 18 ; ' then have we ' to ' we have,' i John i. 7. Similarly ' even as' has been replaced by 'as,' Luke i. 55, 70, ii. 20, i Pet. ii. 16; 'even I myself by ' I myself,' Luke xxiv. 39 ; ' even at midday ' by ' at midday,' Acts xxvi. 13 ; 'even to see you' by 'to see you,' Acts xxviii. 20; 'even the selfsame things' by 'the same things,' Rom. ii. i ; ' doest even the veiy same ' or 'doest the same thyself by * doest the same,' Rom. ii. 3 ;
F 2
68 The Part of Rheims in the
' even he ' by * he,' Rom. viii. ii ; ' even of the same 'by 'of the same,' Rom. ix. 21 ; 'even as he will' by 'as he vrill,' i Cor. xii. ii ; 'even so' by 'so,' 2 Cor. xi. 3 ^, Heb.v. 5 ; ' even as dead ' by ' as dead,' Rev. i. 17. Other passages thus dealt with are :— Matt. x. 13, ' return to you again' shortened to ' return to you,' see Luke xvii. 18 ; Matt. xxv. 13, ' nor yet the hour' to * nor the hour' ; Matt. xxvi. 39, 'fell flat ' to 'fell'; Luke ix. 47, ' hard by him 'to 'by him ' ; Luke xvii. 8, ' gird up ' to ' gird ' ; Luke xvii. 34, ' left alone ' to 'left ' ; John viii. 19, ' nor yet my Father' to ' nor my Father ' ; John xvi. 3, ' neither yet me ' to ' nor me ' ; Acts V. 12, 'all together ' to ' all ' ; Eph. vi. 8, ' receive again ' to ' receive.'
(/c) Change in Order of Words. Another way in which the influence of R. has left a con- spicuous mark upon A. concerns the order of words in sentences. Frequently A. has set aside the arrangement of previous versions in favour of that adopted by R.
1. Sometimes, under this guidance, A. has discarded con- structions which sound awkwardly in modem ears. Thus in John ix. 1 9, ' how then doth he now see ' is smoother than the former rendering ' how doth he now see then.' Compare also ' the lord of that servant ' with ' the same servant's lord ' or ' that servant's master,' Matt. xxiv. 50 ; ' neither did his brethren believe in him' with * neither his brethren believed in him,' John vii. 5 ; 'ye (you E..) cannot come ' with 'can ye -not come' or 'cannot ye come,' John vii. 34, ^6, viii. 31, 22, xiii. 33 ; ' him he heareth ' with ' him heareth he,' John ix. 31; 'whose own the sheep are not' with 'neither the sheep are his own,' John x. 12 ; 'the feet of Jesus ' with ' Jesus' feet,' John xii. 3 ; ' I call you not ' with ' call I not you ' or ' call I you not,' John xv. 15, see xiv, 30 ; ' the priest of Jupiter' with 'Jupiter's priest,' Acts xiv. 13; 'the neck (necks R.) of the disciples' with 'the disciples' necks,' Acts XV. 10; 'the number of whom' with 'whose number,' Rev. XX. 8 ; ' the twelve apostles of the Lamb ' with ' the Lamb's twelve apostles,' Rev. xxi. 14.
In Table III (Gr. = R. = A.) we may compare ' the person of men ' with ' men's persons,' Matt. xxii. 16 ; ' the Son of God ' with ' God's Son,' 2 Cor. i. 19.
2. In many cases this altered construction has had the effect of bringing out more distinctly the force of the original, by
^ R. V. here omits ' so.'
