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JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON

K-2-2 Fereees

: Uf. OM OV ALILE

“4 Mh Wu ae

Division of Mollusks

Sectional Library

oa:

EX LIBRIS

William Healey Dall

Division of Mollusks Sectional Library

WILLIAM WESLEY & Sox, | — Booksellers & Publishers, he

. f ” Essex Street, Strand, | | “LONDON.

A

HISTORY

OF

Bibl bstt MOLLUSt A,

AND THEIR SHELLS.

BY

PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.RB.S.,

OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON ;

AND

SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.L.S.,

OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD.

VOLUME I.

INCLUDING THE TUNICATA, AND THE FAMILIES OF LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA AS FAR AS CYPRINIDA,

LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

M.DCCC.LITI.

SMITHSON NV MAY 13 1988

LiPRARIES

LONDON : Printed by SAMUEL BenthEy and Co. Bangor House, Shoe Lane.

Beer SCNURB

TO JOHN GWYN JEFFREYS, Esa, F.R.S., AND JOSHUA ALDER, Esa.,

NATURALISTS EMINENTLY DISTINGUISHED FOR THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH MOLLUSCA,

THESE VOLUMES ARE DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHORS.

PREFACE.

AxurnouGH our work is long, our Preface need not be so ; nor, indeed, need it be more than a grateful record of the obligations we are under to the many friends who have assisted in our task. That a History of the British Mol- lusea in accordance with the present state of Natural His- tory Science, and of the present knowledge of our native species was required, will, we are confident, be denied by no person qualified to offer an opinion upon the matter. Materials for such a work have long been in course of collection, and amply amassed by ourselves and others. We entered upon the task diffidently, and not before the field was fairly open, those best qualified for the labour urging us to attempt what had almost become a duty. The invaluable and classical collection of British shells in the possession of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and the extensive experience of its liberal proprietor, placed within the reach of that energetic investigator, materials for a work like this, such as no other naturalist could command, but the imperious demands of professional ayocations withheld the leisure where there was both will and ample knowledge. Mr. Alder, too, profoundly versed in British Malacology, and gifted with the power of delineating, at once accu- rately and artistically, the animals whose external clothing and internal structure had alike engaged his attention, was already occupied with a section of the subject that

viii PREFACE.

had become the work of years. Myr. Clark had aban- doned the field in which he had years ago laboured so diligently and skilfully, though now, fortunately for science, he has returned to it with renewed vigour and enthusiasm. To all these gentlemen we offer our warmest thanks for their most generous contributions of original materials. The choicest specimens in Mr. Jettreys’ cabi- net have been placed at our disposal for figuring, without reserve, and the pencil of Mr. Alder has, in many in- stances, embellished our illustrations with figures exceed- ingly precious, since from no other source could they be procured.

Our valued and lamented friend, the late William Thompson, of Belfast, who had devoted years of study to the British Mollusks, aided us, as long as he lived, with every possible assistance that lay in his power. In all that concerns the distribution of Irish species, his hand may be traced, and advice, notes and specimens were con- stantly coming from him for our use. For many of the details that we are enabled to give respecting the distri- bution and range of the species described, we owe the fullest thanks to Mr. M‘Andrew, of Liverpool, who, with a zeal too rarely imitated, has for years spared neither expense nor labour in searching out marine animals in their deepest recesses, a work, often-times, of no small risk and danger.

The veteran conchologist of Scarborough, Mr. William Bean, has liberally aided us in numerous instances. The precious cabinets of Mr. Cuming have been opened to us most freely for consultation. Specimens of peculiar value and interest, have been confided to us by Sir Walter Tre- velyan, Dr. Robert Ball, Dr. Farran, Mr. Albany Han- cock, Mr. Warren of Dublin, and Mr. Couch. We owe

PREFACE. 1x

many obligations to the liberality of labourers in the same field, and heartily thank (as we do all who have assisted in this work), the veteran investigators of British Mollusca, Dr. Fleming, Capt. Thomas Brown, and the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. To Lieut. Thomas, R.N., Mr. Spence Bate, Mr. Barlee, Mr. W. Thomson of London, and Dr. Knapp, we are indebted for extensive information on subjects of much consequence to the completion of our inquiries. To three ladies, viz., the Marchioness of Hast- ings, Mrs. Griffiths, and Mrs. Gulson, we return many thanks for their interesting communications. A long list of friends who have contributed valuable notes or specimens remains unenumerated. Professor Allman, Professor Bell, Dr. Battersby, Mr. Byerly, Mr. W. H. Baily, Mr. Cocks of Falmouth, Mr. Darbyshire, Mr. W. C. Eyton, Mr. Gibbs, Mr. Howse, Mr. Hyndman, the Rev. T. Hincks, Mr. Hopkins of Dublin, Dr. Johnston of Berwick, Prof. King of Galway, Mr. Lowe of Nottingham, Mr. F. D. Lukis of Guernsey, the Rev. David Landsborough, Mr. Metcalfe, Mr. Mackie of Folkstone, Mr. Pickering, Mr. R. Patterson of Belfast, Mr. Peach, Mr. Reeve of Wor- cester, Mr. Smith of Jordan-hill, Mr. J. de C. Sowerby, Professor Strickland, and Mr. S. P. Woodward.

We may have omitted to mention some to whom thanks are equally due, and whose names are mentioned in the body of the work.

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INTRODUCTION.

Or the great or primary assemblages into which all ani- mals may be grouped, the Mottusca constitute one. They rank inferior to the Verrrsrata, partially inferior to the Arricutata, and mainly superior to the Rapiara and Amorenozoa. From the vertebrate animals they are con- spicuously distinguished by their limb-less bodies, and the absence of a jointed internal skeleton ; from the articulate animals, by their inarticulated exoskeleton, and bodies not divided into segments; from the radiate animals, zoo- phytes and sponges, by their more complex organization and subsymmetrical non-radiated forms. Between them and certain animals of all the other groups, there are, how~ ever, striking resemblances of analogy. The mollusks are all provided with a well-defined nervous system, the dis- tinctive feature of which is that of being heterogangliate. They possess distinct organs of digestion, respiration, and circulation. The rapid anamorphosis of the entire group, shown by the progression from a low type of organ- ization, such as is seen in the Bryozoa, to one compara- tively very high, as exhibited by the Cephalopoda, neces- sarily implies varied manifestations of internal structure and external form. Hence the subdivisions of the Mollusca display remarkable contrasts in their diagnostic characters, and the aspect of a member of one of the lower divisions

xl INTRODUCTION.

is singularly different from that of its relative among the higher orders of its class. The more important sections are distinguished by the absence, presence, or degree of development of a distinct head, a character correspondent to the degree of the development of the nervous system, and consequent degree of perfection of the organs of sense, and by modifications of the respiratory organs. Most Mol- lusea are furnished with a shell, which is usually composed of a single piece in the higher groups, and is bivalve in the lower. This shell, whether internal or external, may be re- garded as a pneumoskeleton, its principal office being that of serving as a shield, or case, for the protection of the respi- ratory organs, although it often serves as a defensive cover- ing for the whole of the soft parts. The names Testacea, and “ shell-fish,” have been bestowed upon the Mollusca on account of their shells, whose elegance of form, richness of sculpture, beauty of colouring and durability of substance have for ages attracted the notice of the curious, and led to their collection and study by lovers of Nature. But whilst the shelly portion of the body of the Mollusk was carefully inspected, treasured, and delineated, the more perishable parts were sadly neglected, and although some of our earlier English naturalists, especially the illustrious Lister, attended to the organization of the entire creature, the shell alone occupied the attention of the majority of observers, even from the time of Linnzus until within com- paratively few years ago. The indefatigable and acute Montagu was indeed inclined to be an honourable excep- tion, and the anatomical studies of Leach led this energetic naturalist to a truer appreciation of the subjects of his researches. The works of Turton, Donovan, and others, frequently cited in the following pages, are monuments of the attention, on the other hand, devoted almost exclu-

INTRODUCTION. xill

sively to the shells. The naked Mollusks of all tribes were but seldom sought for. Montagu and Leach, it is true, called attention in England to the beauty and pecu- larities of these animals; Jameson and Fleming did the same service for these and still less attractive tribes in Scotland, but until within the last twenty years neither the Mollusks without shells, nor the soft parts of the testaceous families could be said to be estimated at their due impor- tance, or to be regarded with systematic attention. How much has been done since, and how much is being done now, we have endeavoured to record, as far as our limits would admit, in the following history.

In like manner, but little was known of the habits, range, and distribution, geographical and bathymetrical, of the Mollusks indigenous to our seas. They were looked upon too frequently as objects of mere elegant curiosity, to be made the subjects of laborious research and observations conducted amid their native haunts. The importance of a knowledge of the facts of their mode of life, and the physical conditions affecting their diffusion, was not under- stood, nor indeed, until geology called loudly for information so necessary to the progress of that world-dissecting science, was the inquiry deemed of sufficient interest to attract the attention of more than some half a dozen observers. British naturalists can now boast of having investigated the phe- nomena of the molluscous fauna of their native islands more thoroughly than has been done by their colleagues in any foreign country. ‘The number of facts now recorded respecting the distribution of the species inhabiting our seas is very considerable, and sufficient to warrant ex- tensive generalizations. We offer the following brief review of the principal results of our present acquaint-

ance with this peculiarly interesting branch of inquiry,

X1V INTRODUCTION.

as an appropriate introduction to the descriptive details that follow.

The Mollusca of the British seas are numerous and abun- dant. The varied conformation of the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the sea-bed surrounding these islands, is peculiarly favourable for the nourishment of a multiplicity of kinds of these animals. The climatal con- ditions of our area are such as to encourage the presence and perpetuation of both northern and southern temperate types, and the influence of very different ancient conditions is manifested by the presence among them of not a few shell-fish of boreal or arctic origin. Our Mollusca are, when taken collectively, not remarkable for brilliancy of painting, magnitude of dimensions, or singularity of con- tour ; although in all these respects we can boast of striking exceptions, and among our minute species can show many of exquisite elegance and curious sculpture. By far the larger part of our marine Mollusks are tiny species. Our nudibranchs are, however, distinguished for the beauty of their colouring, and even among the despised ascidians there are some whose coats are tinged with the brightest or else the most delicate hues. The cuttle-fishes that live around us are too excursive and oceanic in their habits to be claimed as exclusively, or even chiefly, our own, Those that frequent our sea-bed are mostly animals of con- siderable size for Mollusca, and certainly among the most astonishing and beautiful of the inhabitants of the sea. They are, however, seldom seen by the casual observer, whose knowledge of our Molluscan treasures is mainly derived from sorry specimens of shells, cast upon the sea- beach by the waves.

The land-shells of the British islands are still less striking than the testacea of the surrounding seas. Their hues

INTRODUCTION. XV

are dull when compared with those of more southern countries, and their shapes but seldom attractive for eccen- tricity of outline or ornament. They exhibit but few peculiarities, and reckon among their number but few rarities. This is not the case with our marine species, among which are numerous sorts that have either not been noticed elsewhere, or are rarely to be met with, and which, even when of pigmy dimensions, are among the most prized gems of a good conchological cabinet. In the grand system of Nature size is of small account, and elephants and mites, however different in bigness, reckon of equal value as links in the chain of organization. God’s works are never left unfinished. None is too minute for the display of infinite perfection. The microscope has exhi- bited to our wondering eyes beauties of structure that have been concealed from mortal sight for long ages. It would almost seem as if only glimpses of those excellencies of creation are permitted to man to behold, whilst the full contemplation of such wondrous charms is reserved for immortal and invisible admirers.

Although, in consequence of the great number of Mol- lusks that are common to all parts of the British seas, pro- vided we compare localities where conditions of sea-bottom and depth are similar, it might seem that there is little evidence of a peculiar distribution within the limits of our area, if we regard its shell-fish either in mass or analyze the relations of the several species to foreign and sur- rounding regions, we shall find very distinct manifestations of peculiarities within the boundaries of our own. Were a conchologist desirous of accumulating personally and rapidly a complete collection of British shells, he would fail in his object if he confined his researches to any one

locality, even though it embraced a considerable reach of

XVl INTRODUCTION.

coast and yariety of sea-bottom. Four districts, at least, would have to be visited. To the Channel Islands he would have to go for several forms that are almost extra- British. On the south-west coasts of England he would find not a few shells that he would seek for in vain in more northern or eastern seas. Only on the west coasts of Scot- land, many species of great interest and peculiarity could be readily obtained. In the extreme province of the Zet- land Isles he would gather some of our most remarkable rarities ; and possibly, after all, he would have to visit as much of the northern half of the German Ocean as may be claimed for our natural history province, and the west coasts of Ireland, before his cabinets could be fairly filled.

In reality, our Molluscan fauna is a composite assem- blage, in which immigrants from the north and from the south intermingle with the aboriginal inhabitants, and de- scendants of a pre-Adamite fauna survive amongst them. Those forms that have travelled northwards and those that have journeyed southwards have not all made their way with equal speed. Consequently as we proceed either way we find a number of species gradually disappear, and differences instituted, both positive, by the presence of peculiar types, and negative by the absence of others, that serve to mark a sub-division of provinces within our area. Even among many of the species that are widely and almost universally spread throughout our seas, we find the frequency of their occurrence diminishing one way or other according to their origin. As a general rule the northern influence prevails over the southern in the British fauna, and gives greater peculiarities to the zoology of the Scottish than to that of the English seas. The central portion of our area—the Irish sea—is a sort of neutral ground, from which several forms are absent that are to be

INTRODUCTION. XVil

found both to the south and to the north of it. But such types, mostly of southern origin, can be traced in the course of their migration along the Atlantic coasts of Ire- land, where their progress northwards has been favoured by the genial influence of warm currents, The most un- productive district is the southern half of the eastern coast,

Our marine Molluscan fauna, when considered with respect to its home arrangements, may be said to be com- posed of examples of no fewer than nine types ;—

I. The Lusrranran type, exemplified in species which are to be met with only in the extreme south, members of the Lusitanian and Mediterranean faunas, whose northern limits just impinge upon our area. Haliotis tuberculata, Murex corallinus, Lachesis minima, Rissoa lactea and striatula, Pandora rostrata, Donax politus, Ervilia cas- tanea, Lucina divaricata, Mactra helvacea, Avicula Taren- tina, Galeomma Turtoni, Trochus striatus, Truncatella Mon- tagui, and Onchidium Celticum, may be cited as the prin- cipal representatives of this assemblage.

II. The Sourn-Britisu type; to this belong species of southern origin with a somewhat wider diffusion than the last, occupying a limited but well-marked range along the southern and south-western coasts of England, and southern and western shores of Ireland, many of them entering St. George’s Channel, but few passing the confines of South Wales. Such are Adeorbis subcarinata, Bulla hydatis, Cardium aculeatum and rusticum, Chiton discrepans, Cy- therea Chione, Dentalium Tarentinum, Diodonta fragilis, Diplodonta rotundata, Emarginula rosea, Gastrochena Mo- diolina, Lepton squamosum, Modiola barbata, Nassa pyg- mea, Ovula patula, Petricola lithophaga, Pholadidea papy- racea, Rissoa costulata, Trochus exiguus and Jineatus, Venerupis Irus, and Venus verrucosa.

XViil INTRODUCTION.

III. The European type, represented by species that are equally diffused and abundant in most parts of the British Seas, and which at the same time have a wide range along the shores of Europe, although none of them cross the Atlantic. To this section belong, among others, the Aporrhais pes-pelecani, Artemis exoleta and lincta, Car- dium echinatum, edule, fasciatum and Norvegicum, Chiton fascicularis, Oorbula nucleus, Cylichna cylindracea, Cyprea Europea, Donat anatinus,Emarginula reticulata, Kellia sub- orbicularis, Lucinopsis undata, Lutraria elliptica, Mactra solida, stultorum and subtruncata, Mangelia linearis, Nassa reticulata, Natica nitida, Nucula nucleus, Patella vul- gata, Pecten opercularis and pusio, Pectunculus glycimeris, Pileopsis Hungaricus, Psammobia Ferroensis, Solen siliqua, Syndosmya alba, Tapes virginea, Tellina Donacina, tenuis and solidula, Tornatella fasciata, Trochus cinerarius, tu- midus and zizyphinus, Turritella communis, Venus fasciata, ovata and striatula. Several of our Nudibranchiate Mol- lusks, and some Ascidians, probably belong to this group. Many of the above-cited species are remarkably prolific, and the individuals of them often constitute a large pro- portion of the contents of the dredge, or are to be gathered numerously on the shore.

IV. Along with the last, and most of them as plentiful, are the members of the Crrric type, a group especially characteristic of our area. ‘This assemblage consists of species that are essentially Atlantic. They are most pro- lifie and at home within the Celtic province, of which the British Islands constitute an important portion. They have a tendency to diffuse themselves rather northwards than southwards, multiplying rather in the boreal than in the Lusitanian province. Many of them are of ancient origin, and well known in the fossil state. As examples we may

INTRODUCTION. sce

cite Acmaa virginea, Astarte sulcata, Buccinum undatum, Chiton cinereus and ruber, Crenella decussata and discors, Fusus antiquus and Islandicus; the various species of Lacuna, Littorina littoralis, littorea and rudis, Lucina borealis, Mactra elliptica and solida, Mangelia turricula, Modiola modiolus, Mya arenaria and truncata, Mytilus edulis, Natica monilifera, Nassa incrassata, Ostrea edulis, Patella pellucida, Pecten maximus, Pholas crispata and candida, Purpura lapillus, Rissoa cingillus and striata, Saxicava arctica and rugosa, Scaphander lignarius, Skenea planorbis, Solen ensis, Syndosmya prismatica, Tapes pul- lastra, Thracia distorta, Trophon clathratus and muricatus, Velutina levigata and Venus casina. Many of our naked Mollusks take their place here.

V. Peculiarly Bririsn may be styled the assemblage of species little known elsewhere, or even unknown out of our own seas. The list is considerable but very fallacious, since it is swelled by minute or critical forms, that in all probability enjoy a wider range, but have as yet escaped observation on stranger shores. In this category we may place many of the Odostomiw and Montacute, hitherto un- recognised on other coasts than our own. Every year dis- covers that the parentage of some cherished species is not so exclusively British as patriotic naturalists fondly ima- gined. Excluding, however, all critical types or forms liable from resemblance to others to be overlooked, the following remarkable Testacea have not as yet been no- ticed beyond our limits :—Assiminea Grayana, Astarte cre- bricostata (probably arctic), Buccinum fusiforme, Fusus Berniciensis, Fusus Turtoni (the three last will probably prove to be members of a more northern Fauna); the species of Jefreysia, Lepton Clarkie, Megathyris cistellula, Natica Kingit (probably arctic) ; Otina otis, Pecten niveus, Pro-

XX INTRODUCTION.

pilidium Ancyloide (probably arctic); a few species of Rissoa, and of so-called Skenee, Stylifer Turtoni, Syndos- mya tenuis and Thracia villosiuscula, the two last pro- bably much more diffused. Species well known in a few localities elsewhere, but most abundant in the British seas, such as Trochus Montagui and millegranus, Scalaria Tre- velyana, Natica Montagui, Astarte triangularis, and Peeten tigrinus and striatus, might possibly be cited with even more propriety as representatives of a British type.

VI. A considerable number of our marine Mollusca are sufficiently common on the western coasts of Britain, though scarce in the Irish Sea, and for the most part absent from the German Ocean, or, at least, from the more central portions of our eastern coast. Most of these have a considerable range to the southward of the British Islands. Some of them, however, such as Trochus umbi- licatus, are confined to the oceanic coasts of Europe. The whole assemblage seems to have a spread, in part indicative of an ancient trend of land westwards, and in part of the course and influence of the extension of the Gulf stream. This assemblage may be styled the Arnantic type. Many instances may be adduced, such as Akera bullata, Arca tetragona, Cerithiopsis tuberculare, Cerithium adversum and reticulatum, Circe minima, Fissurella reticulata, Iso- cardia cor, Lima hians and subauriculata, Lucina spini- Jera, Mangelia attenuata, gracilis and purpurea, Modiola tulipa, Natica sordida, the species of Neera?, Nucula decussata, Nucula radiata ?, Pinna pectinata, Psammobia costulata and tellinella, Rissoa labiosa, rufilabrum and vitrea, Scalaria clathratula, Solen marginatus, Solecurtus candidus and coarctatus, Tapes aurea and decussata, Tel- lina balaustina and incarnata, Terebratula caput serpentis.

VII. The few Pelagic Mollusca that are driven towards

INTRODUCTION. xxi

or habitually frequent our seas are also to be found mainly upon our western boundaries. They constitute an Ocranic type. Our native and occasional Pteropods, as Hyalea trispinosa, and the three species of Spirialis; our few pelagic Gasteropods, as Lanthina communis, exigua and pallida, and, just possibly, Scissurella crispata ; the Nu- dibranchous Mollusk, Seyllwa pelagica; the tunicated swimmer, Salpa runcinata; borers in floating wood, such as the various species of Zeredo and the Xylophaga dor- salis ; and, lastly, our twelve species of Cephalopods may be ranked in this interesting group.