Making of the English Bible 69
placing the emphatic word first, in accordance with the arrangement in the Greek. For example, in Matt. xiii. 56 ' and his sisters, are they not all with us ' agrees better with the Greek collocation of the words than the former reading ' are not all his sisters with us ? ' We may contrast also ' good gifts unto (to R.) your children ' with ' to your children good gifts '■ — a rendering which destroys the balance of the clauses — Matt. vii. 11 ; 'not that which . . . defileth' with ' that which . . . defileth not,' Matt, xv. 1 1 ; ' what therefore (that therefore which R.) God hath joined together let not man put asunder ' (' separate ' R.) with ' let not man therefore put asunder that which God hath coupled together,' Matt, xix. 6 ; 'ye (you R.) which . . . when the Son of Man shall sit . . . ye (you R.) also shall sit ' with ' when the Son of Man shall sit . . . ye which . . . shall sit also,' Matt. xix. 28 ; ' bad and good ' with ' good and bad,' Matt. xxii. 10 ; ' from Galilee followed him ' with ' followed him from Galilee,' Mark iii. 7 ; * without seek (for A.) thee ' with ' seek for thee without,' Mark iii. 32; 'he that hath, to him shall be given' with ' unto liim that hath, shall it be given,' Mark iv. 25 ; ' with him they crucify ' with ' they crucified with him ' — where also the translation of R. A. agrees better with the tense of the verb {(TTavpovai) — Mark xv. 27 ; ' the rich he hath sent empty away ' (' away empty ' R.) with ' sent away the rith empty,' Luke i. 53 ; ' in (on R.) earth peace ' with ' peace on the earth,' Luke ii. 14 ; ' this man if he were a prophet ' with ' if this man were a prophet, he,' Luke vii. 39 ; ' why (even A.) of yourselves (also R.) judge ye (you R.) not ' with ' why judge ye not of yourselves,' Luke xii. 57 ; ' yet a little while (time R.) am I ' (' I am ' R.) with ' yet am I a little while,' John vii. ^'^ ; ' for judgment I am come ' (' came I ' R.) with ' I am come unto judgment,' John ix. 39 ; ' the cup (chalice R.) . . . shall I not drink it ' with ' shall I not drink of the cup ' John xviii. 1 1 ; ' immediately therefore I sent to thee ' with ' then sent I for thee immediately,' Acts x. 33 ; ' to the (our R.) Lord he eateth not ' with ' eateth not to the Lord,' Rom. xiv. 6 ; ' Timothy our brother ' with ' our brother Timotheus,' 2 Cor. i. i ; ' (being A.) absent am bold ' with ' am bold . . . being absent,' 2 Cor. x. i ; ' he that glorieth, let him glory ' with ' let him that glorieth,
70 The Part of Rheims in the
glory,' 2 Cor. x. 1 7 ; ' but as of (in R.) one, and to thy seed ' with ' but to thy seed, as of one,' Gal. iii. 16 ; ' rather let him labour ' with ' let him rather labour,' Eph. iv. 38 ; 'in your heart (hearts R.) to the (our E.) Lord ' with ' to the Lord in your hearts,' Eph. v. 19; 'shall they (they will R.) heap to themselves teachers (masters R.), having itching ears' with 'shall they whose ears itch, get them an heap of teachers,'
2 Tim, iv. 3 ; ' I write unto you, little children ' with ' little children (babes) I write unto you,' i John ii. 13 ; 'ye (you R.) are of God, little children ' with ' little children, ye are of God,' I John iv. 4 ; ' God dwelleth (abideth R.) in him ' with 'in him dwelleth God,' i John iv. 15 ; 'he that hath an ear, let him hear ' with ' let him that hath an ear, hear,' Rev. ii. 7, II, 17, 39, iii. 6, 13, 32 ; 'unto (to R.) the angel of the church in (of R.) Sardis write ' with ' write unto the angel of the church that is at Sardis,' Rev. iii. i.
In Table III (G. = R.=A.) under this head we may contrast ' I (have G.A.) received . . that which also I (I also G.) (have G. R.) delivered unto you ' with * that which I delivered unto you I received,' i Cor. xi. 23.
3. We note several instances, especially in St. John's Gospel, in which the inverted order of the older versions has given place in R. A. to the order more usual in modern English. Thus we find ' he will burn ' for ' will he burn,' Luke iii. 17; 'ye (you R.) shall see' for 'shall ye see,' John i. 51 ; 'ye (you R.) have not ' for ' have ye not,' John v. 38 ; 'ye (you R.) will receive ' for ' will ye receive,' John v. 43 ; ' they could not believe ' for ' could they not believe,' John xii. 39 ; 'I give ' for ' give I,' John xiii. 34 ; 'ye (you R.) shall know ' for ' shall ye know,' John xiv. 30 ; ' I have told you ' for ' have I told (shewed) you,' John xiv. 39 ; ' ye (you R.) are clean ' for ' are ye clean,' John xv. 3 ; ' ye (you R.) can do ' for ' can ye do,' John XV. 5 ; ' ye (you R.) shall ask ' for ' shall ye ask,' John xvi. 33, 36; 'I have spoken' for 'have I spoken,' John xvi. 33 ; 'ye (you R.) took up ' for ' took ye up,' Matt. xvi. 9, 10 ; ' we are killed' for 'are we killed,' Rom. viii. '^'S\ 'he liveth by' for ' liveth he of (through),' 3 Cor. xiii. 4 ; * I write ' for ' write I,'
3 Cor. xiii. 10 ; ' this he did' for ' that did he,' Heb. vii. 37; ' (the A.) earth and (the A.) heaven fled (away A.) ' for ' fled away both the earth and the heaven/ Rev. xx. 11.
I L'N
OF thh:
f'Vf[r-?s/Ty Making of the English 5zK^c\;, ,^''^.,,,,7]
4. Other passages in which A. has, generally for the better, followed the collocation of R. may be added. We find ' then came to him the disciples of John ' for ' then came the disci- ples of John unto him,' Matt. ix. 14 (this, like many of the succeeding passages, being also a return to the order of the Greek) ; ' who in it is worthy ' for * who is worthy in it,' Matt. X. II ; ' shall give (to A.) drink unto (to R.) one ' for ' shall give unto one . . to drink,' Matt. x. 42 ; ' and again he entered into Capernaum (Capharnaum R.) after some days ' for ' after a few days also he entered into Capernaum again,' Mark ii. i ; ' touch but ' for * but touch/ Mark v. 28 ; * anointed with oil many ' for ' anointed many . . with oil,' Mark vi. 13; 'he wrote you this precept ' for ' he wrote this precept unto you,' Mark x. 5 ; ' all generations shall ' for ' shall all generations,' Luke i. 48 ; 'Caesar Augustus' for 'Augustus Caesar,' Luke ii. I ; ' upon (in R.) earth to forgive sins ' for ' to forgive sins on earth,' Luke v. 24, see Matt. ix. 6 ; ' written in the law . . and (in A.) the psalms concerning (of R.) me ' for ' written of me in the law . . and in the psalms,' Luke xxiv. 44 ; ' what things soever ' for ' whatsoever things,' John v. 19 ; ' pour out in those days of my Spirit' for 'pour out of my Spirit in those days,' Acts ii. 18;' not knowing what was done (chanced R.), came in' for 'came in not knowing that which was done/ Acts v. 7 ; ' who hath first given to him ' for ' who hath given unto him first,' Rom. xi. 2,^', 'if any man's work abide which he (hath A.) built thereupon' for 'if any man's work that he hath built upon, abide,' i Cor. iii. 14 ; ' why do ye (you R.) not rather sufi'er' for 'why rather suffer ye not,' i Cor. vi. 7 ; * the head of every man is Christ ' for ' Christ is the head of every man ' ; ' the head of the woman is the man ' for ' the man is the woman's head ' ; ' the head of Christ is God^ for 'God is Christ's head,' i Cor. xi. 3 ; 'not walking' for ' walking not,' 2 Cor. iv. 2 ; ' we are come as far as to you' for 'even to you also have we come,' 2 Cor. x. 14; ' through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall ' for ' at a window was I let down in a basket through the wall,' 2 Cor. xi "^-^^ where also the change of prepositions is notice- able; 'ye (you R.) also' for 'also ye,' Eph. i. 13 ; 'whether in pretence (by occasion R.) or in (by R.) truth Christ is (be R.)
72 The Part of Rheinis in the
preached ' for ' Christ be preached . . . whether it be by pretence or by truth,' Phil. i. 18; 'if (yet R.) ye continue in the faith grounded ' for ' if ye continue grounded . . in the faith,' Col. i. 23 ; ' labouring (working R.) . . we preached ' for ' we labour- ing . . preached ' or ' we laboured . . and preached/ i Thess. ii. 9 ; ' that now is ' for ' that is now,' i Tim. iv. 8 ; ' (did R.) otter gifts according to the law ' for ' according to the law offer gifts,' Heb. viii. 4 ^ ; ' not fearing ' for ' fearing not,' Heb. xi. 27 ; 'dragon was cast out (forth R.) that (the R.) old serpent ' for ' dragon that old serpent . . . was cast out,' Rev. xii. 9 ; ' which die in the (our R.) Lord from henceforth ' for ' which hereafter die in the Lord,' Rev. xiv. 13. I may refer also to Rom. v. 7, 2 Cor. i. 17, I Thess. iv. i.