VIII. We have before remarked that in the northern division of the British Seas there are many species either not found more to the south, or else becoming rarer as we proceed southwards. Some of them, too, are only to be met with in peculiar and limited localities, grouped toge- ther like isolated colonists. The majority of these north- ern forms belong to an assemblage that constitutes the Bornat type of our Molluscan fauna. They are all species that thrive best in seas to the north of Britain, and many of them range across the Boreal Atlantic, or, at least, are found on both sides, but only within cold waters. They are not, however, to be considered as strictly Arctic. To this group we may assign such examples as Acmea testudi- nalis, Astarte compressa and elliptica, Cardium Suecicum, Cerithium metula, Chemnitzia fulvocincta ? Chiton Han- leyi and marmoreus, Crania anomala, Crenella nigra, Cyprina Islandica, Emarginula crassa, Fusus Norvegicus and propinguus, Hypothyris psittacea, Leda caudata and pygmaa, Mangelia nana, Natica Helicoides, Nucula tenuis, Panopea Norvegica, Pecten Danicus? Philine quadrata and scabra, Pilidium fuloum, Puncturella Noachina, Syn- dosmya intermedia, Thracia convexa, Trichotropis borealis,

XXil INTRODUCTION.

Trochus alabastrum, helicinus and undulatus, and Velutina flexilis. A considerable portion of our Ascidians belong to this type.

IX. A few of our most northern shells may be regarded as belonging to a still more northern, an Arcric type. Astarte arctica, Natica pusilla, Scalaria Grenlandica and Terebratula cranium, may be accepted as representatives of this group.

Our land and freshwater Mollusks may likewise be grouped under several types, which, however, we shall sufficiently indicate hereafter when noticing their foreign relations.

The main text of this work is occupied with the descrip- tions and history of the species which are true and indi- genous members of these several types. Only such can fairly be considered as British Mollusca. In this division of the animal kingdom, unlike what may happen in the higher and more mobile sections of our fauna, there is little danger of the intrusion of stragglers, although a few of oceanic habits, or else transported through the uncon- scious agency of man, acting as their carrier through the medium of his sea-traversing ships, do find their way legitimately into our seas. A few land-snails also trans- ported in timber, or about the roots of plants, have esta- blished themselves, though only for a limited period, on our soil. Such legitimised foreigners we have, in almost every instance, described in a supplementary shape at the end of the genera to which they belong. A residue of unlawful and confusing intruders remains to be accounted for.

The number of exotic shells erroneously introduced into our fauna is very large, our earlier writers having frequently considered them as indigenous upon very slender grounds of

evidence. When once the species was inserted in our lists,

INTRODUCTION. Xxlil

it was admitted as a native into the cabinets of local col- lectors with even a less degree of circumspection than previously, and subsequent authors, misled by the assertions of their self-deceived friends (too often willingly deceived, for a specimen worthless as exotic, was quickly metamor- phosed into a rarity, when supposed to represent a locally scarce species), added the weight of their authority to promulgate the original error. Montagu, in one of his letters, written subsequently to the publication of his great quarto work on “ British Conchology,” laments the too easy credence he had given to the accounts of his friends, and earnestly deprecates any further attempts at augment- ing our fauna, without strict investigation and mature deliberation.

Peculiar pains have been bestowed, throughout this work, to arrive at sound conclusions in regard to the retention or rejection as indigenous of the many species hitherto doubt- fully allowed to remain in our catalogues. The original specimens of the hypothetically spurious species have been sought for and examined, that their worn or perfect con- dition might serve as an auxiliary means of eliminating the truth, in balancing the probabilities of their having been tempest-driven upon our coast (the spoils of some wrecked merchantman), or calmly wafted upon our sands from their native depths. The importance of this actual examination may be inferred from the fact that Dr. Leach took fragments of foreign coral* from several of Montagu’s own specimens! The different value at which we must rate the testimony}

* “ Tt is well known that some Conchologists shamefully imposed upon Mon- tagu, and that Dr. Leach took fragments of foreign coral from several of the shells that had been in his possession.” (Bean’s Letter.) ‘ General Bingham was notorious for being imposed on as to indigenousness.”’ (Jeftreys’ Letter.)

+ As a general rule, the unsupported testimony of Laskey or Bryer is not to be depended upon.

XXiV INTRODUCTION.

of each individual informant of an author, has been estima- ted upon the opinion entertained by surviving contem- poraries, of his veracity and caution; the several shades of difference between an author's positive declaration, that he himself has dredged the species in a living state, and the mere picking up, by some unlearned friend of his, of single valves upon the beach, are duly taken into our estimate ; the competency for the determination of species, at the date of publication, of parties who have re-admitted such into their local catalogues, has been, as far as possible, scrutinized; the improbability of a Boreal species being discovered on our Southern shores, or of a tropical one upon our Northern coast, the unlikelihood of a known littoral shell being dredged in deep water at many miles from the land, has been poised in the balance of conflicting testi- monies: in fine, an almost unanimous verdict from the chief living writers upon British Conchology, and the most zealous and trustworthy collectors, has preluded and sanc- tioned our expulsion of any species which has ever been improperly regarded as a veritable inhabitant of the soil or waters of our Islands.

Were we to preface such species with a circumstantial detail of the evidences upon which our conclusions have been grounded, a larger portion of our work would be occupied by the spurious than by the genuine British Tes- tacea. With a similar view of economising space, without the omission of any matter important to Conchology, those of the former, which are universally known, are simply defined by a synonomy based upon the re-examination of the types (or where that was impracticable, careful study of the published descriptions), and not merely founded upon the surmise that the British writer had correctly divined the previous names bestowed upon them by Linneus and

INTRODUCTION. XKV

the earlier writers. ‘To other rejected species, where deemed advisable, a more or less brief description has been appended, that continental authors may at length definitively ascertain what was actually intended by Montagu, Turton, their predecessors and contemporaries,

The distribution, in depth, of Mollusca in the British seas, has been made the subject of numerous and minute researches. Under each marine species described in this work, full particulars of its bathymetrical range are usually given, and instances illustrative of its habitat at different and distant points. Those of our readers who would study this interesting subject in all its bearings, should consult the essay ‘“‘ On the Connection between the Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, with the Geological Changes that have affected their Area,” con- tained in the first volume of the ‘“‘ Memoirs of the Geologi- cal Survey of Great Britain,” and the ‘“‘ Report on the Investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge,” in the volume of “ British Association Reports for 1850.” There is also a very interesting paper on this subject detailing the results of extensive experience, by Mr. M‘Andrew, published in the ‘‘ Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool.”

A few remarks will serve to explain the notes on bathy- metrical range, appended to our descriptions of species. Marine Mollusca are mentioned as inhabiting a depth of water of so many fathoms, or as having been dredged from such a depth. We need scarcely remind our readers that the term fathom, in depth, is applied to a vertical measure of six feet. It is employed in preference to other terms, because it is in general use among sailors, and is the measure commonly inscribed upon hydrographical charts. Marine Mollusca are also mentioned as inhabiting different Zones

d

XXV1 INTRODUCTION.

or Regions of Depth. By this phrase is understood the several belts or spaces margining the land, or occupying the floor of the sea, distinguished from each other by the presence of peculiar features dependent on arrangements of their animal and vegetable inhabitants.

The highest of these belts is the space between tide- marks, an interval of very great importance in the marine Fauna of our Islands, and inhabited by numerous peculiar species of plants as well as animals, It is termed the Lirrorat Zone. Its features vary with the geological or rather mineralogical character of the coast, and its popula- tion, both as to kinds and numbers, varies correspondently. Where it is rocky, it is inhabited by numerous gasteropo- dous mollusks; where muddy, or sandy, by burrowing bivalves, or, in such localities, is not unfrequently devoid of testacea. The common limpet, Patella vulgata, the various species of periwinkle (Littorina), the dog-whelk, Purpura lapillus, certain forms of Trochus and Rissoa, the little Skenea planorbis, the common mussel and the minute Kellia rubra inhabit this zone on hard rocky ground universally in the British seas. Local forms and occasional stragglers from lower regions are here and there mingled with them, On sandy and muddy shores numerous bivalves are often thrown up by the waves, not a few of which are to be found alive in the lower division of this zone. In places where the water is brackish, it swarms with Rissoa ulve. tis capable of being divided into several sub-regions, each marked by prevailing forms of animals and plants. The uppermost is distinguished by the presence of the smaller varieties of Littorina rudis and L. Neritoides; a second belt by the abundance of Mytilus edulis, and the larger forms of Littorina rudis; a third by the prevalence of Littorina littorea and Purpura lapillus; a fourth, and

INTRODUCTION. XXVll

lowermost, by the dominance of Littorina littoralis, various Rissow, especially Rissoa parva, and Trochus cinerarius, accompanied in the west by Trochus wmbilicatus, and in the south-west by Tvrochus lineatus.

A second region is the Crrcum-irrroray or Lamimarian Zone; so called from the abundance of tangles or sea-weeds of the genus Laminaria, that flourish in it around the shores of Europe. On sandy ground these are replaced by the Grass-Wrack or Zostera. Vegetable-feeding shell-fish and naked Mollusca are exceedingly numerous in this space. It is indeed highly productive of various types of animal and also of vegetable life. Its usual vertical extent may be stated as between low-water mark and fifteen fathoms. In its lower portion the coral-weed, or Nullipora, becomes very abundant, and furnishes a ground often chosen by fishes for their spawning haunts. The genera Lacuna (ex- cept one species), Calyptrea, Aplysia, Scrobicularia and Donax do not range, in our seas, below this belt ; and Rissoa, Chiton, Bulla, Trochus, Mactra, Venus and Car- dium have the majority of their British representatives within its precincts. The sub-genus of Patella, called Patina, is entirely confined to it.

A third region is the Mepran or Corattine Zone, occu- pying the space between fifteen and fifty fathoms. Sea- weeds, properly so called, are scarce within it, and absent from its greater portion, but much of it is clothed with an animal-vegetation, so to speak, in the shape of corallines, or hydroid-zoophytes. It abounds in shell-fish, and many of our rarest and most valued kinds are procured from it. In its upper portion Trochus ziziphinus and tumidus, Chi- ton asellus, Acmea virginea, Turritella communis, Venus ovata and V. fasciata, Pecten opercularis, Modiola modi- olus, the common form of Crenella, Pectunculus glycimeris

XXVili INTRODUCTION.

and Nucula nucleus, are characteristic testacea, and in its lower half Solen pellucidus, Pecten varius, Modiola modi- olus, Dentalium and Mactra elliptica. It is marked more by the peculiarities of its species than by the exclusive presence of genera.

The fourth region is the Iyrra-mepran, also called the region of deep-sea corals, since in our seas (though not in those of the tropics) the principal stony corals, whether of zoophytic or bryozoan production, are procured from it. Its most characteristic portions, within the British area, are in the extreme north. There appear, however, to be very few species of Mollusks peculiar to it within our seas. Those that are found are, for the most part, of rather small dimensions, and remarkable for being of dull or pale colouring.

Beneath this zone is the Anyssan Recion, which can scarcely be said to be developed within the British area.

The greater part of the floor of the British seas is occu- pied by the Coralline or Median zone. The Infra-median belt is of less, though considerable, extent. The Abyssal or deep-sea region occupies but an insignificant portion of their area. Hence the very small number of our Mollusks that can be fairly regarded as characteristic abyssal species. The coast-line of the British Islands is exceedingly varied, in consequence of the numerous formations of various mineral constitution and geological age of which the land is composed. <A corresponding variety in the species, and abundance of distinct specific types, are the result, and our Molluscan fauna, in consequence, becomes an exceedingly rich one. The very shallowness of a considerable extent of our seas is in favour of their richness, when combined, as it is, with considerable variety of sea-bed. An inspec-

tion of hydrographical charts will readily illustrate this

INTRODUCTION. XX1x

feature, since the letters inscribed upon them, indicative of a bottom consisting of sand, sandy mud, rock, stones, gravel, muddy gravel, shelly ground, and “coral,” 7. ¢., nullipore or vegetable coral, mark as many spaces in which certain forms of Mollusks multiply or prevail in preference to other types. As a general rule univalve testacea and naked Mollusca flourish most upon hard, bivalve testacea upon soft ground, and this appears to hold true, at least with respect to the species described in this work, through all gradations of depth.

Besides these several sub-divisions of the floor of the Ocean, there are the high levels of the sea-water itself, inhabited by a small assemblage of Mollusks. The genera Lanthina and Spirialis, among our testacea, and our solitary species of Salpa, as well as the curious and anomalous Appendicularia among Tunicata, are inhabitants of this marine atmosphere. All these forms are, however, very local around our coasts. In more southern seas, the waves often swarm with pelagic Mollusca.

To the two uppermost zones are confined all the repre- sentatives of several genera, whilst the species which live in the lower belts belong to genera which have also mem- bers in the Littoral and Laminarian zones. In the two uppermost zones the great majority of testaceous species is found; in the second, or Laminarian belt the majority of naked and tunicated Mollusks. In the higher zones many of the species, both of univalve and bivalve testacea, are ex- ceedingly prolific, and their individuals gregarious, so that large numbers of one kind of shell are found assembled to- gether within a limited area, sometimes almost to the exclu- sion of other sorts. The proportion of gregarious species to those of solitary or scattered diffusion is much greater in the littoral than in any of the other belts. All the zones of

XXX INTRODUCTION.

depth are in a manner linked together by species common to two or more of them. SBivalve Mollusks would appear to be more extensively distributed in depth, and to constitute more constant links between zone and zone than univalves.

The foreign relations of our marine Molluscan fauna may be stated approximately as follows :-—

Our catalogue of Tunicata, a group to which compara- tively little attention has been given, and of which our account is intended to serve only as a Prodromus, includes seventy-four species. There are, doubtless, many more inhabiting the British seas. Out of those which we have enumerated, more than one-third are unnoticed as members of any extra-British fauna, and of those that have been observed elsewhere, the majority is Celtic or else boreal. In the main we may regard our Ascidians as immigrants from more northern seas.

The number of our indigenous Acephala, or bivalved shell-fish, may be stated at a hundred and sixty species, after expunging doubtful, introduced, and spurious forms. Out of this number very few indeed, not more than about seven species, are known only as inhabitants of the British seas, and as these are critical or very rare types, they may fairly be considered as having escaped notice on foreign coasts, rather than as peculiar to our own. About eighty of our bivalves extend their range in the European seas both northwards and southwards of our area; forty range southwards into the Lusitanian province, but are not known to the north of the Celtic area; thirteen inhabit the Scan- dinavian seas, but do not range to the south of Britain, nor, so far as known, across the Atlantic ; twenty-seven are common to the seas of Boreal and Arctic America, and those of Boreal and Celtic Europe. The few remaining species are such as have been only observed so far with-

INTRODUCTION. XXXl

out an area on the continental coasts of the Celtic province.

The distribution of the four Pterepoda that find a place in this work is oceanic. Two of them are, however, as yet unrecorded as extra-British, though it is probable that they will be found widely diffused in the Atlantic, if indeed they be not identical with the oceanic forms referred to in our descriptions.

The number of our species of testaceous marine Gastero- poda may be stated at two hundred and thirty-two. Out of these a considerable proportion, not fewer than fifty-five, has no place in any account of foreign Mollusca. It is exceedingly unlikely that all of this number can be pecu- liarly British, though in all probability many of them are peculiarly Celtic. ‘The members of some of our genera of minute univalves, especially Odostomia, have not yet re- ceived sufficient attention from foreign naturalists to enable us to say, with any approach to certainty, whether they are found on continental coasts or not; and out of the fifty-five species above mentioned no fewer than nineteen are Odostomia. There are fifty-four species common to the seas both north and south of Britain, mostly ranging southwards to the Mediterranean, the few exceptions ceasing on the coast of Spain, certain kinds of Littorina and Patella especially. No fewer than fifty-two species range to the southwards of the British Islands, but do not occur northwards of them; whilst thirty-four range north- wards into the Boreal and European province, but do not extend south of our area. Some twenty-eight or thirty are inhabitants of arctic and boreal seas, and are common to both sides of the Atlantic, within those provinces. The few remaining are species observed in extra-British portions of the Celtic province, but not elsewhere.

XXXil INTRODUCTION.

We have enumerated and characterized ninety British Nudibranchiate and Pellibranchiate Gasteropoda. Of these more than two-thirds have as yet been noticed only in the British seas. It is quite impossible to institute any com- parison of this portion of our fauna with the accounts of the corresponding portion of any extra-British fauna, since the minute and elaborate researches of Messrs. Alder and Hancock have given us an overwhelming advantage.

Our Single marine naked pulmonated Mollusk is not known at present, we believe, out of the Celtic province ; but, as it has been seldom sought for, may have escaped notice. Our two testaceous marine Pulmonifera range southward of Britain, and one of them is found on the opposite shores of the Atlantic.

Our fourteen species of Cephalopoda are, with one ex- ception, found beyond our limits. At least four of them may be regarded as common to all the seas around us, whilst six are apparently immigrants from more southern, and three from more northern provinces. ‘There are still hopes of our acquiring, in the course of natural history research, a few additions to our list in this interesting portion of the fauna, one that has been in a great measure neglected. The interesting and curious genus Onychoteuthis especially may be expected to furnish a British represen- tative. We would urgently press upon our younger na- turalists to let no cuttle-fish pass unexamined.

Our land and fresh-water Mollusks present but few pecu- liarities, and are almost all continental. The Helix fusca was supposed to be exclusively British, and is stated to be so in our text, but it appears now that the shell referred to under the name of Helix revelata (a very distinct species) by Bouchard Chantereaux is really fusca. It is indeed very doubtful whether any of our land shells can be

INTRODUCTION. XXX

claimed as truly confined to the British Islands. One re- markable slug, the Geomalacus maculosus, has never been met with out of the south-west of Ireland, and is there exceedingly scarce. We think it not unlikely that this curious animal will eventually be found to be a member of the Lusitanian fauna. <A very curious fresh-water shell, Lymneus involutus, is also, at present, confined to the same portion of Ireland, and another species of the same genus, L. Burnetti, is reputed peculiar to Britain. In these instances we are possibly dealing with monstrosities, or extreme varieties of the widely distributed LZ. pereger. One fresh-water bivalve, a species of Pisidiwm, has not been noticed beyond our limits ; but in this genus the characters are too critical to warrant our inferring that it has not been passed over abroad. Within our own areas, several of our land and fresh-water shells do not range north to Scotland.

At least fifty species of our land and fresh-water Mollusks may be regarded as generally distributed throughout Europe, and as ranging both to the north and south of the British Isles. None can be said to come from the north exclu- sively. About eighteen are members of the fauna of North- ern and Central Europe; some fourteen are Central Euro- pean species, not ranging far northwards or southwards ; about sixteen belong to Central and Southern Europe ; not more than four are decidedly of southern origin exclusively ; some seven or eight species are reported to extend their range into the New World; but, except in the instances of one or two aquatic types, they have probably been intro- duced through the agency of man. Indeed, some of our smaller snails have found their way through the same uncon- scious assistance even into Australia. Several of our aquatie species have a wide range into the further parts of the Asiatic continent. The provinces of Asia and Africa that

7

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

border on the Mediterranean, participate in the presence of such of our species as form part of the fauna of that region.

In alpine regions, of higher elevation than those that diversify the surface of the British Islands, a distinct and positive distribution in altitude of land and fresh-water Mollusea may be clearly made out, peculiar species appear- ing for the first time in definite zones of elevation. On our mountains, deficiencies only can be observed; they can boast of no peculiar types. The few Mollusks that are found on their higher portions are such as may be col- lected in the northernmost regions of Europe; but, at the same time, are equally members of the fauna of our low districts, and the neighbourhood of our shores.

Whilst the early history of our naked and unpreservable Mollusks has perished without a record, the genealogy of not a few of our testacea may be traced unerringly in fossili- ferous formations. The area of the British Islands exhibits a long series of ancient seabeds that tell unmistakably of the changes that have taken place within its bounds. By far the greater part of these show, in their contents, no instances of specific identity with our existing Mollusca, and the farther we recede in time, the more different was our submarine population. The first approach to an existing British species is seen in the Terebratula striatula, of the upper cretaceous strata, a form scarcely distinguishable in essential features from the Terebratula caput-serpentis. It is not, however, until we seek among our tertiary strata, that we find true homologues of our living Mollusca. Some three or four Eocene shells, especially forms of Hulima and Cylichna, come exceedingly close to recent species, and are possibly identical. There is a doubt, however ; the forms themselves being what are termed critical types, and their

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

Eocene associates of less questionable character, being assuredly wholly distinct from any now living. Our Eocene land and fresh-water shells (as well as the fresh-water forms of previous epochs), although several, especially certain Paludine and Planorbides, very closely, almost too closely, approach existing types, are all regarded as distinct from those that live upon our land now. It is a very remark- able fact, that among them, as shown by Mr. Searles Wood and Mr. Frederic Edwards, there are species which cannot be separated from existing American forms. The true source of our Molluscan fauna was first manifested by the assemblage of testacea preserved in the deposit called Coralline Crag, a formation at first regarded as Mio- cene, but now held to be of older Pliocene age. In that ancient sea-bed are to found many of the ancestors of our living shell-fish, mostly of them forms which we regard as southern types. Some of these seemed to have lived on continuously to our own time, but the majority, after struggling with the advent of less favourable conditions during the deposition of the succeeding Red Crag, were banished from our seas, when the frigid conditions of the glacial epoch set in, and did not return until the restoration of new ages of summer. With glacial conditions came Arctic species, many of which linger still within our area. It seems very probable that some of these are gradually being extinguished, and that a few of our testacea, such as Pecten Danicus, of which the number of dead specimens taken is quite disproportioned to the rarity of living examples, are close upon the time of their final extirpa- tion, whilst others, such as Pecten Islandicus, and Leda oblonga, may have been blotted from the lists of the living, even since the occupation of the British Isles by man.