Table III (G. = R. = A.) contributes * we liave received, not' for 'we have not received,' i Cor. ii. 12.
(^) Familiar Words and Phrases.
I have found it impossible to classify under any of the foregoing headings many, and, frequently, most important, renderings in which A. has followed R., abandoning the earlier versions.' It is remarkable how often some familiar phrase, some well-known term in our English New Testament, proves on examination to have been suggested by the version of Rheims.
I. To this source we owe such vigorous translations as 'why, what evil hath he done,' in place of ' but what evil hath he done,' &c.. Matt, xxvii. 23, see Mark xv. 14, Luke xxiii. 22 ; ' throng (thee A.) and press ^ thee ' in place of ' thrust thee and vex thee,' &c., Luke viii. 45^, see Mark v. 31 ; 'his raiment (was A.) white and glistering ' in place of ' his garment was white and shone,' &c., Luke ix. 29 ^ ; ' set him at naught ' in place of ' despised him,' Luke xxiii. 11.
From the Rhemists we derive the forcible ' striveth for the mastery ' instead of the feebler ' proveth masteries,' i Cor. ix. 25 ; 'but and if ye (you R.) sutler (ought R.) for . . . happy
^ Note also previous clause of verse.
^ New in transitive sense. ' Co. has * throng thee and thrust thee.'
* G. has ' his garment was white and glistered.'
Making of the English Bible 73
(blessed R.) are ye ' instead of ' yea, happy are ye if any- trouble happen unto you for,' i Pet. iii. 14 ; 'to (unto K) me to live is Christ, and to die is gain ' instead of ' Christ is to me life, and death is to me advantage,' Phil. i. 21 ; 'sub- verting {evertentes) your souls ' instead of ' and cumbered your minds,' Acts xv. 24 ; ' adventure himself into the theatre ' {theatrum) instead of ' press into the common hall,' Acts xix. 31; ' make my glorying (glory R.) (gloriarti) void ' instead of ' make my rfejoicing vain,' i Cor. ix. 15 ; ' evil com- munications ' instead of ' evil words (speakings),' i Cor. xv. ^^ ; ' being privy to it ' (' thereto ' R.) instead of ' being of counsel,' Acts v. 2 ; 'to publish (it much A.) and to blaze abroad the matter ' (' word ' R.) for ' openly to declare many things and to publish this rumour,' Mark i. 45 ; ' the one shall be taken and the other (shall be R.) left ' instead of ' the one shall be received and the other left alone,' &c., Luke xvii. ;^6, see Matt. xxiv. 40, 41 ; 'make merry' instead of 'be glad,' Rev. xi. 10. I may add here the substitution of ' ever and ever ' for the former ' evermore ' passim in the Revelation \
2. Less striking, perhaps, but not less familiar, are other words and turns of expression which have gained entrance into our English New Testament through the avenue of Rheims. To mention some of them. In the Rhemish version we first find ' questioned (conquirerent) among themselves " — the rendering of A. ; the earlier versions which come nearest having ' de- manded one of another among themselves,' Mark i. 27. From the Rhemists also are derived ' seeing they might (may R.) not see ' for ' when they see they should not see,' Luke viii. 10, see Mark iv. 1 2 ; ' mourn and weep ' for ' mourn and wail,' ' wail and weep,' &c., Luke vi. 25 ; 'it came to pass' for ' so it was,' or 'it chanced,' or 'it fortuned,' Luke xvii. 11 ; 'know how to give ' for ' have knowledge to give ' or ' can give,' Luke xi. 13 ; ' distress of nations ' for ' trouble among the nations,' &c., Luke xxi. 25 ; * officer ' for ' minister ' or ' sergeant,' Matt. v. 25 ; ' pass ' for ' scape ' or ' escape,' Matt. v. 18; ' exceeding ' for 'very' or ' out of measure,' Matt. viii. 28 ; 'withered' for 'dried up,' Matt. xii. 10; 'coasts' for 'parts,' Matt. xv. 39; ' deny ' for ' forsake,' Matt. xvi. 24 ; ' gain ' for ' win,' Matt.
' Rev. i. 6, V. 14, vii. 12, x. 6, xi. 15, xiv. li, xv. 7, xix. 3, xx. 10, xxii. 5.
74 The Part of Rheims in the
xvi. 36, Mark viii. 36, Luke ix. 25, i Cor. ix. 19, 20, 21, 22, see Matt, xviii. 15; 'rejected' for 'disallowed,' or 'refused/ or ' reproved,' or ' cast out,' Matt. xxi. 42, Mark viii. 31, xii. 10, Luke ix. 22, xvii. 25, xx. 17; 'fill ye (you K) up' for ' fulfil ye,' Matt, xxiii. 32 ; ' over a few ' for ' over few,' Matt. XXV. 21, 23 ; ' pieces of silver ' for ' silver pieces,' Matt, xxvii. 9; 'release' for 'let loose,' 'deliver,' &c., Matt, xxvii. 15, 17, 21, 26, Mark xv. 9, 11, 15, Luke xxiii. 17, 20, 25, John xviii. 39, xix. 10, 12 ; ' what do ye more {than others A.)' for ' what singular thing do ye,' Matt. v. 47 ; ' the hinder part of the ship ' (' boat ' R.) for ' the stern,' Mark iv. 38 ; 'in ranks ' for ' here a row and there a row ' or 'by rows,' Mark vi. 40; 'an evil eye' for 'a wicked eye,' Mark vii. 23; 'they sought to lay hold (hands E..) on him ' for ' they went about also to take him,' Mark xii. 12, see Matt. xxvi. ^^; ' (very A.) heavy ' for ' in an agony ' or ' in great heaviness,' Mark xiv. ^^ ; 'to take away my reproach ' for ' to take from me my rebuke,' Luke i. 25 ; ' regarded ' for ' looked on,' Luke i. 48 ; ' bo about ' for ' go about,' Luke ii. 49 ; ' their Scribes and Pharisees ' (' their Pharisees and Scribes ' R.) for ' they that were Scribes and Pharisees among them ' or ' the Scribes and Pharisees,' Luke v. 30 ; ' creditor ' for ' lender,' Luke vii. 41 ; ' carry neither (not R.) purse ' for ' bear no (neither) wallet (bag),' Luke x. 4; 'consisteth' ('consist' R.) for ' standeth in,' Luke xii. 15; 'layeth up' for ' gathereth,' Luke xiL 21 ; ' lo, these eighteen years' for ' lo, eighteen years,' Luke xiii. 16; 'fruits worthy of for 'due fruits of\' Luke iii. 8; 'decease' for 'departing,' Luke ix. 31, 2 Pet. i. 15; ' overcharged ' for ' overcome,' or ' overladed,' or ' oppressed,' Luke xxi. 34 ; ' by reason of ' for ' with ' or ' through,' John vi. 18 ; ' put out of the synagogue' for 'excommunicate out of the S3aiagogue,' John ix. 22 ; ' reviled ' for ' rated ' or ' checked,' John ix. 28 ; ' the son of perdition ' for ' the child of perdition ' or ' that lost child,' John xvii. 12;' they were all amazed ' for ' they wondered all,' Acts ii. 7 ; 'I foresaw ' for ' I saw ... set forth ' or ' aforehand I saw,' Acts ii. 25, see Gal. iii. 8 ; ' with one accord ' for ' all at once,' Acts vii. 57 ; ' lot ' for ' fellowship,' Acts viii. 21 ; ' accord ' for ' assent,' Acts ^ G. has ' fruits worthy.'