Our land and fresh-water testacea, although we cannot

XXXV1 INTRODUCTION.

track them as far back in time as we can our marine species, have, nevertheless, survived in many instances prodigious changes, and been the companions of larger animals that have long ceased to inhabit our earth. Some of our com- monest snails, such as Helia nemoralis, H. hispida, Zonites cellaria, and Zua lubrica, occur abundantly in deposits buried beneath the gravel, in which the remains of extinct elephants, and other quadrupeds, strikingly different from ‘the wild beasts now living in Central Europe, are abund- antly found. Still older, possibly, are those that are asso- ciated with the Cyrena of the Nile, and the Unio littoralis in the fresh-water deposits of the valley of the Thames. Geology has, as yet, scarcely approached towards an esti- mate of the vast duration of these comparatively modern epochs. They have but lately received anything like a due share of attention, and the nearer we approach our own times in our gropings amid geological antiquity, the more complex seem to become our calculations of the length of those periods during which the progenitors of still-existing forms of life flourished, along with creatures that have dis- appeared for ever. When we learn how long has been the existence upon the world’s surface of some of our little shell-fish, our wonder is not that they should be so widely spread over it now, but rather that there should be any spot capable of supporting their life from which they should be absent.

diel

GENERAL INDEX.

THE SYNONYMS ARE IN ITALICS.

Abra profundissima, i. 319. ACEPHALA LAMELLIBRAN-

CHIATA, i. 55.

ACEPHALA PALLIOBRANCHI-

ATA, ii. 339.

ACEPHALA TUNICATA, i. 1.

ACHATINA, iv. 130. acicula, iv. 130: iv. 289. folliculus, iv. 176. Goodallii, iv. 128. lubrica, iv. 126. octona, iy. 178. semitarum, iv.179. tridens, iv. 128.

Acicula eburnea, iv. 131. acicula, iv. 131.

Acuis, iii, 217. ascaris, ili. 219 ; iv. 271. nitidissima, iii. 223. supranitida, iii. 219, 220 ; iv.273. unica, iil. 223 ; iv. 273.

ACM&A, ii. 433,

Sulva, ii. 441. pellucida, ii. 430. testudinalis, ii. 434. virginea, ii, 437.

AcMg, iv. 204. fusca, iv. 205. lineata, iv. 204. minuta, iv. 205,

Acteon, iii. 613. viridis, iii. 614.

Acteon bidentatus, iv. 191. heteroclita, iil. 526. denticulatus, iv. 194. tornatilis, iii. 524. triplicatus, iv. 197.

ACTEONIA, ili. 615. corrugata, iii. 615.

ADEORBIS, ii. 541. striatus, 11. 161. subearinatus, ii. 541.

ALGIRUS, iil. 574. punctilucens, iil. 574.

Agina purpurea, i. 14i,

AERA, iii. 527.

AKERA continued.

bullata, iii, 527: iv. 287. fleailis, iii. 528. Fanleyt, iii. 528.

Ala corvi pendula, ii. 260.

Alasmodonta arcuata, ii. 147.

Alasmodon margaritiferus, ti. 147

Alcyonium Ascidioides, i. 19. Borlasii, i. 21. conglomeratum, i. 21. constellatum, 1. 2). distomum, i. 19. iCUSs Ve ele pulmonaria,i. 11. pulmonis, &e. 1. 11. Schlosserz, i. 19.

ALDERIA, iil. 610. amphibia, iii. 611. modesta, iii. 610.

Alea antivertigo, iv. 109. cylindrica, iv. 105, edentula, iv. 103. marginata, iv. 98. minutissima, iv. 105. nitida, iv. 103. palustris, iv. 109. pygmea, iv. 106. revoluta, iv. 103. substriata, iv. 108. vulgaris, iv. 106.

Alpidium ficus, i. 11.

Alvania ascaris, iii. 220. Europea, iii. 148. Freminvillea, iii. 149. mamillata, ii. 148. rufilabrum, iti. 106. supranitida, iii. 220.

Amalthea mawima, ii. 495.

AMOROUCIUM, 1. 15.

Argus, i. 16. Nordmanni, i. 15. prolifernm, i. 15.

Amphibulina oblonga, iv. 137 putris, iy. 133.

Amphidesma album, i. 316. Boysit, i. 316.

XXXVII1

Amphidesma continued. convexum, i. 229. Corbuloides, i. 214. declivis, i. 221. distortum, 1. 231. Donacilla, i. 348. flexuosa, ii. 54. intermedia, i. 319. Lucinalis, ii. 58. phascolina, i. 221. pratenuc, i. 235. prismatica, i. 321. pubescens, i. 226. reticulatum, i. 329. tenue,i. 323. transversum, i. 326, truncatum, i. 325.

Amphipeplea glutinosa, iv. 183.

involuta, iv. 184. lacustris, iv. 173. AMPHISPHYRA, ill. 520. hyalina, iii. 52). pellucida, iii. 521. Anatina arctica, i. 141. brevirostris, i. 195. convexa, i, 229. declivis, i. 221. distorta, i. 231. Myalis, i. 226. Norvegica, i. 214. pretenuis, 1. 235. pubescens, i. 226. rupicola, i. 231. truncata, i. 214, 231. villosiuscula, i. 224. ANATINIDA, i. 229. Ancilus fluviatilis, iv. 187. sinuosus, iv. 187. ANCULA, iii. 580. cristata, iii. 580. ANncy.ws, iy. 185. fluviatilis, iv. 186. lacustris, iv. 188. oblongus, iy. 188. sinuosus, iv. 187. ANODONTA, Me, Loos and Anodon anatina, } ii. 156. Avonensis, ii. 160. Cellensis, ii. 158. cygnea, ii. 155. intermedia, ii. 156. paludosa, ii. 156, 160. piseinalis, 1. 156. ponderosa, ii. 160. rostrata, ii. 159, suleata, i. 158. ventricosa, ii. 156. ANOMIA, i. 322.

INDEX.

ANOMIA continued. aculeata, ii. 332. caput-serpentis, il. 353. cepa, ii, 326. coronata, i. 327. cranium, ii. 357. cylindrica, ii. 327. cymbiformis, ii. 327. electrica, ii. 326. ephippium, ii. 325. flexuosa, ii. 326. fornicata, ii. 327. inflata, li. 337. margaritaced, ii, 327. patellaris, ii. 327. Patelliformis, ii. 334, 330. polymorpha, ii. 327. psittacea, ii. 346. pubescens, ii, 353. punctata, ii. 326. pyriformis, ii. 327. retusa, li. 353. rostrum psittaci, il. 346. TUGOSA, ii. 326. scabrella, ii. 327. squama, ii. 336. squamula, ii. 326. striata, i. 336. striolata, li, 333. terebratula, ii. 358. tubularis, ti. 327. tunica-cepe@, ii. 326. turbinata, ii. 366. undulata, ii. 334. undulatim striata, ii, 334.

ANTIOPA, iii. 608. cristata, iv. 287. splendida, iii. 609: iv. 287.

Aphrodita columba, ii. 39.

Apleaa hypnorum, iv. 144. rivalis, iv. 144.

Apleaus hypnorum, iy. 144. rivalis, iv. 144.

APLipium, i. 10. fallax, i. 11. ficus, i. 11. nutans, 1. 12. yerrucosum, i. 13.

APLYSIADA, iii. 552.

APLYSIA, iii. 552. depilans, iii. 554. hybrida, iii. 554. mustelina, iii. 554. nexA, iil. 554. punctata, iii. 554. viridis, iii. 614.

APORRHAIS, ii. 185. pes-carbonis, iil. 186. pes-pelecani, iii, 188.

—

APORRHAIs continued. quadrifidus, iii. 189. APPENDICULARIA, lv. 245, ARCA, ii. 233. barbata, ii. 238, 243. Britannica, ii. 235. Cardissa, ii. 234. caudata, ii. 227. crinita, li. 238. Susca, ii. 234. Gaimardi, ii. 238. glycimeris, ii. 245, imbricata, li. 234. lactea, ii. 238. marmorata, ii. 245. minima, ii. 246, minuta, il. 226. modiolus, ii. 238. navicularis, ti. 235. Nog, ii. 234. nucleus, li. 215, 220. papillosa, ii. 234, Pectunculoides, ii. 241. perforans, ii. 238. pilosa, ii. 245. Quoyt, ii. 238. raridentata, ii. 241 ; iv. 257. reticulata, ii. 243. rhombea, ii. 235. rostrata, i. 232, tenuis, 11. 223. tetragona, ii. 234. tortuosa, li. 234. undata, ii. 245. ARCADA, ii. 214. Arcopagia crassa, i, 289. ovata, i. 289. ARGIOPE, iv. 257. cistellula, iv. 257. Arianta arbustorum, iv. 48. ARION, iv. 7. ater, iv. 7. empiricorum, lv. 7. flavus, iv. 9; iv. 287. hortensis, iv. 10. ARTEMIS, i. 427. exoleta, i, 428. ferruginosa, ii. 60. lincta, i. 431. undata, i. 435. Arthemis exoleta, 1. 428. lincta, i. 431. Ascipr, i. 30. aggregata, i. 41. albida, ii. 373. ampulla, i. 40. arachnoidea, i. 32. aspersa, 1. 35. canina, i. 31.

INDEX.

XXX1X

AscIpIA continued. communis, 1. 32. conchilega, i. 35. corrugalda, i, 31. depressa, ii. 373. echinata, i. 35. elliptica, ii. 374. gelatinosa, i. 27. grossularia, i. 40. intestinalis, i. 31. Lepadiformis, i. 26. mammillaris, i. 40. mentula, i. 32. microcosmus, i. 37. monachus, 1. 32. opalina, i. 33. orbicularis, i. 34. parallelogramma, i. 34. pellucida, ii. 374. prunum, i. 32, 34. rustica, 1. 39. scabra, i. 33. sordida, ii. 372. tubulosa, i. 36. venosa, i. dl. virescens, 1. dl. virginea, 1. 33.

Vitrea, i. 35. ASCIDIADA, i. 29. ASCIDIANS (COMPOUND), i. 8.

(SOCIAL), i. 25.

ASSIMINEA, iii. 69. Grayana, iii. 70. littorea, iv. 266.

ASTARTE, i. 450. arctica, i. 461.

Banksii, i. 465.

borealis, i. 462.

castanea, i. 470.

compressa, i. 462, 463, 464.

corrugata, i. 462.

crebricostata, i. 456.

Cyprinoides, i. 461.

Danmoniensis, ii. 376 5 1, 452.

elliptica, i. 459.

Gairensis, 461.

multicostata, 1. 465.

plana, i. 462.

Scotica, i. 452.

semisulcata, i. 459, 464.

striata, i. 464.

suleata, i. 452, 470 ; iv. 254,

triangularis, i. 467.

Withami, i. 462.

Auricella carychium, iv. 198.

Auricuia, §c., ili. 524.

Auricula alba, iv. 191. bidentata, iv. 191. Bivona, iy. 194.

xl

Auricula continued. Bullaoides, iv. 197. cingulata, iv. 197. conoidea, iii. 260. denticulata, iv. 194, 195. dubia, iv. 191. erosd, iv. J91. fusca, iv. 204, heteroclita, iii. 526. lineata, iv. 204. Micheli, iv. 191. minima, iv. 198.

myosotis, iv. 194, 195, 196.

nitens, iv. 197. oliva, iv. 197. ovula, iv. 197. personata, iv. 194. tenella, iv. 194.

AURICULID#, iv. 190.

Auris marina, §c., ii. 486. Auris porei, li. 321. AVICULA, ii. 251. aculeata, ii. 252. Anglica, ii, 252. Atlantica, ii. 252. Faleata, ii. 252. hirundo, ii. 25). Morio, ii. 254. Tarentina, ii. 251. AVICULACEA,, ii. 250. Aainus flexuosus, ii. 55. AzxEcA, iv. 127. Goodallit, iv. 128. Matoni, iv. 128. tridens, iv. 127. Azor antiquatus, i. 260.

BALEA, iy. 114. fragilis, iv. 114. perversa, iv. 115.

Balea fragilis, iv. 114.

INDEX.

Botry.uuvs, i. 19, bivittatus, i. 23. castaneus, lil. 371. conglomeratus, i. 2]. gemmeus, i. 22. Leachit, i. 23. polycyclus, i. 21. tubens, ii. 370. Schlosseri, i. 19. smaragdus, i, 22. stellatus, i. 19, 21. violaceus, i. 22. virescens, ii. 370.

BRACHIOPODA, ii. 339.

Bradybena Brunonensis, iv. 50.

Cantiana, iv. 50. Carthusiana, iy. 52. circinata, iv. 67. celata, iv. 67. hispida, iv. 69. limbata, iv. 85. rufescens, iv. 67. Brochus annulatus, iii. 181. arcuatus, iii. 182, glabrus, iii. 182. levis, iii. 182. reticulatus, iil. 181. striatus, iii. 178. trachiformis, iii. 178. Buccrnum, iii. 399. acicula, iy. 130. acuminatum, iil. 402. ambiguum, iii. 397. Anglicanum, iii. 402. Ascanias, iii. 391. asperulum, ili. 391. auricula, iv. 170. bilineatum, iti. 447. Bornianum, iii. 402. breve, iii. 392, 414. brunneum, iii. 377.

perversa, iv. 115. canaliculatum gracile, iii. 416. Bela, iii. 450. canaliculatum magnum, iii. 424. Berthella porosa, iii. 559. canaliculatum purpuro-buccinum, BITHINIA, iii. 12. il. 380. canaliculatum vulgare, iii. 402.

tentaculata, iii. 14. ventricosa, iii. 16.

Bithynia jaculator, iii. 14.

Bornia inflata, ii. 87.

seminulum, ii. 94. BOTRYLLIDA, i. 8.

BorryLoipes, i, 23. albicans, i. 24. Leachii, i. 23. radiata, ii. 371. ramosa, ii. 372. rotifera, i. 24. rubrum, i. 24.

carinatum, iii. 402, 414. ciliatum, iii. 411. cinctum, iii. 445. coccinella, iii. 391. costatum, iii. 485. Dalei, iii. 408: iv. 284, Donovani, iii. 414. Jlosum, iii. 381. fusiforme, iii. 408, 412. glabrum, iv. 178. glaciale, iii. 413. glutinosum, iv. 182. hepaticum, iii, 397.

INDEX.

Buccinum continued. Humphreysianum, iii, 410; iv. 285. imperiale, iii. 402. incrassatum, iii. 391. Jacksonianum, ii. 398. Labradorense, iii. 402. leve, ili. 414. lapillus, ii. 380. lineatum, ili. 397. longirostrum porcatum, iti. 371. longiusculum, iv. 289. macula, iii. 391. minimum, iii. 377. minutum, iii. 391, 414. monile, ili. 398. nanum, lil. 391. obtusissimum, ii. 414, obtusulum, iv. 127. ovum, iii, 408. palustre, iv. 180. pediculare, iii. 397. perdix, ili. 446. peregrum, iv. 165. pictum, iii. 444, porcatum, iii. 447. pulchellum, iii. 444. pullus, iti, 388. pyramidale, iii. 402. recurvirostrum lineatum, iv. 397. recurvirostrum reticulatum, iii.

380. reticulatum, iii. 388, riparium, ili. 391. roseo-labiatum, iv. 174. rubrum, iii. 377. stagnale, iv. 174. striatum, iil, 402. strigosum, iil. 397. tenerum, ii. 402. terrestre, iv. 130. tessulatum, iil. 388. truncatulum, iv. 177. tuberculatum, iii. 395: iv. 284. tubulosum, iii. 414. undatum, iii. 401. ventricosum, iil. 411. from Zetland, iii. 402.

Buliminus obscurus, iy. 91.

Bulimulus montanus, iv. 89. obseurus, iv. 91.

Butimus, iv. 86. acicula, iv. 130. acutus, iv. 86. articulatus, iv. 87. auricularius, iv. 170. bidens, iv. 116. clavulus, iv. 93. decollatus, iv. 93.

BuLiMus continued. detritus, iv. 93. exilis, iv. 92, 165. fasciatus, iv. 87. Sragilis, iv. 174. Goodalli, iv. 93. Guadaloupensis, iy. 92. Guildingil, iv. 94. hordeaceus, iy. 91. Lackhamensis, iv. 89. leucostoma, iv. 179. limosus, iv. 166. lineatus, iv. 205. littoralis, iv. 87. lubricus, iv. 125. Montacuti, iv. 89. montanus, iv. 89. muscorum, iv. 95, 97. obscurus, iv. 89, 90. peregrus, iv. 166. perversus, iy. 114. pupa, iy. 94. Siculus, iv. 166. succineus, iv. 133. tornatilis, iii. 524. truncatus, iv. 177. tuberculatus, iv. 94. turritella, iv. 87. undatus, iv. 165. ventricosus, iv. 94. ventrosus, iv. 94. zebra, iv. 165.

Bulinus acicula, iy. 130. lubricus, iv. 126. obscurus, iv. 91. perla, iv. 141. signatus, iv. 94. variabilis, iv. 87.

BuL.La, iii. 530. acuminata, iii. 500. Akera, iii. 527. alba, iii. 535. ampulla, iii. 531, 535. amygdalus, ii. 535. aperta, iii. 539. bulla, iii. 539. candida, iii. 495. catena, iil. 545. Columne, iii. 535. conulus, iii. 517. corned, ill. 531. coriacea, iii. 3852. corticata, iii, 520. cylindracea, iii. 505, 508. cylindrica, 11. 508, 510. debilis, iii. 522. denticulata, ii. 550. diaphana, iii. 495.

yp

xli

xlii

Butta continued. dilatata, iii. 543. elegans, iii. 535. emarginata, iii. 551, flewilis, iii. 350. Jfiwiatilis, iv. 141. Sragilis, iii. 528, Guildingii, iii. 535. Haliotoidea, iii. 355. FHanleyi, iii. 528. hyalina, iii, 52). hydatis, iii. 530. hypnorum, iy. 140. Jeverensis, iii. 512. liqnaria, iii. 536. mammillata, iii. 514. media, iii. 535.

membranaced, iii. 558,

minuta, ili. 521. nevicula, iii. 531. Norwegica, iii, 527. oblonga, &e., iii. 537. obtusa, iii. 512. oliva, ii. 508. pallida, iii. 505. patula, iii. 498. pectinata, ii. 543.

pellucida, iii. 510, 521.

pertenuis, iv. 286. plicatilis, iii. 350. plumula, iii. 559. producta, iii. 509, pruinosa, iii. 549.

punctata, iii. 545, 547.

punctura, iil, 533. quadrata, ili. 541. Regulbiensis, iv. 286. resiliens, ili. 528. retusd, iii. 510, rivalis, iv. 145.

seabra, iii. 543. sculpta, iii. 546. semisulcata, iii. 510. striata, iii. 533, 535. strigella, iii. 518. subangulata, iii, 522. tentaculata, iii. 358. triticea, iii, 520. truncata, iii. 510.

truncatula, iii. 510, 514. umbilicata, iii. 509, 515, 519.

velutina, iii. 347. voluta, iii. 502. voluta parva, iii. 527. Zonaria, iii. 538.

Bullea angustata, iii. 545,

aperta, ii. 539. calend, ili. 545.

INDEX.

Bullea continued. catenata, iii. 545. catenuliferd, iil. 543. granulosa, iii. 543, lignaria, iii. 537. pectinata, iii. 543. Planciana, iii. 539. pruinosa, iii. 549. punctata, iii. 546, 547. quadrata, iil. 541.

Bullea aperta, iti. 539.

BULLIDA, iii. 506.

Bullina cylindracea, iii. 50%. producta, ii. 509, pellucida, iii. 510. truncata, iii. 510. umbilicata, ii. 519,

Byssomya pholadis, i. 146.

Caicum, iii. 176. glabrun, iii. 181. trachea, iii. 178.

Calliopea dendritica, ili. 609.

CALYPTR@A, li. 463. Chinensis, ii. 465. levigata, ii. 463. Sinensis, ii. 463.

CALYPTRAIDA, ii. 457. CANCELLARIAD&, iii. 360.

Cancellaria hyalina, iii. 445.

Cantareus Naticoides, iv. 43. Cap, ii. 462.

Capsa castanea, 1. 341. complanata, i. 336. deflorata, i. 330. trunculus, i. 338.

Capulus intortus, ii. 462. Hungaricus, ii. 459. militaris, ii. 459, 461. Ungaricus, ii. 459.

CARDIADA,, ii. 1.