Making of the English Bible 75
xix. 29 ; ' I have not shunned (spared R.) to declare unto you ' for ' I have kept nothing back, but have shewed you,' Acts XX. 37 ; ' took courage ' for ' waxed bold,' Acts xxviii. 15; 'separated unto' ('into' R.) for ' severed into' or 'put apart to preach,' Rom. i. i; 'conceits' ('conceit' R.) for 'opinions,' Rom. xii. 16; 'owe no man anything' for 'owe nothing to no (any) man,' Rom. xiii. 8 ; ' reproaches . . . that reproached ' for ' rebukes . . . which rebuked,' Rom. xv. 3, see I Tim. iii. 7, Heb. xi. 26; 'contribution' for 'common gathering' or 'distribution,' Rom. xv. 26; 'base' for ' un- noble' or 'vile,' i Cor. i. 28 ; ' so as by fii-e' for 'as it were by the fire,' &c,, i Cor. iii. 15; 'not to keep company' for ' not to company together,' i Cor. v. 11; ' attend upon ' for ' cleave fast unto/ &c., i Cor. vii. 35 ; ' charges ' for ' cost ' or ' wages,' I Cor. ix. 7 ; ' having (with R.) his head covered ' for ' having anything on his head,' i Cor. xi. 4 ; ' not discern- ing ' for ' making no difierence of ' or ' because he discerneth not,' I Cor. XI. 29 ; 'by the way ' for ' in my passage,' i Cor. xvi. 7 ; ' of you (to A.) be brought on my way ' for ' to be led forth of you/ 2 Cor. i. 16; 'straitened' for 'pressed into a narrow room,' 'kept strait,' &c., 2 Cor. vi. 12; 'that we say not ' for ' I will not say,' &c., 2 Cor. ix. 4 ; ' be it so, I did (have R.) not burthen (burdened R.) you' for 'be it, that I was not chargeable unto you,' 2 Cor. xii. 16; ' equals ^ ' for ' companions,' Gal. i. 14 ; ' (fitly A.) framed ' for 'coupled,' Eph. ii. 21; 'framed' for 'ordaiaed' or 'made of naught,' Heb. xi. 3 ; ' anger and clamour ' (claiiior) for ' wrath and crying,' Eph. iv. 31; 'war a good warfare' for 'fight a good fight,' I Tim. i. 18, see James iv. i, i Pet. ii. 11 ; ' recover themselves ' ' for ' come to themselves again ' or ' come to amendment,' 2 Tim. ii. 26; 'every good word (work R.) and work ' (' word ' R.) for ' all good saying and doing,' 2 Thess. ii. 17 ; ' blood of others' for ' strange blood ' or ' other blood/ Heb. ix. 25 ; ' even of one and him ' for ' of one, even of one which was,' Heb. xi. 12 ; ' church ' for ' congregation,' Heb. xii. 23 ; 'he that will love life ' for 'he that doth long after life/ 1 Pet. iii. 10; 'are ignorant of for 'know not,' 2 Pet. iii. 5; ' which thing is true (both R.) in him and in you ' for ' that is ^ New as a substantive. ^ New in reflexive sense.
76 ■ The Part of Rheims in the
true in him, and the same is true also in you,' ' a thing that is true in him and also in you,' &c., i John ii. 8 ; ' the hidden manna ' for ' manna that is hid,' Rev. ii. 17 ; 'of many horses running ' for ' when many horses run,' Rev. ix. 9 ; ' mystery, Babylon the Great ' for ' a mystery. Great Babylon,' Rev. xvii. 5, see xviii. 2 ; ' slaves ' for ' bodies ' or ' servants,' Rev. xviii. 13 ; 'transparent' for 'shining' or 'thorow shining,' Rev. xxi. 21. From Table II (R. = A. marg.) may conveniently be cited here, 'the night watches ' for ' watch ... by night,' Luke ii. 8 ; ' spread the clay upon the (his R.) eyes (of the blind man A.) ' for ' anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay,' John ix. 6 ; ' eating (together A.) with them ' for ' being assembled together with them,' Acts i. 4 ; ' as myself for ' like unto me,' Acts vii. 37 ; 'faint not' for ' be not weary,' 2 Thess. iii. 13. 'With a trumpet and a great voice ' — another reading of the Greek being followed — for ' with a great sound of a trumpet,' Matt. xxiv. 3 1 .
Table III (G. = R. = A.) yields the familiar 'born again' for 'born from above,' ' born anew,' or ' begotten again,' John iii. 3, 7 ; also ' take him away ' for ' fetch him,' John xx. 15 ; 'in all ' for ' altogether,' Acts xxvii. 37 ; 'is at hand ' for ' is come nigh,' Rom. xiii. 12 ; • wherein ' for ' in the which,' Eph. ii. 2 ; ' church ' for ' congregation,' Matt. xvi. 18 ; ' bill ' for ' book ' or ' testimonial,' Mark x. 4 ; ' instructed ' for ' taught by mouth,' ' brought up,' &c., Luke i. 4 ; ' governor ' for ' lieutenant,' Luke iii. i ; 'far spent' for 'far passed,' Luke xxiv. 29; 'shambles' for 'market' or ' flesh market,' i Cor. x. 25 ; ' destroy ' for ' expel,' ' put down,' &c., Heb. ii. 14 ; ' marriage ' for ' wedlock,' Heb. xiii. 4 ; ' blessed ' for 'happy,' Rev. i. 3, xvi. 15, xxii. 7. In John vii. 39 the explanatoiy 'given' takes the place of 'there.' In John viii, 56 'rejoiced' and 'was glad' are curiously placed in the reversed order of the former arrangement.
(m) Le88 notable Words.
A long list might be made of single words which A., follow- ing R., has, often it would seem capriciously, substituted for those found in other versions.
In a large number of passages ' multitude ' has supplanted the former ' people '; for instances see Mark ii. 13, xv. 8, Luke V. 19, Acts xiii. 45, xxi. 34.
' Rule ' has taken the place of ' govern ' or ' feed,' Matt, ii. 6 ; ' wrath ' of ' anger ' or ' vengeance,' Matt. iii. 7 ; ' sound ' of ' blow,' Matt. vi. 2, i Cor. xv. 52, see Rev. viii. 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, ix. I, 13, X. 7, xi. 15 ; ' tormented' of 'pained,' Matt.
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viii. 6, see Rev. ix. 5 ; ' lay ' of ' rest/ Matt. viii. 20 ; ' went ' of ' departed,' Matt. viii. 33, i Tim. i. 3 ; ' country ' of * land,' Matt. ix. 31. 'More wicked' has been preferred to 'worse,' Matt. xii. 45 ; ' measures ' to ' pecks ' or ' bushels/ Matt. xiii. ;^^, Luke xiii. 21; 'instructed' to 'taught/ Matt. xiii. 52; ' fill ' to ' suffice,' ' satisfy,' &c.. Matt. xv. ^^, see Mark vii. 27, viii. 8, Luke vi. 21 ; ' perfected ' (' perfited ' R.) {pevfecisti) to 'ordained' or 'made perfit,' Matt. xxi. 16; 'ready' to ' prepared,' Matt. xxii. 8 ; ' kingdom ' to ' realm,' Matt, xxiv. 7; 'take' to 'fetch/ Matt. xxiv. 17, 18, Mark xiii. 15; 'sorrowful' to 'heavy/ Matt. xxvi. 38; 'presently' to ' even now/ Matt. xxvi. 53. ' Unclean ' has been substituted for ' foul/ Mark i. 27, Luke iv. '^6, vi. 1 8, viii. 29 ; ' yielded ' for 'gave,* Mark iv. 7, see James iii. 12; 'increased' for 'grew,' Mark iv. 8; 'beat' for 'dashed,' Mark iv. ^y ; 'hold' for ' observe ' or ' keep,' Mark vii. 8 ; ' passed ' for ' went,' ' took their journey,' ' walked,' &c., Mark ix. 30, Acts ix. 32, see Luke xvi. 36 ; ' left' for 'forsaken,' Mark x. 28, 29 ; 'looking on ' for ' beholding,' Mark xv. 40 ; ' mightier ' for ' stronger,' Luke iii. 16 ; 'hoping' for 'looking,' Luke vi. ^r^, see % Cor. viii. 5 ; * driven ' for ' carried,' Luke viii. 29 ; ' hire ' for ' reward,' Luke x. 7 ; ' repay ' for ' recompense ' or ' pay it,' Luke X. 35 ; ' arrayed ' for ' clothed,' Luke xii. 27 ; ' watching ' for ' waking,' Luke xii. '^'] ; ' place ' for ' room,' Luke xiv. 9 ; ' finish ' for ' perform ' or ' make an end,' Luke xiv. 28, 29, 30 ; ' transgressed ' for ' brake,' Luke xv. 29 ; ' fixed ' for ' set,' Luke xvi. 26 ; ' determined ' for ' appointed/ Luke xxii. 32 ; ' country ' for ' field,' Luke xxiii. 36 ; ' above ' for ' on high/ John iii. 31 ; ' seeketh ' for ' requireth,' John iv. 23 ; ' concerning ' for ' over ' or ' for,' John xi. 19 ; ' abode ^ ' for ' dwelling,' John xiv. 33.