CARDIUM, ii. 2. aculeatum, ii. 4. amnicum, li. 111, 1338. arcuatum, ii. 15, 52. Belticum, ii. 18. carneosum, i. 313. ciliare, li. 4. corneum, iis 111, 1138. citrinum, ii. 39. crenulatum, ii. 15. discors, i. 312. echinatum, ii. 7, 11. edentulum, ii. 39. edule, ii. 15, 18. elongatum, ii. 25. ewiguums, li. 29. fasciatum, ii. 25. glaucum, ii. 18.

eee

INDEX. xlil

CEPHALOPODA DIBRANCHIA- TA, iv. 207. Cepea nemoralis, iv. 54. hortensis, iv. 54. CERATISOLEN, i. 255. legumen, i. 256. CERITHIAD A, iii. 184. CERITHIOPSIS, ili. 364.

Carpium continued. Grenlandicum, ii. 39. humanum, i. 472. lacustre, ii. 116. levigatum, 11. 35, 39. Lamarckii, i. 18. Loveni, ii. 33. medium, ii. 39. mucronatum, ii. 7. muricatulum, ii. 32. muricatum, i. 40. nodosum, ii, 22. Norvegicum, ii, 35. nua, ii. 111, obliquum, ii. 15. oblongum, ii. 35. obovale, ii. 25. ovale, ii. 25. parvum, ii. 5, 25. pectinatum, ii. 15. Pennantii, ii. 36. pygmeum, ii. 29: iv. 254. rubrum, ii. 25, 94. rusticum, ii. 11, 15. seabrum, li. 22. serratum, ii. 35, 39. spinosum, il. 7. stultorum, i. 362. Suecicum, ii. 33. Suediense, ii. 33. tuberculare, ii. 11. tuberculatum, ii. 11, 12.

tuberculare, iil. 365. CERITHIUM, iii. 191.

adversum, iii. 195 ; iv. 272.

ambiguum, iii. 200.

angustissimum, iv. 272.

cancellatum, iii. 198.

costatum, ili. 200.

elegans, ili. 201.

fuscatum, iii. 202.

Latreillii, iti. 192. lima, ili. 192. metula, iii. 198. minutissimum, iii. 198. nitidum, iii. 198. pygmeum, iii. 365. radula, iil. 202. reticulatum, iii. 192 ; iv. 273. scabrum, ili. 192. subulatum, iii. 201. tuberculare, iii. 365. turbiforme, iii. 200. Chama arenaria, i. 169.

vitellinum, li. 36. vulgare, il. 15. zonatum, ii. 15.

cor, 1. 472. magna, i. 374. parva, i. 132.

Cardita cor, i. 473.

Carocolla elegans, iv. 76. lapicida, iv. 65.

Carycuium, iv. 198.

solen, i. 259.

truncata, i. 164. CHEMNITZIA, iii. 239 ; iv. 273.

acicula, iii. 311.

cochlea, iv. 204. Suscum, iv. 205. lineatum, iv. 204. Menkeanum, iv. 128. minimum, iv. 198. myosote, iv. 195. personatum, iv. 194. politum, iv. 128.

Barleei, iv. 278.

clathrata, iii. 258 ; iv. 274, 277. curvicostata, i. 255. elegantissima, iii. 242 ; iv. 275. eximia, iv. 278.

fenestrata, iii. 249 3 iv. 277. formosa, iii. 248 ; iv. 274. fulvocincta, iii. 245; iv. 274,

276. gracilis, iii. 243 ; iv. 275. Gulsone, iv. 279. indistincta, iii. 255 ; iv. 274, 277, 278. Jeffreysit, iii. 251. MM‘ Andrei, iii. 309. nitidissima, iii. 224. pallida, iv. 274. pusilla, iii. 243 ; iv. 275. rufa, iil. 245 3 iv. 274, 276. rufescens, iii. 253 ; iv. 274.

Cassidaria levis, iii. 414. minuta, iii, 414. obtusissima, iii. 414.

Cassis bilineata, iii. 447. recurvirostrum, iii. 447. testiculus, iii. 447.

Cavolina, iii. 597.

Cecilioides acicula, iv. 131.

Cemoria Flemingii, i. 474. Noachina, ti. 474.

CENIA, iii. 616.

xliv INDEX.

CHEMNITZIA continued. Cingula continued. scalaris, iii. 2515 iv. 274, 277. marginata, iii. 146. simillima, iv. 277. minuta, iii. 138. unica, iii. 222. muriatica, iii. 140.

Chenopus pes-pelecani, iii. 186, 189. nivosa, iii, 287. Serresianus, ili. 186. pallida, iii. 307.

Chilostoma pulchellum, iv. 78, 79. parva, iii. 98.

Chilotrema lapicida, iv. 65. pulchra, iii. 117.

Curron, ii. 391. pulla, ii. 538. achatinus, ii. 412. puncturd, til. 89. albus, ii. 405, 407, 410 ; iy. 258. | reticulata, iii. 89. aselloides, ii. 405. rubra, iii. 120. asellus, ii. 407. rufilabris, tii. 106. cancellatus, li. 410. scalariformis, iii. 78. cinereus, ii. 400, 402, 407. semicostata, ili. 95. corallinus, ti. 412. semistriata, iii. 117. crinitus, ii. 393, 396. striata, iii. 95. discors, ii. 413. striatula, iii. 73. discrepans, ii. 396. subcarinata, li. 541. ex rubro et albo marmoratus, ii. subumbilicata, tii. 137.

414, ulva, iil. 141. fascicularis, ii. 393, 396. unifasciata, iii. 120. Julminatus, ii. 414. | ventricosa, ill. 138. Fuscatus, li. 402. vitrea (erroneously glabrata), iii. Hanleyi, ii. 398 ; iv. 258. 125. latus, ii. 414. | - Ciona intestinalis, 1. 31. levigatus, ii. 414, 416. | Cionella acicula, iv. 131. levis, ii. 400, 411. Goodalli, iv. 128. marginatus, ii. 402, 412. lubrica, iv. 126. marmoreus, li. 414. | (Circe, ii. 446. minimus, ii. 400, 407. minima, i. 446. pictus, ti. 415. triangularis, i. 447. punctatus, ii. 417. Cireinaria pulchella, iv. 79. quinquevalvis, ii. 404. | CLAUSILIA, iv. 116. ruber, ii. 399, 414. i bidens, iv. 116, 124. septemvalvis, ii. 413. biplicata, iv. 118. sagrinatus, li. 405. | cordata, iy. 119.

CHITONIDA, ii. 389. corrugata, iv. 120.

Chondrus secale, iv. 101. crassula, iv. 122.

Cingula alba, iii. 98. eruciata, iv. 122. aculeus, ii. 97. derugata, iv. 117. arctica, ii. 97. dubia, iv. 122. auricularis, iv. 262. Everettii, iv. 122. Beanii, iii. 84. Sragilis, iv. 114. Bruguieri, iii. 146. infuleformis, iv. 119. Bryerea, iii. 149. Iphigenia Rolphii, iv. 120. calathiscus, iii. 149. labiata, iv. 124. carinata, ili. 92. laminata, iv. 116. cimee, iii. 80. lucida, iv. 117. cingilla, iii. 122. nigricans, iv. 121. conifera, iii. 147. obtusa, iv. 122. costata, iii. 92. papillaris, iv. 124. denticulata, iii. 150. parvula, iv. 114, 122. disjuncta, iii. 140. perversa, iv. 115, 118, 122. dispar, iii. 54. plicata, iy. 118. fulgida, iii, 128. plicatula, iv. 120, 122. Harveyi, iii. 305. quadrata, iv. 119. iaterrupta, iii. 100. radicans, iv. 119.

labiosa, iii, 109. Rolphii, iv. 120.

CLAUSILIA continued. roscida, iv. 122. rostrata, iv. 119. rugosa, iv. 122. similis, iv. 118. similis Montagui, iv. 118. solida, iv. 124. ungulata, iy. 117. uniplicata, iv. 115. ventricosa, iv. 118, 124. vivipara, iv. 118. vulnerata, iv. 119.

Clausina, ii. 376. abyssicola, ii. 60. Croulinensis, ii. 60. Serruginosa, li. 60.

Clavatula brachystoma, iii. 480, nebula, iii. 476.

CLAVELINIDA, i. 26.

CLAVELINA, i. 26. Lepadiformis, i. 26. Savigniana, 1. 27. producta, i. 27. pumilio, i. 27.

Rissoana, i. 27.

Clio borealis, iv. 292. limacina, iv. 292. retusa, iv. 292,

Cochlea, iii. 330. fasciata, iv. 54. parva, ii. 58. pomatia, iv. 47. unifasciata, iv. 48. vulgaris, iy. 45.

Cochlicella acuta, iv. 86. meridionalis, iv. 87. turricula, iy. 87.

Cochlicellus acutus, iv. 87.

Cochlicopa lubrica, iv. 125, 126.

CocHLODESMA, 1. 235. pretenue, i. 235.

Cochlodina derugata, iv. 117.

Cochlodonta muscorum, iv. 97.

Cochlohydra putris, iv. 132.

Columbella cincta, iii. 445. hyalina, ii. 445. levis, ii. 503. picta, ili. 444. pulchella, ii. 444,

Columna acicula, iv. 131. lubrica, iv. 126.

Cominia hyalina, iti. 445.

CONIDA, iii. 448.

Ceenatoria aspersa, iv. 45. Nuaticoides, iv. 43. pomatia, iv. 47.

Conovu us, iv. 190. albus, iv. 191. bidentatus, iv. 191.

INDEX. xlv

CoNovULUs continued. Bullaoides, iv. 197. denticulatus, iy. 194. pusillus, iv. 197.

Corsuta, i. 179. Binghami, i. 190. costellata, 1. 199. granulata, i. 204. inequivalvis, i. 181. nucleus, i. 181. Olympica, i. 181. ovata, i. 187. rosea, 1. 185. rotundata, i. 185. striata, i. 181. ustulata, i. 189.

CORBULIDA, i. 179.

Coriocella flewilis, iii. 350. perspicua, iii. 355. tentaculata, iii. 358.

Corneola pulchella, iv. 79.

Cornulus fulvus, iv. 76.

Cornuoides major, iii. 182.

CRANIADA,, ii. 364.

CRaANIA, ii. 365. anomala, ii. 366. Norvegica, ii. 366. personata, ii. 366. rostrata, il. 366.

Crassina arctica, i. 461. borealis, i. 461. castanea, i. 470. compressa, i. 462, 465. corrugata, i. 462. Danmoniensis, i. 452. depressa, 1. 471. elliptiea, i. 459. Montagui, i. 464. ovata, i. 459.

Scotica, 1. 452.

striata, i. 467. subrhomboidea, i. 426. sulcata, i, 452, 459, 470.

Crassine crassatellée, i. 452.

Crenatula Travisii, ii. 260.

CRENELLA, ii. 194. costulata, ii. 205. decussata, ii. 210. discors, ii. 195. elliptica, ii. 210. faba, iv. 256. marmorata, ii. 198. nigra, ii. 202. rhombea, ii. 208.

Crepidula calecolina, ii. 460. candida, i. 466. plana, ii. 466.

| Protea, ii. 466.

sinuosa, ii. 466,

xlvi

Crepidula continued. unguiformis, ii. 466.

Criopus anomalus, ii. 366.

Cryptodon flexuosum, ii. 55.

Cryptomphalus nemoralis, iv. 53.

Cuneus fusciatus, i. 388. Joliatus, i. 156. reticulatus, i. 379. truncatus, i. 340. vittatus, 1. 332.

Cyamium 2 minutum, ii. 81.

CYCLADID A, ii. 110.

Cycuas, ii. 110. amnica, ii. 133. appendiculata, ti 131. ealiculata, ii. 114. cinerea, il. 125. citrina, ii. 114. cornea, ii. 11], 113. flavescens, ii, 114, fontinalis, ii. 123, 128. gibba, ii, 123. lacustris, ii. 1]6, 118, nitida, ii. 126. obliqua, 11. 133. obtusalis, ii. 120. palustris, ii. 133. pulchella, ii. 128. pusilla, ii. 123, rivalis, ii. 113.

INDEX.

| | | | | |

Cynrutia continued.

ampulla, i. 40. claudicans, i. 37. coriacea, il. 375. grossularia, i. 40. informis, i. 36. Limacina, i. 39. mammillaris, i. 40. microcosmus, i. 37. morus, i. 39. quadrangularis, i. 38. rustica, i. 39. tessellata, i. 38. tuberosa, 1. 37.

Cyprma, iii. 494,

arctica, iii. 495.

bullata, iii. 495. coceinella, ii. 495. Europea, ii. 495. Norvegica, iii. 495. pediculus, iii. 495, 496. umbiliecalis, iii. 495.

| CYPREADA, iii. 493.

Cyerina, i. 440.

compressa, 1. 464. Islandica, i. 441; ii. 375. minima, i. 447. orbicularis, ii. 62. triangularis, i. 447. vulgaris, i. 441.

rivicola, ii, 111. Cyciostoma, iv. 201. achatinum, iii. 11. j

Cyprine d’Islande, i. 441. CY PRINIDA, i. 439. CyTHEREA, i. 395.

acutum, iii. 138. anatinum, ili. 134, elegans, iv. 201. ferruginea, ivy. 204. ferrugineum, iy. 204. impurum, i. 14. lineatum, iv. 205. obtusum, iii. 19. productum, iy. 204. subcylindricum, iii. 319. truncatulum, iil. 317. viviparum, ill. 9.

CY CLOSTOMIDA, iv. 200.

Cyclostrema Zetlandica, iii. 78.

Cy.icHna, iii. 507, 551. acuminata, i. 500. alba, iti. 520. conulus, iii. 517. ceylindracea, iii. 508. nitidula, tii. 515.

obtusa, iii. 512 ; iv. 192, 286.

strigella, iii. 518. truncata, li. 510. umbilicata, iii. 515, 519. CYNTHIA, i. 37. aggrepgata, i. 41.

apicalis, i. 447. Chione, i. 396. circinata, i. 399. Cyrilli, i. 447. exoleta, i. 428. Guineensis, i. 399. lincta, i. 431. minima, i. 447. minuta, i. 447. nitidula, i. 396. orbicularis, li. 62. ovata, i. 419. refleaa, 1. 405. sinuata, i. 431. tigerina, ii. 64. triangularis, i. 447. undatd, 1. 435.

Cythérée fauve, i. 396.

Defrancia nobilis, iii. 450.

scalaris, iii. 450. Vahlit, iii. 453. Woodiana, iii. 450.

Delomphalus pygmaeus, iv. 83.

rotundatus, iv. 80. rupestris, 1. 82.

Delomphalus continued. sawatilis, iv. 82. Delphinoidea depressa, iii. 157. resupinata, iv. 84. Serpuloides, iil. 161. unspiralis, iv. 269. Delphinula calear, ii. 536. levis, ii. 165. DernpDRONOTUS, ili. 586. arborescens, iii. 586. DENTALIADS, ii. 446. DenTALIUM, ii. 448. album, ii. 456. aprinum, ii. 455. clausum, li. 454. dentalis, ii. 452. eburneum, ii. 456. entalis, ii. 449, 451, 452. gadus, ii. 454. glabrum, iii. 182. imperforatum, iii. 178. labiatum, 11. 452. leve, ii. 452. minutum, iii. 181. octangulatum, ii. 455. octogonum, ii. 455. politum, ii. 452. semistriatum, ii. 454. striatum, li. 452. striatulum, ii. 455. subulatum, ii. 454. Tarentinum, ii. 451. trachea, iii. 178. variabile, ii. 456. vulgare, li. 451. Detracia Bullaoides, iv. 197. Diaphana candida, iii. 521. pellucida, iil. 521. Diastropha contorta, iv. 146. DioponTA, i. 283. fragilis, i. 284; iv. 251. DipLoponTa, ii. 64. dilatata, ii. 66. rotundata, ii. 65. DiruyLeipia, iv. 290. lineata, iv. 290. Neapolitana, iv. 290. Discina Norvegica, ii. 368. Ostreoides, ii. 366. Discus crystallinus, iv. 42. pygmaeus, iv. 83. rotundutus, iv. 80. Distoma, i. 18. rubrum, i. 18. variolosum, i. 18. Dolium perdix, ili. 446. Dolium, &c. iii. 446. DONACIDA, i. 331. Donacilla Lamarekii, i. 348.

xlvii

Donax, i. 33].

anatinus, i. 332. castaned, 1. 341. complanatus, 1. 336. crenulata, i. 340. denticulatus, i. 340. Trus, i. 156.

longa, i. 336. Martinicensis, i. 313. plebeia, i. 348. politus, i. 336. punctata, i. 340. rhomboides, i. 141. ruber, i. 332. trunculus, i. 332, 338.

DORIDIDA, iii. 562. Doris, iii. 563.

arborescens, iil. 586. argo, lil. 563. argus, iii. 564. aspera, lil. 567. Barvicensis, iii. 572. bifida, iii. 610. bilamellata, ili. 567. clavigera, iil. 573. coccinea, ili. 565. cerulea, iii. 603. cornuta, ii. 576. coronata, iii. 587. depressa, ii. 568. diaphana, iii. 567. flammea, iii. 564. flava, iii. 576. Susea, ii. 567. inconspicua, ili. 569. Johnstoni, iii. 564. longicornis, iii. 592. maura, i. 574. meray iii. 564. nigricans, iii. 570. nodosa, iii. 572. oblonga, ili. 568. obvelata, iii. 564. papillosa, iii. 590. pilosa, i. 570. planata, iii. 565. pusilla, 11. 569. quadrilineatay, iii. 576. repanda, ili. 566. sparsa, iii. 570. subquadrata, iii. 571. tuberculata, iii. 562. Ulidiana, iii. 566. vermigerds iil. 590. verrucosa, iii. 568.

Doro, iii. 587.

coronata, ili. 587. fragilis, iii. 588.

xlvili

DrEISSENA, li. 163. polymorpha, ii. 165.

ELEDONE, iy. 211. Aldrovandi, iv. 213. cirrhosus, iv. 211. moschatus, iv. 214. Pennantii, iv. 211. ventricosa, iv. 211.

ELYSIADA,, iii. 613.

ELysiA, ii. 613. viridis, ii. 614. EMARGINULA, li. 476. capuliformis, ii. 479. crassa, li. 481. conica, il. 47 9, curvirostris, li. 478. fissura, ii. 477. levis, ii. 478. pileolus, ii. 479. reticulata, ii. 477. rosea, ii. 479. Embla Korenti, iv. 256. EMBLETONIA, iil. 606. minuta, iii. 607. pulchra, iii. 607. Ena moniana, iv. 89. obscura, iv. 91.

Elida coronata, iii. 592.

papillosa, iii. 590. Eolidia cristata, iv. 287. Embletoni, iii. 593. minuta, iii. 607.

rufibranchialis, iii. 598.

EOLIDIDA, iii. 585.

Forts, iii. 589.

alba, iii. 597. amena, iii. 602. amethystina, iii. 604. angulata, i. 598. arenicola, iil. 602. aurantiaca, iii. 600. cingulata, ili. 600. concinna, iii. 598. coerulea, ili. 603. coronata, lii. 592. curta, ill. 593. despecta, iii. 605. Drummondi, iii. 593. elegans, iii. 595. exigua, ili. 606. Farrani, ii. 605. glauca, iil. 591. Glossensis, 111. 601. gracilis, iii, 595. histria, iii. 600. inornata, iil. 598. Landsburgi, ili. 596. lineata, iii. 594.

INDEX.

Eouis continued. longicornis, iii. 592. minuta, iii. 608. nana, iii. 599. Northumbria, i. 602. oblusalis, 11. 590, olivacea, ili. 599. pallida, iii. 603. papillosa, iii, 590. Peachii, iii. 591. pellucida, iti. 596. picta, ii. 603. punctata, iii, 594. purpurascens, iii. 597. rosea, iii. 590. rufibranchialis, iii. 593. smaragdina, i. 595. stipata, ili. 597. tenuibranchialis, ili. 593. tricolor, ii. 604. violucea, ili. 604. viridis, iii. 603.

Vittata, iii. 601. Zetlandica, iii. 590.

Erato Cypreola, iii. 502, 593. levis, iii. 503.

Eruca muscorum, iv. 105. umbilicata, iv. 96.

ERVILIA, 1. 341. castanea, i. 3841 ; iy. 253. nitens, i. 344, pellucida, i. 345.

Erycina bidentata, ii. 75. cuspidata, i. 195.

Serruginosa, ii. 72. plebeia, i. 348. purpurea, ii. 81. substriata, ii. 77.

Eubranchus tricolor, iii. 604.

Evunma, iii. 228. acicula, ili. 311. affinis, iii. 313.

Anglica, ili. 229. bilineata, iii. 237. crassula, iii. 309. distorta, iii, 232. elegantissima, ii. 243. lineata, ili. 235, 237. M‘ Andrei, iii. 309. nitida, iii. 231 ; iv. 273. nitidissima, iil. 317. polita, iii. 229, 233 ; iv. 273. Scilla, iii. 309. subulata, iii. 235, 237.

EULIMELLA, ili. 308 ; iv. 276. acicula, iii. 311 ; iv. 283.

affinis, iii. 313; iv. 274, 283.

clavula, iii, 311, 314; 283.

iv.

INDEX. xlix

EvLmMe La continued. crassula, iii. 309. gracilis, ii. 313. Scilla, iii. 309. Eumenis flavidus, iii. 586. marmorata, iii. 585. Euparypha rhodostoma, iv. 56. Euplocamus claviger, iii. 573. plumosus, iii. 573. Euryomphala pygmea, iv. 83. rotundata, iv. 80. rupestris, lv. 82. umbilicata, iv. 82.

FISSURELLA, li. 468. apertura, li. 469. Europea, ii. 469. Greca, ii. 469. marginata, iv. 259. nimbosa, ii. 472. Noachina, ii. 474. nubecula, ii. 472. reticulata, ii. 469. rosea, ii. 472. Zetlantica, iv. 259.

FISSURELLID&, ii. 467.

Flabellina, iii. 592.

Fruticola aculeata, iv. 74. Cantiana, iv. 50. Carthusianella, iv. 52. circinata, iv. 67. hispida, iv. 69. limbata, iv. 85. sericea, iv. 72.

Fusulus fragilis, iv. 115.

Fusus, iii. 415. accinctus, iii. 491. albus, iii. 445, 461. antiquus, iii. 416, 423. asperrimus, iil. 465. attenuatus, iii. 488. Babylonicus, iii. 424. Bamfius, iii. 436. Bameffius, iii. 436. Banffius, iii. 436. Barvicensis, ii. 442. Berniciensis, iii. 42]; iv. 286.

Buchanensis, iii. 471. carinatus, iii. 424, 434, castaneus, ili. 455. chordula, iii. 455. contrarius, lil. 424. corallinus, ili. 374. corneus, iii. 416, 419. costatus, iii. 485.

erassus, iv. 490.

Fusus continued. decemcostatus, iil. 434. decussatus, iii. 440. despectus, ili. 434. discors, iii. 455. discrepans, iii. 455. echinatus, iii. 439. elegans, iii. 473. Jasciatus, iii. 490. Jenestratus, iii. 412. fornicatus, iii. 434. fuscus, iii. 455. gracilis, iii. 416. gyrinus, iii. 374 5 iv. 284. Islandicus, iii. 416, 419, 421. Laskeyi, iii. 361. lavatus, iii. 374. linearis, iii. 471. lineatus, iii. 492. Listeri, iii. 416. lyratus, iii. 434. minimus, iii. 877 5 ii. 455. minutus, iii. 490. multicarinatus, iil. 434. multilinearis, iii. 490. muricatus, iii. 439. nebula, iii. 476. Noryegicus, iii. 428. Pleurotomarius, vii. 455. propinquus, iii. 419. proximus, iii. 479. punctatus, ii, 499. purpureus, ii. 465. pyramidatus, iii. 476. pyrulatus, iii. 440. retroversus, li. 384. rostratus, iii. 440. rufus, ii. 455.

Sabini, iii. 419. scalariformis, iii. 438. septangularis, iil. 458 . subnigris, iii. 377. turricola, iii. 450. turricula, iii. 450. turriculus, ii. 450. turritellatus, iii. 377. Turtoni, iii. 431. umbilicatus, ii. 361.

2 iii. 433.

GaALEOMMA, li. 104, 105. Turtoni, ii. 105. Galericulum levigatum, iii. 348. ovatum, iii. 321. otis, iii. 821. GASTEROPODA, OpisTHOBRANCHI- ATA, lil. 506. GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA, ii. 387.

g

] INDEX.

GASTEROPODA PULMONIFE- | Hetix continued. WAS aval: acicula, ivy. 130. GAsTROCHANA, i. 130. aculeata, iv. 74.

dubia, i. 132. acuta, iv. 65, 86. hians, i. 132. affinis, iv. 65. Modiolina, i. 132. alba, iv. 149. pholadia, i. 132. albella, iv. 26, 56.

GASTROCHENIDS, i. 129. Alboranensis, iv. 56.

GEOMALACUS, iy. 11. aliena, iv. 82. maculosus, iv. 11. alliacea, iv. 34. Gibbula, ii. 490. alliaria, iv. 34. rlycimeris arctica, i. 174. alpestris, iv. 48. argented, ii. 216. Altenana, iv. 67. orbicularis, 11. 245. aperta, iy. 43. Gontoporis, iii. 571. arbustorum, iv. 46. castanea, iii. 572. arenaria, iii. 303. nodosa, iii. 572. aspersa, iv. 44. Gonostoma obvolutum, iv. 63. auricula, iv. 166. Goodallia minutissima, i. 468. auricularia, iv. 169. triangularis, i. 468. badiella, iv. 70. Granaria secale, iy. 101. barbara, iv. 86. Gulnaria auricula, iv. 170. bicolor, iv. 269. Gyraulus hispidus, iy. 149. bifusciata, iv. 87. brevipes, iv. 31. Halia Flemingiana, iii. 408. buecinata, iv. 89.

HALIOTIDA, ii. 484. Bullaoides, iv. 14).

Hauioris, ii. 485. canalis, ili. 62. tuberculata, ii. 485. Cantiana, iv. 50. vulgaris, ii. 486. caperata, iv. 59.

Haminea hydatis, iii. 531. carinata, iv. 154.

Helicella alliaria, iv. 35. Carthusiana, iv. 51. cellaria, iv. 33. Carthusianella, iy. 51. erystallina, iv. 42. cellaria, iv. 33. Draparnaudii, iv. 33. cespitum, iv. 62. ericetorum, iv. 62. chersina, iv. 76. glabra, iv. 35. cincta, iv. 54. hispida, iv. 69. cingenda, iv. 56. lapicida, iy. 65. circinata, iv. 67. montana, iv. 67. clandestina, iv. 66, 67. nitida, iv. 40. coarctata, iv. 84. nitidosa, iv. 37. cochlea, iv. 156. nitidula, iv. 36. celata, iv. 67. pygmea, iy. 88. compactilis, iii. 11. revelata, iy. 70. complanata, iy. 155. rotundata, iv. 80. complanatus, iv. 162. sericea, iy. 71. concinna, iv. 69. succinea, iv. 40. contorta, iv. 160.

HELICIDA, iv. 29. cornea, iv. 147. Helicodonta obvoluta, iv, 65. cornu-arietis, iv. 147. Felicogena hortensis, iv. 53, 54. corrugata, iv. 67.

hybrida, iv. 54. corvus, iv. 181. lapicida, iv. 65. costata, iv. 78. libellula, iv. 54. crassa, iv. 160. nemoralis, iv. 53, 54. crenella, iv. 78. pomatia, iv. 47. erenulata, iv. 60.

Helicolimaa Audebardi, iy. 30. erepuscularis, iy. 50. major, iv. 30. cretacea, iv. 86. pellucida, iv. 30. cristallina, iv. 42.

HELIX, iy. 43. cristata, iii. 21.

Hx1x continued. erystallina, iy. 37, 41, 78. cylindrica, iv. 101. decollata, iv. 93. decussata, iii. 147. depressa, iii. 157. depilata, iv. 69. derugata, iv. 117. diaphana, iv. 30. Draparnaldi, iv. 30. Draparnaudi, iv. 155. detrita, iv. 92. detritus, iy. 165. dubia, iv. 62. eburnea, iv. 42. electrina, iv. 37. elegans, iv. 85. elegantissima, iii. 242. elliptica, iv. 30. elongata, iy. 137. erica, iv. 62. ericetorum, iy. 58, 61. excavata, iy. 40. exigua, iv. 103.

exilis, iv. 92.

yasciata, iii. 58, flavocincta, iii. 235. feetida, iv. 35. Fontana, iv. 161. JSontinalis, iv. 181. Jossaria, iv. 177. Sragilis, iv. 174, 176, 181. fulgida, iii. 128, fulva, iv. 75.

fusca, iv. 54, 77, 289. glabra, iv. 34. glabrata, iii. 125, 283, globosa, iy. 84. globularis, iv. 72. glutinosa, iv. 182. Goodall, iv. 93. Goodallit, iv. 128. Gothica, iy. 48. granulata, iv. 72. grisea, iv. 44.

Gypsit, iv. 51. Haliotoides, iii. 347. Hammonis, iv. 39. hispida, iv. 68, 71. hortensis, iy. 44, 53. hybrida, iv. 54. ianthina, ii. 549. intersecta, iv. 60. inflata, iv. 166.

Ttala, iv. 61.

Ithmia cylindrica, iv. 106, Jeverana, iii. 141. Kirbii, iv. 83.

labiosa, iii, 109.

INDEX.

| |

|

HELIX continued.

Lackhamensis, iv. 89. lacuna, iii. 59. lamellata, iv. 73. lapicida, iy. 65. lenticula, iv. 37. lenticularis, iv. 162. limbata, iv. 85, 155, limosa, iv. 133, 166. littorina, iii. 132. levigata, iii. 347 ; iv. 286. lubrica, iv. 125. lucida, iv. 33, 39, 41. lucifuya, iv. 54, lucorum, iv. 44, lurida, iv. 35,

lutea, iv. 166, 169. Mandralisci, iv. 76. margarita, i. 531. marmorata, iv. 144, minuta, iv. 78. 83. monilifera, iv. 58, montana, iv. 67. Mortoni, iv. 76. muscorum, iv. 97. mutabilis, iv. 54. nana, iv. 147. Naticoides, iv. 43. Nautileus, iv. 152. nemoralis, iy. 51, 53. Neritoides, iv. 43. nitens, iv. 33, 35, 39.

nitida, iv. 33, 39, 41, 51, 163.

nitidissima, iil. 158, nitidosa, iv. 37. nitidula, iv. 36, 37, 75. nived, iv. 62. obscura, iv. 89, 90. obvoluta, iv. 63. octanfracta, iv. 179. octona, iv. 180, 178. Offtonensis, iv. 103. Olivieri, iv, 51. otis, iii. 321. pallida, iv. 50. paludosa, iy. 78. palustris, iv. 180. Parreysii, iv. 67. pella, iii. 122. pellucida, iv. 30. peregrina, iv. 179. peregra, iv. 166. perspicud, iii. 355, perversda, iv. 120, petholata, iv. 56. petred, ili. 26. Pisana, iv. 56, 58. piscinalis, iii, 19. planata, iv. 154,

li

ll INDEX.

HELIx continued. planorbis, iv. 153,155, 158. plebeium, iv. 69. polita, iii. 229, 232. pomatia, iv. 46. pulchella, iv. 78. pupa, iv. 94, pura, iv. 37, 38. putris, iv. 182, 133, 166. pygmeea, iy. 88. quinquefasciata, iv. 54. radiata, iv. 80. radiatula, iv. 38. resupinatda, iii, 302; iy. 84. reticulata, iv. 84. reyelata, iv. 70. Rhenana, iv. 65. rhodostoma, iv. 56. rotundata, iv. 80. rufescens, iv. 66, 69. rufilabris, iv. 51. rufina, iv. 67. rupestris, iv. 81. Scarburgensis, iv. 73. secale, iv. 101. seminulum, iv. 73. sericea, iv. 69, 71, 989. Serpuloides, iii. 161. Siculus, iv. 166. spinulosa, iv. 74. spirorbis, iv. 159. spirula, iv. 82. splendidula, iv. 125. stagnalis, iv. 174, 180. stagnorum, iv. 92. striata, iii. 300 ; iv. 58, 60, 62. strigata, iv. 56. striolata, iv. 67. subalbida,iv. 58. subcarinatus, ii. 541. subcylindrica, iii. 317, 319; iv.

125, 283. subglobosa, iv. 54. subrufescens, iv. 77. subulata, iii. 235, 237. suceinea, iv. 40, 132. sylvestris, iv. 89. lenera, iv. 35. tentaculata, ili. 14. tenuis, iv. 40. terrestris, iv. 43, 74, 76, 85. terrestris Listeri, iv. 75. terrestris tertius, iv. 76. terebra, iy. 156. teres, iv. 166. Terverit, iv. 58. trigonophora, iv. 63. Trochiformis, iv. 75. trochilus, iv. 76.

HeEvix continued. Trochulus, iv. 75. truncatula, iv. 177. tubulata, iv. 269. turgidula, iv. 49. Turtoni, iv. 80. turturum, iv. 67. ulve, iii. 141. umbilicata, iv. 60, 81, 96. unisptralis, iv. 269. variabilis, iv. 58. variegata, iii. 145 ; iv. 44. vertigo, iv. 111. virgata, iv. 57, 289. viridula, iv. 37. vitrea, ili. 125; iv. 42. vivipara, iii. 8, 11. vortex, iv. 157. Wittmanni, iv. 48.

Cutartii, iv. 48. Zenobia bimarginata, iv. 52. Zonaria, iv. 56, 57.

Herma, iii. 609. bifida, ii. 610. dendritica, iii. 609.

FTiatelle, i. 141.

Hiatella aretica, i. 141. minuta, i. 141,

Polii, ii. 105. oblonga, i. 146. rugosa, i. 146.

Hinnites pusio, ii. 278. sinuosus, ii. 278.

Hipponyx mitrula, ii. 462.

HyYALBEA, ii. 379. depressa, ii. 380. mucronata, li. 380. triacantha, ii. 380. trispinosa, li. 380.

Hyales a trois pointes, ii, 380.

Hyporuyris, ii. 344. psittacea, i. 346.

TANnrHINA, ii. 548. bicolor, ii. 549. Britannica, iv. 260. communis, ii. 549 ; iv. 260. exigua, li. 555. Sragilis, ii. 549. nitens, li. 553. pallida, ii. 553. patula, ii. 553.

Tanthine, ii. 549.

Tanthine naine, ii. 555.

violette, li. 549, 555.

IANTHINIDA, ii. 547.

Iparia, iii. 578. aspersa, ili. 578. inaequalis, ili. 579,

TpAx14, continued. quadricornis, ili. 580. Infundibulum rectum, ii. 464. Sinense, ii. 464. TsocarpiA, i. 472. cor, i. 472, Hibernica, i. 473.

Jaminia alba, iv. 192. bidentata, iv. 191. denticulata, iv. 195. insculpta, iil. 289. interstincta, ili. 296. longiuscula, iv. 285, 289. muscorum, iv. 98, oblonga, iii. 296. obtusa, iii. 296. plicata, iii. 271. plicatula, iii. 299. pulla, iii. 308. quinquedens, iv. 195. sealaris, ii. 284. secale, iv. 101.

Janus Spinole, iv. 287.

JEFFREYSIA, ili. 15). diaphana, iii. 152. globularis, iv. 268, opalina, iii. 154 ; iv. 267.

KELLIA, ii, 84. Serruginosa, ii. 60, nitida, ii. 92. rubra, i. 94. suborbicularis, ii. 87. KELLIADA, ii. 69. Klaffende kammuschel, ii. 268.

LACHESIS, iii. 376, minima, iii. 377.

Lacuna, iii. 55. bifuseiata, iii. 63. canalis, iil. 63. corned, ili. 63. crassior, iii. 67. divaricata, il. 63. fasciata, iii. 59. labiosa, iii. 65. Montacuti, iii. 59. Montagui, ii. 59. pallidula, iii. 56. patula, iti, 57. pertusa, iil, 63. puteolus, iii. 58. quadrifasciata, iii. 63. retusa, ili. 68. striata, iil. 63. suleata, iii. 59. vincta, iii. 62 ; iv. 262.

LAMELLARIA, ill. 353.

INDEX. hii

LAMELLARIA, continued, membranacea, ili. 558. perspicua, iii, 355. tentaculata, iii. 358.

Laplysia depilans, iii. 554.

Lasea rubra, ii. 94.

Latomus lapicida, iy. 65.

Lavigno calecinella, i. 326.

LEpA, ii. 226. caudata, ii. 226. complanata, ii. 227. minuta, ii. 227. Montagui, ii. 232. oblonga, li. 233. pygmea, ii. 230. tenuis, ll. 230. truncata, ii. 233.

Lenticula lapicida, iv. 65.

Lepas, §c., ii. 459, 462.

LEPTOCLINUM, i. 16. asperum, i. 17. aureum, i. 17. gelatinosum, i. 17. Listerianum, i. 17. maculosum, i. 16. punctatum, i. 18.

LEPTON, ii. 97.

Clarkia, iv. 255. converum, ii. 102; iv. 255. nitidum, ii. 92. squammeux, li. 98. squamosum, li. 98.

Lesea minuta, ii. 81,

Ligula distorta, i. 229, pretenuis, i. 236. prismatica, 1. 321.

Lra, ii. 262. aperta, li. 268. bullata, ii. 265, 268. extlis, ii, 268, fragilis, li. 265, 268. hians, il. 268. inflata, ii. 268. Loscombii, ii. 265. nived, ii. 263. oblonga, ii. 268.

Sarsii, ti, 268. subauriculata, il. 263. sulcata, li. 263. suleulus, il. 263. tenera, li. 268. vitrina, ii. 268.

Limacella concava, iv. 13, 20, 288. obliqua, iv. 288. parma, iv. 15. unguiculata, iv. 19.

Limacellus obliquus, iv. 13, 288. variegatus, iv. 19, 288. unguiculus, 1. 288,

liv

LIMACID&, iv. 6.

Limacina pellucida, iv. 30. LIM APONTIA, iii. 614. nigra, iii. 614.

Limatula subauriculata, ii, 263.

Limax, iv. 12. agrestis, iv. 13, 288, albus, iv. 7 antiquorum, iv. 15. arboreus, iv. 17. arborum, iv. 17, 289. ater, iv. 17. brunneus, iv. 20. carinatus, iv. 22, 289. cinereo-niger, iv. 15. cinereus, iv. 15, 19. cireumscriptus, iv. 10. Susciatus, iv. 10. flavus, iv. 9, 19. gagates, iv. 24, 288. maculatus, iv. 15. marginatus, iv. 17, 22. maximus, Iv. 15. papillosus, ii. 590, rufus, iv. 7- salicetum, iv. 17. subfuscus, iv. 7. succineus, iv. 7. Sowerbii, iv. 22. tenellus, iv. 21. variegatus, iv, 19.

Limnea Burnetti, iv. 172. elongata, iv. 179. peregra, iv. 170. truncatula, iv. 177.

LIMN HAD&, iv. 139.

Limn2vs, iv. 164. auricularius, iv. 169. Burnetti, iv. 172. elongatus, iv. 179. Sragilis, iv. 181. glaber, iv. 178. glutinosus, iv. 162. involutus, iv. 184, 290. limosus, iv. 177. minutus, ivy. 177. ovatus, iv. 166, 16%. palustris, iv. 180.

pereger, iv. 165, 170, 173.

stagnalis, iy. 174, 176. truncatulus, iv. 177. vulgaris, iv. 166.

Limnea wuricularia, iv. 170.

detrita, iv. 92. elongata, iv. 179. Sontinalis, iv.141. fossaria, iv. 177. Sragilis, iv. 175. glutinosa, iv. 183.

Limnea continued.

intermedia, iv. 167. leucostoma, iv. 179. limosa, iv. 167. lineata, iv. 167, 168. lutea, iv. 167, 169. marginata, iv. 167, 169. minuta, iv. 177. octona, iv. 179. ovata, iv. 167. palustris, iv. 181. peregra, iy. 167. rivalis, iv. 145. stagnalis, iv. 175. turrita, iy. 144.

Limneus acutus, iv. 170, 171.

auricularius, iv. 170, communis, iv. 181. detritus, iv. 93, 165. elodes, iy. 182. elongatus, iv. 179. fossarius, iv. 177. fragilis, iv. 175. glutinosus, iv. 182. Grayanus, ili. 70. involutus, iv. 184. major, iv. 175. ovatus, iv. 166. palustris, iv. 181. pereger, iv. 166. reflexus, iv. 182. scaturiginum, iv. 176. stagnalis, iv. 174. tinctus, iv. 181. truncatulus, iv. 177. umbrosus, iv. 182. vulgaris, iv. 167.

: A eri Limpet, common, ii. 421.

blue-rayed, ii. 430. large foolscap, ii. 459. small foolscap, ii. 462.

Listera compressa, i. 326. Lithodomus aristatus, ii. 212.

caudigerus, Vi. 212. fuscus, ii. 213. lithophagus, li. 212.

LTitorina litorea, iii. 29.

ziezac, iii. 54.

LITTORINA, lii. 25, 339.

anatina, iii. 134. Basteroti, iii. 26. Beanit, iii. 49. cerulea, iii, 26. caerulescens, iii. 26. dispar, iii. 54. fabalis, ii. 49, 53; iv. 262. labiata, iii. 36. littoralis, iii. 45. littorea, ili, 29, 32.

Lirrorina continued. muriatica, iii. 140. neglecta, ili. 43. Neriteformis, iii. 47. Neritoides, iii. 26, 45, 52. nigrolineata, iii. 32. obtusata, iii. 46. palliata, iii. 51; iv. 262. patula, iii. 36, 53. petred, iii. 26. rudis, iii. 32, 53. rudissima, iii. 36. savatilis, ii. 43, 53. striatula, iii. 73. tenebrosa, iii. 53. ulve, iii. 141. ventricosa, iii. 41. vulgaris, iii. 29. ziczac, ili. 54. zonaria, ili. 32.