'Delivered' has succeeded to 'gave,' Acts vi. 14, Rom. viii. 33, see Luke x. 23, 2 Pet. ii. 31 ; 'presented' to ' delivered,* 'restored/ or 'shewed/ Acts ix. 41; 'deeds' to 'works,' Acts xix. 18; 'appeased' to 'pacified,' Acts xix. '^^•, 'befall' to 'come on' or 'happen to/ Acts xx. 32; 'particularly' to 'by order,' Acts xxi. 19; 'excellent' to 'mighty' or ' noble,' Acts xxiii. 26 ; ' understand ' to ' know/ Acts xxiv. 11; 'conferred' to 'spoken,' Acts xxv. 12; 'tempestuous' ^ New as a substantive.
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to 'stormy,' Acts xxvii. 14; 'darkened' to 'blinded/ Rom. i. 21; 'changed' to 'turned,' Rom. i. 23; 'profiteth' to 'is profitable' or 'availeth,' Rom. ii. 25; 'foreknew 'to * knew before,' Rom. xi. 2, see viii. 29 ; ' otherwise ' to 'for then' or 'or else,' Rom. xi. 6, 22, see 2 Cor. xi. 16, Heb. ix. 17; 'goodness' to 'kindness' or ' bountifulness,' Rom. xi. 22; 'glorify' to 'praise,' Rom. xv. 6; 'wood' to ' timber,' i Cor. iii. 12 ; ' beseech ' to * desire,* ' pray,' &c., i Cor. iv. 16, Eph. iv. I, Heb. xiii. 19, see Mark vi. 56, Luke iv. 38 ; 'carefulness' to 'care,' i Cor. vii. 32 ; 'fulness' to 'plenty,'
1 Cor. X. 26 ; ' conduct ' to ' convey,' i Cor. xvi. 11;* re- nounced ' (' renounce ' R.) to ' cast from us,' 2 Cor. iv. 2.
We now read ' enriched ' for the former ' made rich,' 2 Cor. ix. 11; ' cast out ' for ' put out ' or ' put away,' Gal. iv. 30 ; 'arise' for 'stand up,' Eph. v. 14; 'joy* for 'gladness,' Phil. i. 4 ; 'stock' for ' kindred,' Phil. iii. 5 ; 'destruction ' for * damna- tion ' or 'perdition,' Phil. iii. 19, 2 Thess. i. 9; 'thanks- giving ' for ' giving of thanks ' or ' thanks,' Phil. iv. 6, i Tim. iv. 3, see Rev. vii. 12 ; ' render' for ' recompense,' i Thess. iii. 9; 'minister' for 'breed,' i Tim. i. 4 ; 'silly' for 'simple,'
2 Tim. iii. 6 ; ' folly ' for ' madness,' 2 Tim. iii. 9 ; ' wanting ' for 'lacking,' Tit. iii. 13; 'limiteth' for ' appointeth,' Heb. iv. 7 ; 'continue' for 'endure,' Heb. vii. 23, 24; 'scarlet' for ' purple,' Heb. ix. 19 ; ' deserts ' for ' wildernesses,' Heb. xL 38 ; ' assembly ' for ' company,' James ii. 2 ; ' again ' for ' anew,' I Pet. i. 23 ; ' banquetings ' for ' in excess of eating ' or ' in gluttony,' I Pet. iv. 3 ; ' slumbereth' for ' sleepeth,' 2 Pet. ii. 3; ' allure ' for ' entice ' or ' beguile,' 2 Pet. ii. 18 ; ' casteth ' for ' thrusteth,' 3 John 10 ; ' sensual ' for ' fleshly ' or ' beastly,' Jude 19 ; 'adultery' ('aduoutrie' R.) for 'fornication,' Rev. ii. 32; 'conquer' for 'overcome,' Rev. vi. 2; 'thimders' for * thunderings,' Rev. xvi. 18; 'mourning' for 'sorrow,' Rev. xviii. 8, see i Cor. v. 2 ; ' mourn ' for ' wail,' Rev. xviii. 1 1 ; ' sorcerers ' for ' enchanters/ Rev. xxii. 15.
The following Marginal Readings (Table H) may be placed under this head. ' Frustrate ' for ' reject,' Mark vii. 9 ; 'morsel' for 'sop,' John xiii. 26; 'quickeneth' for 'giveth life,' 2 Cor. iii. 6 ; ' gainsaying ' for ' answering again,' Tit. ii. 9 ; ' overruling ' for being lords over,' i Pet. v. 3.
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Common to G. R. and A. (Table III) are ' utter ' for ' speak forth,' Matt. xiii. 35;