LITTORINIDA, iii. 24.

Lobaria quadrilobata, iii. 539.

Lorieo, iv. 225. Brogniartii, iv. 232. Coindetii, iv. 233. Eblane, iv. 235. harpago, iv. 233. illecebrosa, iv. 233. Marmore, iv. 230. media, iy. 228. pared, iv. 228. piscatorum, iv. 233. sagittata, iv. 232, 253. sepiola, iv. 220. subulata, iv. 228. todarus, iv. 234. vulgaris, iv. 226.

Lomonorvus, iii. 585. flavidus, ii. 586. marmoratus, ili. 585.

Loripes lactea, ii. 58. rotundata, ii. 66.

Lottia pulchella, ii. 437. virgined, li. 437.

LucINa, ii. 43. alba, ii. 46. Amphidesmoides, ii. 58. antiquata, i. 46. arcuata, li. 52. balaustina, 1. 290. borealis, ii. 46. carnaria, i. 313. commutata, ii. 52. divaricata, ii. 52, 54, ferruginosa, i. 60. flexuosa, ii. 54. FTiatelloides, ii. 49. lactea, ii. 56, 66. leucoma, ii. 57.

INDEX.

Lucrna continued. orbicularis, ii. 62. pisiformis, 1. 312. radula, ii. 46. rotundata, li. 66. sinuata, ii. 54, sinuosa, ll. 55. spinifera, 11. 49. squamosa, li. 62. tigerina, li. 64. undata, i. 435.

LUCINID4A, ii. 41.

Luornopsis, i. 433. undata, i. 435.

Lurraria, i. 369. compressa, i. 326. elliptica, i. 370; iv. 253. hians, i. 374.

Listert, i. 326. oblonga, i. 374. piperata, i. 326. Solenoides, i. 374. squamosa, li. 98. vulgaris, i. 370.

Lutraire elliptique, i. 370.

Lutricola compressa, i. 326. Solenoides, i. 374.

Lux vespertina, i. 271.

Lymnea auricularia, iv. 170. intermedia, iv. 167. tnvoluta, iv. 184. leucostoma, iv. 179. minuta, iv. 177. ovata, iv. 167. peregra, iv. 166. putris, iv. 167. stagnalis, iv. 175.

Lymneus ovatus, iv. 167.

Lymnea fragilis, iv. 181. glutinosa, iv. 183. lacustris, iv. 167. minuta, iv. 177. ovata, iy. 167. peregra, iv. 167. succined, iv. 133. vulgaris, iv. 167.

Lymneus auricularius, iv. 170. minutus, iv. 177. ovatus, iv. 166. stagnalis, iv. 174.

Lyonsia, i. 2) 3. coruscans, i. 214, elongata, i. 214, Norvegica, i. 214. plicata, i. 218. striata, i. 214.

Macroma tenera, 1. 307. Mactra, i, 350.

lv

lvi INDEX.

Mactra continued. MANGELIA continued. alba, i. 316. teres, iil. 462. Boysii, i. 316. Trevelliana, iii. 452. Braziliana, i. 368. turricula, ili. 450. cinerea, i. 363. Mangilia nebula, iii. 476. compressa, 1. 326. tiarula, iii. 480. cornea, i. 348. Margarita, ii. 489. crassa, 1. 354. alabastrum, ii. 497. crassatella, i. 359. arctica, ii. 531. cuneata, i. 859, aurea, ii. 535 5 iv. 259. dealbata, i. 368. carnea, ii. 328. deaurata, i. 346. 2 costulata, iti. 167. denticulata, i. 346. elegantissima, iil. 168. dubia, i. 351. Helicina, ii. 531. elliptica, i. 356. margarita, ii. 531. fragilis, i. 368. minutissima, iil. 168. glauca, i. 366. olivaced, ii. 335. helvacea, i. 306. pusilla, ii, 534. hians, i. 374. striata, ii. 528. lactea, i. 359. undulata, ti. 513, 515,529. Listeri, i. 326. vulgaris, ii. 531. lutraria, i. 370. Margaritana margaritifera, ii. 147. magna, i. 363. MARGINELLA, iil. 502. minutissima, i. 468. catenata, iii. 505. Neapolitana, i. 366. Donovani, iii. 502. ovalis, i. 351. levis, iii. 502. piperata, i. 326. muscaria, iii. 502. radiata, li. 39. pallida, iii. 505. solida, i. 351, 356, Voluta, iii. 502. striata, i. 361. Mecatuyris, ii. 359. stultorum, i. 363, 359. cistellula, ii. 361 3 iv. 257. subtruncata, i. 354, 358. Melampus Bulla, iv. 197. tenuis, i. 323. Melania acicula, iii. 311. triangula, i. 359. Bosciti, iii. 229. triangularis, i. 467. Cambessedesii, iii. 235. truncata, 1. 351, 354 ; iv. 253. Campanella, iii. 242. Veneriformis, i. 464. distorta, ili. 232.

MACTRIDA, i. 349. Donovani, iii. 235.

Mactrina minutissima, i. 468. elegantissima, iii. 242. triangularis, i. 468. Susca, iii. 202.

Magdala striata, i. 214. Matoni, iii. 202.

MANGELIA, ili. 448: iy. 286. rufa, iii. 245 ; iv. 276. accincta, ili. 491, scalaris, iii. 251. attenuata, ili. 488. Melibea coronata, iii. 587. balteata, iii. 486. ornata, iii. 587. brachystoma, iii. 480. vinnatifida, iii. 588. costata, iii. 485. Merdigera obscura, iy. 91. costulata, iii. 484. Mesodesma castanea, i. 341. Ginnaniana, iii. 476. cornea, i. 348. gracilis, iii. 473. deatrata, i. 346. Leufroyi, iii. 468. denticulata, i. 346. linearis, iii. 470. donacillum, i. 348. nana, iii. 461: iv. 286. Tauresii, i. 347. nebula, iii. 476. Mopro14, ii. 181. purpurea, ili. 465: iv. 286. agglutinans, ii. 193. pusilla, iii. 486. Americana, ii. 187. rufa, iii. 454. arctica, iv. 257. septangularis, iii. 458. Ballii, ii. 193.

striolata, iii. 483. barbata, ii. 183, 190.

Mopioxa continued. castanea, il. 194. caudigera, ii. 212. cicercula, ii. 210. cinnamoned, ii. 213. compressa, il. 202. costulata, ii. 205, depressa, ii. 202. discors, ii. 198.

discrepans, ii. 195, 198, 202.

Saba, ii. 210 ; iv. 257. Susca, ii. 213.

Gibbsit, ii. 190. glandula, ii. 210. marmorata, ii. 198. minuta, ii. 195. Modiolus, ii. 182, 183. nigra, li. 202. Papuana, ii. 183, 187. phaseolina, ii. 186; iv. 256. Poliana, ii. 198. Prideauxiana, ii. 208. radiata, ii. 187. rhombea, ii. 208. tulipa, ii. 187.

tumida, ii. 198.

vestita, ii. 192, 193. vulgaris, ii. 183.

Mo evra, i. 36. arenosa, li. 374. oculata, i. 36. tubulosa, i. 36.

Monacha Carthusianella, w. 52.

sericea, iv. 72. Monoceros hepaticus, iii. 398. Monodonta Bellizi, iv. 259. Monodonta crassa, ii. 525.

lugubris, ii. 525. MonracurTa, ii. 71, 376.

bidentata, ii. 75.

ferruginosa, ii. 72 ; iv. 254.

glabra, ii. 72.

oblonga, ii. 72.

purpurea, ii. 81.

substriata, ii. 77. Montagua longicornis, iii. 592.

cerulea, iii, 603. . Moule @’ Afrique, ii. 181. Movrex, iii. 369.

aceinctus, iii. 491.

aciculatus, iii. 488.

acuminatus, iv. 286.

adversus, iii. 195.

angulatus, i. 450.

antiquus, lil. 434, 423, 435.

attenuatus, iii. 488.

badius, iii. 374.

Bamffius, iii. 436.

carica, iii. 447.

INDEX.

Murex continued.

carinatus, ili, 361, 424, 434,

chordula, ii. 454. cinguliferus, iii. 371. clathratus, iii. 436. corallinus, iii. 374; iv. 283. corneus, ill. 416.

costatus, 111. 458, 485. cutaceus, ili. 446.

decollatus, iii. 424. despectus, iii. 424, 434, 435. duplicatus, iii. 435.

elegans, iii. 470. emarginatus, iii. 473. erinaceus, ili. 370. Sornicatus, 11. 434. Suscatus, iii. 202.

Suscus, iii. 202.

gracilis, iil. 473. granulatus, iti. 202.

lvii

435.

gyrinus, iii. 374, 3763 iv. 283.

inconspicuus, il. 374. Islandicus, iii. 416. lamellatus, iii. 438. linearis, iii. 470. Massena, iii. 374. minutissimus, iii. 198. muricatus, iil. 439. nebula, iii. 476. prowimus, iii. 479. purpureus, iil. 465. radula, iii. 202. reticulatus, iil. 192. rufus, iii. 454.

seaber, iii. 192. septangularis, iii. 458. septemangulatus, ill. 458. sinuosus, iii. 492.

subantiquatus, iil. 435. subulatus, iii. 201. Tarentinus, iii. 371. tubercularis, iii. 365. turricula, iii. 450. undatus, iii. 402.

MURICID/, iii. 369. Mussel, common, ii. 170. Mya, 1. 162.

acuta, i. 169. arctica, 1. 141. arenaria, li. 168. Batava, ii. 154, bidentata, ii. 75. byssifera, i. 146. convead, i. 229. declivis, i. 221, 226. decussata, i. 151. depressa, ii. 140. distorta, i. 231.

h

lvili

Mya continued. dubia, i. 132. ferruginosa, ii. 72. Gaditana, i. 326. glycimeris, i. 178. FTispanica, i. 326. inequivalvis, 1. 181. margaritiferd, li. 146. mercenaria, i. 169. nitens, i. B44. nitida, i. 319, 214. Norvegica, i. 174, 214. oblonga, i. 374.

ovalis, i. 164 ; ii. 140, 143.

ovata, ii. 140. pellucida, i. 214. pholadia, i. 132. pictorum, ii. 142, 153. pretenuis, i. 235. prismatica, i. 321. pubescens, i. 221, 226. purpurea, ii. 81, striata, i. 214. suborbicularis, ti. 87. substriata, ii. 77. truncata, i. 163,

MY ADJ, i. 160.

Myatella Montagui, i. 24.

Mye des sables, i. 169, tronquée, i. 164. Myrtea spinifera, ii. 49. Mysca ovata, ii. 140. pictorum, ii. 143. solida, ii. 140. MYTILIDA, ii. 162. Myriwvs, ii. 168. abbreviatus, ii. 171. achatinus, ii. 170. Afer, ii. 181. Africanus, ii. 181. ambiguus, i. 132. anatinus, ii. 155. Arca, ii. 165. aristatus, li. 212. Avonensis, il. 160. barbatus, ii. 182, 190. bidens, ii. 178. crenatus, il. 180. erista-galli, ii. 321. curtus, ii. 182. curvirostratus, li. 182. cygneus, i. 155. decussatus, ii. 210. dentatus, ii. 156. dilatatus, ii. 171.

discors, li. 195, 1983 ii. 202. discrepans, ii. 195, 198 ; ii. 202.

edulis, ii, 170. e fluvio Volga, ii. 165.

INDEX.

Myrivous continued. exustus, il. 179. Saba, iv. 256. flavus, ii. 171. Srons, li. 321. Suscus, ii. 213. Galloprovincialis, ii. 171. hesperianus, ii. 171. Hageni, ii. 165. hirundo, i. 251. hirundo e Mari ) «: Mediterraneo, } ee tnerassatus, ii. 160. incurvatus, ii. 171. lineatus, ii. 165. lithophagus striatus, ii, 212. macula, ii. 159. Modiolus, ii. 182, 187. Morio, ii. 254. Papuanus, ii. 183. pellucidus, ii. 170. pholadis, i. 146. plicatus, i. 218 ; iv. 249. polymorphus, ii. 165. precisus, i. 161. retusus, ti. 171. rugosus, i, 146. sagittatus, ii. 171. stagnalis, ii. 156. striatulus, ii. 178. striatus, li. 173. subsaxatilis, ii. 171. umbilicatus, ii. 182. ungulatus, ii. 170, 181. ungulinus, ii. 170 Volgensis, ii. 165. vulgaris, ii. 171. Zellensis, ii. 158.

Narica glaberrima, iii. 345. granulosa, iii. 345. suleata, iii. 345. tuberosissima, iii. 345.

Nassa, &c., iii. 388, 397.

Nassa, lii. 387. ambigua, iii. 397.

buccinum, lapillus, iii. 380. cincta, iii. 445.

hepatica, iii. 397. incrassata, iii. 391, 395. lineata, iii. 397.

macula, ili. 391.

minima, iii. 377.

picta, iii. 444.

pygmeea, ili. 394 ; iv. 284. reticulata, iii. 388. varicosd, Ui. 395.

NartIcA, iii. 325.

Narvica continued. acuta, ili. 332.

alba, iii. 341.

Alderi, iii. 330. ampullaria, iii. 326. canaliculata, iii. 339. castaned, ili. 326, 330. catend, ili. 326. corned, ill. 339.

Sulva, iii. 334. glabrissima, iii. 345. glaucina, iil. 326, 330.

Grenlandica, iii. 341; iv. 286. Helicoides, iil. 339; iy. 286.

intermedia, ili. 330. intricata, ili. 344.

lactea, iii. 332. lacuna, iii. 59.

livida, iii. 341. Marochiensis, iti. 330. monilifera, iii. 8326, 330. Montagut, iii. 336. nitida, iii. 330. pallidula, iii. 56. Philippiana, iii. 332. plumbea, iii. 334. proxima, lil. 334. pusilla, i. 341. rutilis, iii. 336. sordida, iil. 334. squalida, ii. 326. subcarinata, ii. 542. suleata, iil. 345, luberosissima, iil. 345.

NATICIDA, iii. 324.

Nautilus lacustris, iv. 163. spirula, iv. 242. NERA, i. 194. abbreyiata, i. 201. brevirostris, i. 195. costellata, i. 199. cuspidata, i. 195. sulcata, i. 199.

vitrea, 1. 201.

Nerita alba, iii. 69.

canrend, ili. 326, 344, 345.

catena, ili, 326, 330. elegans, iv. 201. fasciata, iii. 11. fluviatilis, iii. 7. glabrissima, iii. 345. glaucina, iil. 326, 330. intricatd, iii. 344. jaculator, iii. 14. levida, iii. 332. littoralis, iii. 45. nitida, ili, 330,

INDEX.

Nerita continued. mammilla, iii. 330, 333. pallidula, iii. 56. pellucida, iti. 69. piscinalis, iii. 19. rufa, iii. 59, 336. suleata, ili. 345.

Syncera hepatica, iii. 70. tuberosissima, iii. 345. valvata, iii. 21. virginea, iii. 6. vivipara, iii. 9, 11. NERITIDA,, iii. 1.

NERITINA, ili. 23 iv. 261. Dalmatica, iii. 3. fluviatilis, ii. 3. Sfontinalis, ili. 3.

inteata, ill. 5. Mertoniana, iii. 6. Mittreana, iii. 5. Numidica, iii. 5. Peloponensis, iii. 5. Sardoa, ii. 5. thermalis, iii. 5. trifasciata, ii. 5. zebrind, ili. 5.

Nes@a granulata, iii. 377. mamillata, iii. 377.

Nicania striata, i. 467.

Nucuta, ii. 214. argentea, li. 218. curvirostra, il. 232. decussata, ii. 221. gibbosa, ii. 230. lenticula, ii. 230. margaritacea, ii. 216, 220. minuta, ii. 227. nitida, ii. 218. nuclea, ii. 220. nucleus, ii. 215, 220. oblonga, ii. 233. Polit, ii. 221. pygmea, ii. 230. radiata, il. 220. recurvd, ii. 232. rostrata, li. 227, 232. sulcata, ii. 221. tenera, ii. 223. tenuis, ii. 223, 230. truncata, ii. 233.

OCTOPODIDA, iy. 208. Ocropus, iy. 208. cirrhosus, iv. 211. octopodia, ivy. 211. ventricosus, iv. 211. vulgaris, iv. 209. Odoncinela papyracea, 1. 221,

lix

INDEX.

Odontidium levissimum, iii. 182. rugulosum, iii. 178. OpbostTomia, iii. 259; iv. 276. acicula, iii. 311.

acuta, iii, 269.

affinis, ii1. 313.

alba, iii. 278; iv. 274. albella, iii. 286.

Ann@, iii, 271.

carychium, iv. 198.

clavula, iii. 314.

celathrata, iii. 258.

conoidea, iii. 260.

conspicua, iii. 263; iv. 274. crassa, iii, 273.

cylindrica, iii. 287.

decorata, iii. 292.

decussata, iii. 303; iy. 281. diaphana, iii. 291. dolioliformis, iii. 8301; iv. 261. dubia, iii. 276; iv. 274, 279.

Eulimoides, iii. 261, 273 ; iv. 274.

excayata, ili. 305. fenestrata, ili. 249. Formosa, iii. 248.

glabrata, iii. 283; iv. 274. Gulsonz, iv. 281. indistincta, iii. 255. insculpta, ili. 289 ; iv. 280. interstincta, iii. 296. labiata, iv. 124.

lactea, iii. 243.

Mariona, iii. 95.

nigricans, iv. 122.

nitida, iii. 280 ; iv. 274. nivosa, iv. 274.

notata, iii. 273.

obliqua, iii. 291, 292 ; iv. 280. oblonga, iii. 296.

pallida, iii. 273, 307. pellucida, iii. 303. perversa, iv. 114.

plicata, iii. 261, 264, 271. plicatula, iii. 299.

pupa, iii. 305.

Rissoides, iii. 284 5 iv. 274, 279.

rufa, iii. 245 ; iv. 276. Sandvicensis, iii. 301. sealaris, il. 251, 253, 284. Scilla, iii. 309.

semicostata, li. 95.

spiralis, iii. 299.

striolata, iii. 2675; iv. 274. truncatula, iil, 294 ; iv. 274. turrita, iii. 267, 287; iv. 274. umbilicata, iti. 270. unidentata, iii. 263, 264, 273.

OrrHoNa, iii. 589,

O;THONA continued. nobilis, iii. 589. OMMASTREPHES, iy. 231. Eblane, iv. 235. sagittatus, iv. 231. todarus, iv. 233. ONCHIDIADA,, iy. 2. ONCHIDIUM, iv. 2. Celticum, iv. 3. Orbicula Norvegica, ii. 366. striata, ii. 368. glabra, iii. 182. imperforata, iii. 178. trachea, iii. 180. Osteodesma Corbuloides, i. 214. coruscans, i. 214, Ostéodesme Corbuloide, i, 214. OstREA, ii. 306. alata, ii. 260. cinnabarina, ii. 303. clavata, ii. 289. corallina, ii. 289, crista-gallt, ii. 321, deformis, iis 3006. distorta, ii. 278. edulis, ii. 306. erucella, ii. 321. folium, ii. 321. Sragilis, ii. 265. frons, . 321. Suci, ii. 281. glabra, ii. 289. hippopus, li. 306. hybrida, ii. 289. infleaa, ii. 289. Tslandiea, ii. 308. Jacobea, ii. 305. Jacobi, ii. 305. levis, ii. 285, 288. limacella, ii. 321. lineata, ii. 299. MAXIMA, ii. 296. obsoleta, ii. 285. opercularis, ii. 299. parasitica, ii. 306, perna, ii. 260. pusio, ii. 278. rubella, ii. 321. sanguinea, li. 299. semptemradiata, ii. 289, sinwosdy ii. 278. striata, i. 334. subauriculata, ii. 263. subrufia, ii. 299. tigrina, li. 285. triradiata, ii. 289. tumida, ii. 293. varia, li. 273. OSTREADA, ii. 261.

INDEX.

Ostreum striatum, ii. 334. vulgare, ii. 307. OTINA, iii. 320. otis, ili. 321. Ovatella bidentata, iv. 194. OvuLa, jii. 497. acuminata, iii. 500. patula, iii. 498. Ovulum patulum, iii. 499. Oxinoe glabra, iii. 355. Oxychilus cellaria, iv. 33. ericetorum, iv. 62. lucidus, iv. 40. nitidulus, iy. 36.

Pallium citreum, ii. 281.

PAaALUDINA, iii. 7. achatina, iii. 9, 11. acuta, iii. 16. anatina, iii. 134, Balthica, iii. 1438. erystallina, ili, 9. fasciata, iii. 11. glabrata, iii. 26. Grayana, iii. 70. impura, iii. 14. Listeri, iii. 8; iv. 261.

muriatica, iii. 138. octona, ill. 138. stagnalis, iii, 143. stagnorum, ili. 138. tentaculata, iii. 14. Troscheliana, iii. 16. ulve, iii. 141. ventricosa, iii. 16. vivipara, iii. 9, 11; iv, 261. PALUDINIDA,, iii. 8. Pandocia conchilega, i. 32. Panpora, i. 206. inequivalvis, i. 208. obtusa, i. 210. margaritacea, i. 208. rostrata, i. 207. Pandore rostrée, i. 208. PANDORID A, i. 206. Pandorina coruscans, 1. 214. Panorama, i. 173. Aldrovandi, i. 178. arctica, i. 175. Bivone, i. 175. glycimeris, i. 175, 178. Norvegica, i. 174; iv. 249. Spengleri, i. 175. Panopée d’ Aldrovande, i. 178.

Parthenia crenata, iii. 245; iv. 276.

elegantissima, iii. 242. turrita, iii. 305. Parthenope formosa, ii. 105.

Ixi

PATELLA, ii. 420.

e@qualis, ii. 437. albida, ii. 463. amend, li. 435. Ancyloides, ii. 443, anomala, ii. 366. apertura, ii. 469. aspera, li, 426. athletica, ii. 425. bimaculata, ti. 430. candida, ii, 443, ceca, il. 445. cerulea, ii. 430. ceruleata, ii. 430. cered, li. 444. Chinensis, ii, 463. Clealandi, ii. 435. clypeus, li. 435. cornea, ii. 430. crepidula, ii. 466. depressa, li. 421. distorta, ii. 366. elliptica, ii. 430. elongata, li, 430. exigua, 1. 444, eatinctorium, ii. 483. fissura, ii. 477, 479. Jissurella, ii. 474. fluviatilis, iv. 187. Forbesii, ii. 441. fulva, ii. 441, Greca, ii. 469. Hungarica, ii. 459. intorta, ii. 433. lacustris, iv. 186, 189. levis, ii. 430.

larva reticulata, ii. 469. marginata, iv. 259. militaris, ii. 461. mitrula, li. 462. muricata, ii. 464. Noachina, ii. 474. nubecula, ii. 472. oblonga, iv. 188. orbiculata, ii. 483. pared, ii. 437. pectinata, ii. 433. pellucida, ii. 429. pileus morionis major, ii. 459. pulchella, ii. 437. reticulata, ii. 469. Sinensis, ii. 463. sptrata, ii. 462. lessellata, ii. 434. testudinalis, ii. 434. testudinaria, ii. 434. testudinaria Grenlandica, ii. 435. tricornis, ii. 483. Ungarica, ii. 459.

Ix

PATELLA continued. virgined, ii. 437. vulgaris, ii. 421, 464. vulgata, ii. 421, 426. Zetlantica, iv. 259.

PATELLID A, ii. 418.

Patula pygmed, iv, 83. rotundata, iy. 80. rupestris, iv. 82.

PEcTEN, ii. 272. aculeatus, ii. 281. adspersus, ii. 289. Armoricanus, ii. 285. Andouinii, ii. 300. Danicus, ii. 288. distortus, ii. 278. domesticus, ii. 285. Dumasii, ii. 289.

Sragilis, ii. 265.

Suci, ii. 281. Surtivus, ii. 284. glaber, ii. 289, 292. Greenlandicus, ii. 294. Isabelle, ii. 278. Islandicus, ii. 303. Jacobus, 11. 305. Jameson, ii. 289. levis, ii. 285, 288, 296. Landsburgi, ii. 281. lineatus, 11. 299. Macgillivrai, ii. 302, maximus, li. 296. monotis, li. 273. nebulosus, li. 289. niveus, li. 276. obsoletus, ii. 285. opercularis, ii. 299. parvus, ii. 285, Pealii, ii. 803. pesfelis, ii. 289. pictus, li. 299. plebeius, ii. 300. pusio, ii. 278. rimulosus, li. 281. sanguineus, ii. 299. septemradiatus, i, 268. similis, ii. 293. sinuosus, ii. 278. spinosus, ii. 278, 281. striatus, ii. 278. striatus, ii, 281. subauriculatus, ii. 263. subrufus, ii. 300. sulcatus, ii. 300. tigrinus, ii. 285. tumidus, ii, 293. triradiatus, 11. 268. varius, ii. 273. vulgaris, ti, 296.

INDEX.

PECTUNCULUS, li. 244. capillaceus, i. 428. crassus, 1. 441. decussatus, ii. 246. depressus, i. 288. Sasciatus, 1. 415. glaber, i. 396. glycimeris, ii. 245. membranaceus, 1. 405. nummarius, ii. 246. ptlosus, ii. 245. striatulus, i. 408. strigosus, i. 401. sulcatus, i. 452, 453. undatus, ii. 246. variabilis, 11. 246,

Peigne operculaire, ii. 300.

PELONAIAD A, i, 42.

PELONAIA, i. 43. corrugata, 1. 43, 46. glabra, i. 43.

Pelta, iii, 612.

Peracle Flemingii, ii. 384.

Perlenmuschel, ii. 146.

Perna alata, 1i. 260. ephippium, ii. 260. obliqua, ii. 260. striatula, ii. 179. ungulind, ii. 171.

PEROPHORA, i. 28, Listeri, i. 28.

Pes-pelecani, iii. 189.

Petasia trochiformis, iv. 76.

PETRICOLA, 1. 151. bidentata, ii. 75. costellata, i. 152. Trus, i. 156. lithophaga, i. 151. ochroleuca, 1. 284. roccellaria, i. 152. ruperella, i. 152. striata, 1. 151.

Pétricole costellée, i. 152.

Phallusia canina, i. 31. intestinalis, i. 31. mentula, i. 32. monachus, 1. 32. rustica, i. 39.

PHASIANELLA, ii. 537. decussata, iii. 147.

Sasciata, ili. 59. lineata, iii. 54. pallida, iii. 307. polita, iii, 229, pullus, ii. 538. stylifera, lil. 227. subulata, iii, 237.

PHILINE, iil. 538. aperta, ill, 539.

PHILINE continued. catena, iii. 545. JSormosa, iy. 287. pruinosa, ii. 549. punctata, iii. 547. quadrata, ili. 541 ; iv. 287. quadripartita, i. 539. scabra, iil. 543. seutulum, iil. 541. ventrosa, iii. 550.

Pholade dactyle, i. 108. striée, 1. 123.

PHOLADIDA, i. 57.

PHOLADIDEA, i. 122, Goodallii, i. 123. Loscombiana, i. 123. papyracea, i, 123 ; iv. 248.

Puo as, 1. 94. bifrons, i. 114. callosa, i. 108. candida, i. 117. clavata, i. 120. crenulata, i. 111. crispata, i. 114. dactyloides, i. 111. dactylus, i. 108. conoides, i. 120. faba, i. 132. Goodallii, i. 123. hians, i. 108. lamellata, i. 123. ligamentina, i. 111. lignorum, i. 120. nand,i. 120. papyracea, i. 117, 123. parva, i, 111, 114. pusilla, 1. 120. striata, i. 120, 123. sulcata, i. 128. tuberculata, i. 111. aylophaga, i. 90,

Phorcus margarita, li. 531.

PHYLLIDIDA, iv. 290.

Puysa, iv. 140. acuta, iv. 142, 146. alba, iv. 145.

Antonii, iv. 145. contorta, iv. 146. elongata, iv. 145. fontinalis, iv. 140, 146. hypnorum, iv. 143. rivalis, iy. 145. scaturiginum, iv. 176. Soverbiana, iv. 145. subopaca, iv. 146.

PrLeopsis, ii. 457. antiquata, ii. 459, 462. Hungarica, ii. 459. intorta, li. 462.

INDEX.

Ixiil

PILEopsis continued. militaris, ii. 461. mitrula, Vi. 462. ungarica, ii. 459.

Pinrpium, ii. 440. fulvum, ii. 441.

PINNA, ii. 254. carnea, ii. 259. elegans, i. 256. flabellum, ii. 259. fragilis, ii. 255. haud ignobilis, i. 259. ingens, ii. 256. levis, ii. 256. muricata, ii. 256, 259. papyracea, ii. 256. pectinata, il. 255. rotundata, li. 256. saccata, ii. 259.

Pisip1um, ii. 120. acutum, ii. 131. amnicum, ii. 133. cinereum, ii. 125. fontinale, i. 128. Henslowianum, ii. 131. Jenynsii, ii. 128. Johannis, li. 128. nitidum, i. 126. obtusale, ii. 120. obliquum, ii. 133. pusillum, ii. 123. pulchellum, ii. 128.

Planaria alba, iii. 170. pellucida, iii. 170.

Planawis lineata, iii. 397.

Planorbe cornée, iv. 147.

PLANORBIS, iv. 146. albus, iv. 149. bulla, iv. 140. carinatus, iy. 153. clausulatus, iy. 163. complanatus, iv. 155, 162. compressus, iv. 158. contortus, iv. 160. corneus, iv. 147. cristatus, iv. 152. disciformis, iv. 154. Draparnaldi, iv. 155. Sontanus, iv. 162. glaber, ivy. 150, 289. hirsutus, iv. 149. hispidus, iv. 149. imbricatus, iv. 152. lacustris, iv. 162, 289. lenticularis, iv. 162. leucostomus, iv. 159. lineatus, iv. 163. levis, iv. 150. lutescens, iv. 154.

lxiv

PLANORBIS continued. marginatus, iv. 155. Nautileus, iv. 152, 163, 289. Nautilus, iv. 152. nitidus, iv. 161, 162. planatus, iv. 154. purpureus, iv. 147. rhombeus, iv. 155. similis, iv. 147. spirorbis, iv. 159. turritus, iv. 144. turgidus, iv. 155.

_ umbilicatus, iv. 155. vortex, iv. 157, 159.

PLEUROBRANCHIDA, iii. 557.

PLEUROBRANCHUS, iii. 557. membranaceus, iii. 558. plumula, iii. 559. Pleurotoma attenuata, iii. 489. Banffium, iii. 436.

boreale, ili. 462. brachystoma, iii. 480. coarctuta, iii. 485. cerulans, ili. 487. Comarmondi, iii. 473. concinna, ili. 470. Cordieri, iii. 467. costulatum, ili. 484, decussata, iii. 452.

Forthiensis, iii. 49). Ginnanianum, iii. 476. gracilis, iii, 473, 489. heptayona, iii. 458. inflata, iii. 468. levigatum, iii. 476. leucostoma, iii. 453. Leufroyi, iii. 468. linearis, iii. 470. Metcalfei, iii. 485, multilineolata, iii. 492. nebula, iii. 476.

nigra, iii. 455. Philberti, iii. 465. purpured, iii. 465. reticulata, iii. 452, 467. rudis, iii. 467. rugulata, iii. 450, scabrum, ili. 471. septangularis, iii. 458. sinuosa, lil. 452, 473, 492.

striolata, iii. 483. suturalis, iii. 473.

teres, iii. 462. Trevellianum, iii. 450, 452.

INDEX.

Pleurotoma continued. turricula, iii. 450. Ulideana, iii. 455.

variegatum, iil. 465. versicolor, iil. 465. Villiersi, iii. 488. vulpecula, iii, 473. Polita cellaria, iv. 33. erystallina, iv. 42. Sulva, iv. 76. glabra, iv. 35. lucida, iv. 40. nitidosa, iv. 37. nitidula, iv. 36. PoiyceERa, iii. 576. citrind, ili. 577. cornuta, iii. 576. cristata, iii. 580. flava, iii. 576. lineata, iii. 576. modesta, iii. 577. ocellata, iii. 578. ornata, il. 576. punctilucens, iii. 57 4. quadrilineata, iii. 576. typica, iii, 576. Potyciinum, i. 14, 17. aurantium, i. 14. Polycyclus, i. 21. Polyphemus acicula, iv. 131. Polypus octopodia, iv. 209. Polyzona variolosa, i. 19. Pomatia adspersa, iv. 45. aperta, iv. 43. Porcellana, &e. iii. 495. Poromya, i. 203. Anatinoides, i. 204. granulata, i. 204: iv. 250. Poronia rubra, ii. 94. Procronorus, iii. 607. mucroniferus, iii. 608. PROPILIDIUM, ii. 443. Ancyloide, li. 443; iv. 259. PsAMMoBIA, i. 270. antiquata, i, 260. costulata, i. 279. declivis, i. 267. deflorata, i. 330. discors, i. 279. Ferroensis, i. 274. florida, i. 271, 277. Sragilis, i. 284. Jugosa, i. 284. Laskeyi, i. 281. legumen, i. 256. polita, 1. 336. polygona, i. 286.

PsAMMOBIA continued, rotundata, li. 66. rugosa, i. 330. scopula, 1. 263. solidula, i. 304. strigilata, 1. 263. teniata, i. 266. Tellinella, i. 277. vespertina, i. 271.

Psammotea Tarentina, i. 284.

Pseud-Amusium, ii. 288.

PTEROPODA, ii. 377.

Ptychina biplicata, ii. 55.

Pullastra aurea, i. 392. decussata, i. 379.

Irus, i. 156. perforans, i. 383. virgined, i. 388. vulgaris, i. 383.

PUNCTURELLA, ii. 473. Noachina, ii. 474.

Popa, iv. 95.

Anglica, iv. 99, 289. antivertigo, iv. 109. badia, iv. 98.

bidens, iv. 116. bidentata, iv. 96, 98. Britannica, iv. 128. cinerea, iv. 113. edentula, iv. 103. Sragilis, iv. 114. Goodallii, iv. 128. juniperi, iv. 101. marginata, iv. 97. Menkeana, iv. 128. minutissima, iv. 104. muscorum, iv. 96, 97, 104. obtusa, iv. 104. pusilla, iv. 111. pygmea, iy. 106. quinquedentata, iv. 106. ringens, iv. 99. secale, iv. 101. sexdentata, iv. 108. substriata, iv. 108. umbilicata, iv. 95. unidentata, iv. 98. Venetzii, iv. 112. vertigo, iy. 109, 111.

Pupilla marginata, iv. 98. muscorum, iy. 98. umbilicata, iv. 96.

PourrurA, iii. 379. bizonalis, iii. 381. imbricata, iii. 381. lapillus, iii. 380; iv. 284. picta, iii. 444, scalata, &c., iil. 371.

Pyramidula rupestris, iv. 82.

INDEX. Ixv

Pyramis acutissimus, iii. 219. candidus, ili. 95. cingillus, iii, 122. crenatus, iii. 245 ; iv. 276. discors, iil. 95. elegantissimus, iii. 243. indistinetus, iii. 255. lacteus, iii. 259.

nitidissimus, iii. 224. nivosus, lil. 287. simillimus, iii. 245. spirolinus, ili. 249. subarcuatus, lil. 244. subtruncatus, iii. 320. subulatus, iii. 237. truncatus, iii. 320. unicus, iii. 222. Pyrula carica, iii. 447. Arwana, iii. 447. Pythia denticulata, iv. 194.

Ranella pygmea, iii. 394. tuberculata, iii. 446. Rimula Flemingii, ii. 474. Noachina, ti. 474. Risso, ill. 72. abyssicola, iii. 86. acicula, iii. 148. acuta, iii. 148.

alata, iii. 147.

alba, iii. 98.

albella, ili. 153. anatina, iii. 134. approxima, ili. 90. arenaria, ili. 303. aurisealpium, iii. 148. Ballie, iv. 278. Barleet, iii. 141.

Bruguieri, iii. 146. Bryerea, ili. 149. calathisca, iii. 149. calathiscus, iii. 148. calathus, iii. 82. cancellata, iii. 76, 149. candida, iii. 146. carinatula, iii. 146. Chesneltt, iii. 149. cimea, ili. 80. cingilus, ili. 122. cingillata, iii. 122. cingillus, iii. 122. communis, iil. 95. conifera, iti. 147. costata, ili. 92 ; iv. 263, 2

Ixvi INDEX.

Risso continued. Rissoa continued. costulata, iii. 103, 169. retiformis, iii. 145. crenulata, iii. 80. rubra, ili. 120. erysiallina, iii. 125. rufilabrum, iii. 106. eyclostomata, iii. 78. rupestris, iii, 122. decussata, iii. 95, 146, 147. Sandvicensis, iii. 301. deformis, iii, 147. Sarsii, iii. 101. denticulata, iii. 149. sculpta, iii. 88. Deshayesiana, iii. 305. semicostata, iil. 95. diaphana, iii. 152. semistriata, iii. 117 ; iv. 263. discrepans, iil. 102. similis, iii. 103, 113. disjuncta, iii. 140. soluta, iii. 131; iv. 265. elata, iii. 111. Souleyetana, iii. 111. elegans, ili. 26. spiralis, iii. 299. exeavata, iii. 305. striata, ii. 94, 300. ewigua, iii. 92. striatula, ili. 73, 127. eximia, iv. 278. strigata, iii. 145. fulgida, iii, 128, 169. subrufa, iii. 145. fulva, iii. 120. subsuleata, ili. 118. fuscata, iii. 98. subulata, tii. 237. glabra, iii. 152. subumbilicata, iii. 1387, 141. glabrata, iii. 283. suleata, iii. 146. globularis, iti. 182. tristriata, iii. 117. gracilis, iii. 95. trochlea, iii. 74. granulata, iii. 149. truncata, iii. 317. graphica, iii. 122. turricula, iii. 146. grossa, iii. 111. ulve, iii. 141.

Guerinii, iii. 103. unifasciata, iii. 120. Harveyt, iii. 805. vittata, iil. 146.

hyalina, iii. 106. ventricosa, iii. 138. inconspicua, ili. 113. ventrosa, iii. 1385 iv. 266. interrupta, iii. 101. venusta, iii. 111. labiata, ili. 74. virgined, iii. 127. labiosa, iii. 109. vitrea, iil. 125; iv. 264. lactea, iii. 76, 146. vittata, i. 122.

lilacina, iii. 106. Warrenii, iii. 292. littorea, iii. 132 ; iv. 265. Zetlandica, iii. 78. maculata, iii. 113. Ropan, ii. 212. marginata, lil. 148. Rossa, iv. 221. membranacea, iii. 109. Jacobii, iv. 222. minutissima, iil. 95. macrosoma, iv. 222. obscura, iil. 98. Owenii, iv. 223.

obtusa, iii. 146. Rostellaria pes-pelecani, iii. 186, 189. opalina, ili. 154. Serresiana, ili. 186. pallida, iii. 307. Runcina, iii. 611.

parya, ili. 98. Hancockii, iii. 612. pellucida, iii. 140.

plicatula, iti. 111. SALPA, i. 47.

proxima, iii. 127 ; iv. 264. moniliformis, i. 52. pulcherrima, iii, 129. runcinata, i. 53.

pulla, iii. 109. spinosa, 1. 53.

pullus, ii. 538. SALPIDA, i. 47.

punciata, iii. 106. Sanguinolaire ridée, i. 330. punctulum, iii. 125, 283. Sanguinolaria deflorata, i. 330. punctura, ij. 89. rugosa, i. 330. puncturata, iii. 89. sordida, i. 307.

pusilla, iii. 149. vespertina, i. 271. pyramidilla, iii. 148. Saxicava, i. 136.

reticulata, iii. 89. arctica, i. 141.

Saxicava continued.

distorta, i, 146. Gallicana, i. 146. pholadis, i. 146. plicata, i. 218. purpurea, i. 141; ii. 81, rhomboides, i. 141. rubra, i. 141.

rugosa, i. 146.

Pi. 149; iv. 248. Saxicave ridée, i. 146. ScaLaRIA, iii, 203. clathratula, in. 209. clathrus, iii. 207. communis, iil. 204, 206. minuta, iii. 209. Greenlandica, ili. 211. Grenlandica, iii. 211. planicosta, iil. 204, 211. pulchella, iii. 209. similis, iii. 211. subulata, iii. 211. tenuicostata, ii. 204, Trevelyana, ii. 213, Turtoni, iii. 204. Turtonis, ii. 204.

INDEX. Ixvil

SEPIOLA continued. vulgaris, iv. 217. Serpula incurvata, iii. 182. Siwnyum, i. 13. turbinatum, i. 14; ii. 369. Sigaretus flewilis, i. 350. Faliotoideus, iii. 355. Kindelianus, iii. 355. Neritoideus, iii. 355. perspicuus, ili. 355, tentaculatus, iii. 358. Sipho Noachina, ii. 474. radiata, ii. 469, SKENEA, li. 155. ? costulata, iii. 167 ; iv. 271. depressa, iii. 157. ? divisa, ili. 161; iv. 269, ? Cutleriana, iii. 164; iv. 270. ? leevis, ili. 164. ? nitidissima, ili. 158; iv. 269. planorbis, iii. 156. ? rota, lii. 160. Serpuloides, ii. 513; iii. 161, 162. Solecurte rose, i. 268. SOLECURTID&, i. 255. SoLEcuURTUS, i. 259.

SCALARIADAS, iii. 203. ScAPHANDER, iii. 536.

lignarins, iii. 536. pectinata, ili. 543. ScISSURELLA, il. 543. crispata, 11. 544, Schildkroten Patelle, ii. 435. Scea stenogyra, ii. 384, ScROBICULARIA, 1, 325. piperata, 1. 326. ScyLL@a, ili. 584, pelagica, ili. 584, Segmentina lineata, iv. 163. Sepia, iv. 237. bisserialis, iv. 24], cirrhosa, iv. 211. elegans, iv. 241. loligo, iv. 226, 231. media, iv. 228, 230. octopodia, iv. 209, 211. octopus, iv. 209, officinalis, iv. 238. Orbignyana, iv. 241. rubens, iv, 241. rupellaris, iv. 241. sepiola, iv. 219, 220. subulata, iv. 228. SEPIADA, iv. 237. SEPIOLA, iv. 215, 220. Atlantica, iv. 217. macrosoma, iv. 222. Rondeletii, iy. 217, 220.

antiquatus, i. 261. bidens, i. 266.

candidus, i. 263. Caribeus, i. 267. coarctatus, i. 259. gibbus, i. 267.

strigilatus, i. 268.

SoLEn, i. 240.

angustior, Se. i. 260. antiquatus, 1. 260. bidens, 1. 266. Bouchardii, i. 267. candidus, i. 263. Caribeus, i. 267. centralis, 1. 266. coarctatus, i. 260. cultellus, 1. 259. declivis, i. 267. divisus, i. 266. emarginatus, i. 260. ensis, 1. 250. Sragilis, i. 266, gibbus, i. 267. gousse, 1. 256, Guineensis, i. 267. legumen, i. 256. ligula, i. 246. marginatus, i. 242. minutus, i. 141. novacula, 1. 246. pellucidus, i. 253. pictus, 1. 271, Pinna, i, 210.

Ixvill

SOLEN continued. purpureus, i. 141. pygmeus, i. 253.

Sabre, i. 250.

scopula, i. 263. siliqua, i. 246. squamosus, ii. 98. strigilatus, i. 263, 268. tenuis, i, 253.

vagind, i. 242. vespertinus, i. 271.

SOLENIDA, i. 239.

Solenocurtus legumen, i. 256.

Speo bifasciatus, iii. 524.

SPHENIA, i. 189. Binghami, i. 190; iv. 250. costulata, ii. 77. decussata, i. 152. Swainson, i. 164.

Spira bicolor, iv. 269. coarctata, iv. 84. globosa, iv. 84, nitidissima, iii. 158. reticulata, iv. 84. tubulata, iv. 269. varieyata, iii. 145.

SPIRIALIs, ii. 382. Flemingii, ii. 884; iv. 258. Mac Andrei, ii. 385. Jeffreysii, ii. 386.

Spirula Australis, iv. 242. Peronii, iv. 242.

Sphyradium edentulum, iy. 103. muscorum, iy. 104.

Squama magna, ii. 336.

Stiliger modestus, iii. 611.

Stagnicola vulgaris, iv. 175.

Stomodonta antivertigo, iv. 109. edentula, iv. 103. Sragilis, iv. 115. marginata, iy. 98. pygmea, iv. 106. muscorum, iy. 105. plicatula, iv. 120. secale, iv. 101. umbilicata, iv. 96.

Strigilla carnaria, i. 313. pisiformis, i. 312.

Strombiformis albus, iii. 229. bicarinatus, iii. 175. cinctus, iii. 176. clathratus, tii. 206. glaber, iii, 235. perversus, iv. 121, reticulatus, iii. 192. terebra, iii. 172.

Strombus costatus, ii. 200. Norvegicus, iii. 428. pes-pelicant, iil. 188.

INDEX.

Strombus continued. reticulatus, iii. 146. Turboformis, iii. 200.

STYLIFER, ili. 225. astericola, iii. 226. globosus, iil. 226. stylifera, iii. 226, 228. Turtoni, iii. 226.

Styloides lubricus, iv. 126.

SuccinEa, iv. 132. amphibia, iv. 133. arenaria, iy. 137. gracilis, ivy. 133. Levantina, iv. 133. oblonga, iv. 133, 137. Pfeifferi, iv. 133. putris, iv. 132.

Symphonota eygnea, ii. 156.

Synpbosmya, i. 315. alba, i. 316. intermedia, i. 319. nitida, i. 319. prismatica, i. 321. tenuis, i. 323. truncata, 1. 325.

SYNTETHYS, iy. 244.

S. Hebridicus, iv. 245.

Tachea hortensis, iv. 54. Tanychlamys lucida, iv. 40. Tapada putris, iv. 133. TaPpEs, i. 379. aurea, i. 392. decussata, i. 379. pullastra, i. 382. virginea, i. 388. Taret bipalmulé, i. 86. de Pondicherry, i. 80. Teba Granatelli, iv. 74. spinulosa, iv. 74. Tectura fulva, ii. 441. virgined, li. 437. Tellimya bidentata, ii. 75. elliptica, ii. 72. glabra, ii. 72. lactea, li. 89. suborbicularis, li. 87. substriata, ii. 77. tenuis, il. 89. TELLINA, i. 286. albida, i. 271. amnica, li. 133. angulosa, i. 313. anomala, i. 330.

balaustina, i. 290, 300; iv. 251.

Balthica, i. 304. bimaculata, i. 309. Braziliana, 1. 314. calcarea, i. 807; iv. 252.

INDEX. lxix

TELLINA continued. TELLINA continued. carnaria, ii. 304, 313. rugosa, i, 382. corned, li. 111, 113. sanguinea, i. 314. Cornubiensis, 1. 156. sexradiata, i. 310. coruscans, i. 214, similis, i. 314. crassa, i, 288. solidula, i. 304. cuspidata, i. 195. sordida, i. 307 ; iv. 252, depressa, i. 271, 298. squalida, i. 298, discors, 1. 302. stagnicola, ii. 114. divaricata, ii. 52, 54. striata, i. 313, 314. Donacina, i. 292. suborbicularis, ii. 87. elliptica, 1. 388. tenuis, i. 300. eatgua, i. 300. trifasciata, i. 274, 292. fabula, i. 802. truncata, i. 274. fausta, i. 313. undata, ii. 66. Ferroensis, i. 274. variabilis, i. 271. Fervensis, i. 274. variegata, i. 292. Sragilis, i. 274, 284, 311. zonata, i. 304. Gari, i. 271. TELLINIDA, i. 269. gibba, i. 181. Terebra fuscata, iii. 202. Guinaica, 1. 286. perversa, iii. 195. Henslowiana, ii. 131. reticulata, iii. 192, incarnata, i. 274, 298, 300. speciosa, ili. 255. inezquistriata, i. 314. subulata, iii. 201. mequivalvis, i. 207. tubercularis, iii. 365. Jugosa, i. 284, TEREBRATULA, ii. 349. lactea, ii. 57. aurita, ii. 353. lacustris, ii. 116, 117. caput-serpentis, ii, 353. leta, i. 313. costata, ii. 353. levis, i. 313. cranium, ii. 357; iv. 257. Laskeyi, i. 281. detruncata, ii. 362. lata, i. 307; iv. 252. psittacea, ii. 3.46. lineata, i. 314. : pubescens, ii. 353. Llantivyi, i. 292. vitrea, ii. 357. maculata, i. 288. TEREBRATULIDS, ii. 343. ochroleuca, i. 284. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, ii. 354. obliqua, i. 307. TEREDO, i. 58. obtusa, i. 288. Batava, i. 74. ovalis, 1. 307. bipalmulata, i. 86. ovata, i. 307. bipennata, i. 80. pellucida, i. 346. Brugieri, i, 67. pisiformis, i. 312. dorsalis, i. 90. plana, i. 326. malleolus, i. 84. planata, i. 300. megotara, i. 77; iv. 246. polita, i. 300, 336. nana, 1.77. polygona, i. 286. nayalis, i. 67, 74, 77, 80; iv. 246. proficua, i. 329. Norvagica, i. 66; iv. 246. proxima, i. 307; iv. 251. palmulata, i. 86. punicea, i. 313, 314. Tergipes, iii. 605. pusilla, ii. 123. claviger, iii. 573. pygmea, i. 295; iv. 251. lacinulatus, iii. 606. radiata, i. 362, 274. TESTACELLA, iv. 26. radula, ii. 46. Europea, iv. 26. remies, i. 313. Haliotidea, iy. 26. reticulata, i. 329. Haliotides, iv. 27. rigida, 1. 288. Maugei, iv. 28. rivalis, ii. 113, 133. scutulum, iv. 27. rotundata, ii, 66. TESTACELLIDA,, iy. 26.

rubra, ll. 94, 304. Testacellus Europeus, iv. 26.

Ixx

Testacellus continued. Flaliotideus, iv. 27. Maugei, iv. 28.

TEUTHIDA, iv. 215.

Theba Cantiana, iv. 50. Carthusianella, iv. 52. Charpentieri, iv. 52. ericetorum, iv. 62. intersecta, iv. 60.

Pisana, iv. 56. Terverii, iv. 58. virgata, iv. 58.

THECACERA, lil. 575. pennigera, i. 575. virescens, iil. 576.

Theodoaus Lutetianus, iii. 3.

THRACIA, 1. 220.

Beaniana, i. 238. brevirostra, i. 195. conyexa, 1. 229.

declivis, 1. 221, 226, 229. distorta, i. 231; iv. 249. ovata, i, 224. phaseolina, i, 221, pubescens, 1. 221, 226. Turtoniana, i. 238. truncata, i. 231. villosiuscula, i. 224.

Tichogonia Chemnitzii, ii. 165.

TORNATELLA, lili. 523. Bullaoides, iv. 197. fasciata, ili. 523. pellucida, iii. 523. pusilla, iii. 523. tornatilis, ili. 523.

Tornatina mammillata, iii, 514. truncata, iii. 510.

Torquatella marginata, iv. 98.

Torquilla secale, iy. 101.

Tralia pusilla, iv. 197.

Trichia circinata, iv. 67. clandestina, iv. 67.

TRICHOTROPIS, iii. 360. acuminata, iii. 361, Atlantica, iii. 361. borealis, iii. 361. conica, iii. 361. costellata, iii. 361.

umbilicata, iii. 361.

Trigonella gallina, i. 351.

plana, i. 326.

radiata, i. 362.

zonarid, i. 351. Trigonostoma obvolutum, iv. 63. TRIOPA, iii. 573.

claviger, iii. 573. Triphoris adversus, iii. 195,

Triton cutaceus, iii. 446,

erinaceus, iii. 371.

INDEX.

Triton continued. elegans, ili. 443. Tritonia cutacea, iii. 456. varicosa, iii. 395. TRITONIA, iii. 582. arborescens, iii. 586. bifida, iii. 610. Felina, 11. 586. Hombergi, iii. 582. luctea, iii. 586. lineata, iii. 583. papillosa, iii. 590. pinnalifida, ii. 588. plebeia, iii. 582. pulchella, iii. 586. pulchra, iii. 582. TRITONIAD A, iii. 582. Tritonium antiquum, iii. 424, Ascanias, iii. 392. Barvicense, iii. 442. clathratum, iil. 436. cutacewm, ili. 446, decemcostatum, iii. 434, despectum, iii. 424, 434, 435. gracile, iii. 416. Humphreysianum, iii. 402, 410. Tslandicum, iii. 416. nanum, iii. 461. Norvegicum, iil. 428. Sornicatum, iii. 434, ovum, ili. 408. pes-pelecant, iii. 189. reticulatum, iii. 389, undatum, iii. 402. TROCHIDA, ii. 489. Trochita Chinensis, ii. 463, TROCHUS, ii. 489. alabastrum, ii. 497. albidus, ii. 491. cinerarius, ii. 516, 519, cinereus, li. 536. Clelandi, ii. 502. conicus, 11. 508. conuloides, ii. 491. conulus, ii. 491, 495, 505. erassus, ii. 525. crenulatus, ii. 507, depictus, ii. 508. discrepans, li. 491. electissimus, ii. 516. erythroleucus, ii. 505, 508. exasperatus, li. 505. eacavatus, li. 536. exiguus, il. 505. formosus, ii. 497, Sragilis, ii. 500. granulatus, ii. 499, Helicinus, ii. 531. inflatus, ii. 516.

INDEX. Ixxi

TRUNCATELLA continued. succinea, iy. 283. ‘truncatula, ili. 319.

Turbo achatinus, iii. 11.

Trocuus continued. interruptus, ii. 505. lineatus, ii. 516, 525; iii, 53. lineolatus, ii. 516.

littoralis, ii. 516. Lyonsii, i. 491. Magus, ii. 522. margaritus, li. 531. Martini, ii. 502. Matoni, ti. 507. millegranus, ii. 502. minutus, li. 505. Montagui, ii. 511. Nassaviensis, li. 513. Neritoideus, ii. 531. nitens, ii. 513.

oblique radiatus, ii. 519. obliquatus, ii. 519. occidentalis, 11. 497. parvus, ii. 508. papillosus, ii. 499, patholatus, i. 513. perforatus, ii, 516. punctulatus, ii. 525. pusillus, ii. 534; iv. 270. pyramidatus, ii. 507. quadricinctus, ii. 497. Rackettii, ti. 513. rugosus, li. 541. Sartori, ii. 508. Sedgwichii, ii. 491. Sisyphinus, ii. 491. striatus, ii. 508, 511. subcarinatus, ii. 542. tenuis, il. 500. terrestris, iv. 74, 76, 85. terrestris Listeri, iv. 75. tricolor, ii. 507. tuberculatus, ii. 523. tumidus, ii. 513.; iv. 259. umbilicalis, ij. 519. umbilicaris, ii. 519. umbilicatus, ii. 519. undulatus, ii. 528. zezyphinus, li. 491. ziczac, ili. 54. ziziphinus, ti. 491; iii. 53. zizy phinus, ii. 491. zyztphinus, ii. 491. TRopPHON, iii. 435. antiquum, iii. 424. Barvicensis, ili. 442. clathratus, iii. 436. gracile, iii. 416. muricatus, ili. 439, 453. TRUNCATELLA, iii. 316. 2 atomus, ili. 158. Caribeensis, iii. 319.

Montagui, iii. 317; iv. 283.

acutus, iii. 242.

adversus, iv. 140. @reus, ill. 98.

albulus, iii. 1138.

albus, ili. 229; iv. 275. Anglicus, iv. 99. arcuatus, ili. 148. arenarius, ili. 147, 303. armatus, ii. 536. ascaris, iii. 219. auricularis, iv. 262. bicolor, iv. 269.

bidens, iv. 116, 121, 124. biplicatus, iv. 118. Bryereus, iii. 149. cerulescens, ii. 26. calathiscus, iii. 148. calear, 1. 536. candliculatus, i. 296. canalis, ili. 62. cancellatus, iii. 76, 80. carinatulus, iti. 145, 244. carinatus, iii. 73. carneus, li. 528. carychium, iv. 198. castanea, ii. 536. chrysalis, iv. 97.

cimea, ili. 80, 148. cinctus, iii. 176. cingillus, iii. 122. clathratus, iii. 206. clathrus, iii. 206.

clathrus Grenlandicus, iii. 211.

clathratulus, iii. 209. coarctatus, iv. 84. coniferus, iii. 147. conversus, iv. 120.

costatus, iii. 92, 98, 103, 109, 149.

crassior, ili. 67.

crenulatus, ii. 537. cristatus, iii, 22. cylindraceus, iv. 95. cylindricus, iv. 101. decussatus, iii. 147, 303. denticulatus, iii. 149. depressus, iii. 157. disjunctus, iii. 140; iv. 267. dispar, iii. 54.

divaricatus, il. 62,

divisus, iii. 161. duplicatus, 11. 175; iv. 286. eburneus, iv. 266. edentulus, iv. 103.

elegans, iti. 145; iv. 201.

Ixxil INDEX.

Turbo continued. Turbo continued. elegantissimus, il. 242. politus, iii. 229. exoletus, iii. 176. pullus, ii. 538. fabalis, iii. 49, 53. punctatus, iii. 192; iv. 272. fasciatus, ii. 59; iv. 86. punctura, iii. 89. fontinalis, iii. 19. putcolus, iii. 59. Sulgidus, iii. 128. quadrifasciatus, iil. 62. fulvus, iy. 204. refleaus, iv. 201. Suscus, iv. 204, 259. resupinatus, iv. 84. globosus, iv. 84. reticulatus, 111. 89, 195; iv. 84. graphicus, iii. 122. retiformis, iii. 145. Helicinus, ii. 5313 1. 78. retusus, lil. 45. hippocastanum, ii. 537. rivulus, iv. 185. imbricatus, iii. 176. ruber, iii. 120. incarnatus, ii. 529. rudis, iii. 29, 32. “insculptus, iii. 289. rugosus, li. 536. interruptus, 111. 100. rupium, iv. 90. interstinctus, iil. 296. Sandvicensis, iii. 301. jugosus, ili. 34, 36. sanguineus, iv. 259. Juniperi, iv. 101. seriptus, 11. 130. labiatus, iv. 122, 124. semicostatus, iil. 94. labiosus, iii. 109. semistriatus, iii. 117. lacteus, iii. 98, 242. Serpuloides, iii. 161. lacuna, iii. 59. seadentatus, iv. 106. levis, iv. 269, 286. simillimus, iti. 245. laminatus, iv. 116. spiralis, iii. 299. Leachii, iii. 16. stagnalis, iv. 174. lineatus, ii. 525. striatulus, iii. 73. littoreus, iii. 29, 32, 39. striatus, ili. 94, 300; iv. 20). lunaris, ii. 385. strigatus, iii. 145. mammillatus, ii. 536. subarcuatus, iii. 244. margarita, ii. 531. subluteus, iii. 98. marginatus, iii. 148; iv. 98. subrufus, iii. 145. membranaceus, iii. 109. subtruncatus, iii. 317. monilis, iii. 73. subulatus, iii. 235. muscorum, iv. 95, 97, 125. subumbilicatus, iii. 137. myrmecidis, iv. 82. succined, iv. 283. Nautileus, iv. 152. terebra, iii. 172, 176. Neritoides, iii. 26, 45. tenebrosus, iii. 39. nigricans, iv. 122. thermalis, iii. 19. nitidissimus, ili. 158, 222. trianfractus, iv. 166. nitidus, iv. 281, 283. tridens, iv. 128. nivosus, iil. 287. trifasciatus, ii. 235. nucleus, iii. 14. truncatus, iii. 317. obtusatus, ili. 45. tuberculatus, iii. 202. ovalis, iii. 524. tubulatus, iv. 269. palliatus, iii. 51. tumidus, iv. 201. pallidulus, iii. 56. turricula Maroccana, iv. 87. pallidus, iii. 67, 273, 307; iv. 274. Turtonis, iii. 204. paludosus, iv. 79. ulve, iii. 141. parcus, iii. 98. ungulinus, iii. 173. patulus, iv. 170. unicus, iii. 222. pellucidus, iii. 303. unidentatus, ili. 264. pentangularis, iii. 216. unifasciatus, iii. 120. perversus, iv. 114, 116, 121. ustulatus, iii. 29, 45. petreus, iii. 26. variabilis, iii. 103. pictus, ii. 538. variegatus, iii. 145, 176. planorbis, iii. 156. ventricosus, iii. 138.

plicatus, iii. 92, 271. ventrosus, iii. 138.

‘Turbo continued. vertigo, iv. 111, 112. veslitus, iii. 39. vinctus, iii. 62, 63. vitreus, ili. 125. vittatus, ili, 122. Zetlandicus, iii. 78. Turbonilla albella, iii. 286. clavula, iii. 314, crenata, iii, 245. interrupta, ii. 253. obliqua, iii, 292. plicata, iii. 261. reticulata, iv. 273. rufa, iv. 276. Scill@, iii. 309. TURRITELLA, iii. 172. ascaris, iii. 219. auriscalpium, iii. 148. bicingulata, iii. 176. carinatula, iii. 146, cincta, iii. 176. communis, ili. 172; iy. 271. conifera, iii. 147. corned, ili. 173, duplicata, iii. 175. elegantissima, iil. 242, exoleta, iii. 176. fulvocincta, iii. 245; iv. 276. imbricata, iii. 176. indistincta, iii. 253. Linnei, iii. 173. minor, iv. 271. nitidissima, iii. 223, simillima, ili. 245. subtruncata, iii. 317. terebra, iii. 173. truncata, ili. 255, 317. ungulina, iii. 173. unica, iil. 222. variegata, iii. 176. © TURRITELLIDA, iii. 171, TURTONIA, ii. 80. minuta, ii, 81, purpurea, ii. 375. Utriculus, &c., iii. 380. Utriculus candidus, iii. 521. discors, iii. 512. hyalinus, iii. 521. lima, iii. 551. minutus, iii, 521. obtusus, iii. 512. pellucidus, iii. 521. plicatus, iii, 512.

Unio, ii. 138. Batavus, ii. 154. Deshayesii, ti. 143, elongata, ii. 147-

VOL, I.

INDEX.

| |

Unio continued. limosus, ii. 143. longirostris, ii. 143. margaritiferus, ii. 146, ovdlis, li. 140. pictorum, ii. 142. Roissyt, ii. 147. rostrata, ii. 143. sinuata, ii. 147. tumidus, ii. 140.

UNIONIDA, ii. 136.

VALVATA, iii. 18. cristata, ii. 21. minuta, iii. 23, 162, obtusa, iii. 19. piscinalis, ii. 19. planorbis, iii. 2). spirorbis, iii. 21.

2 striata, iii. 161. Valvée piscinale, ii. 19. Velletia lacustris, iv. 189. VELUTINA, iil. 346.

capuloidea, iii. 347.

flexilis, iii. 350.

Haliotoides, iii. 348.

leevigata, iii. 347.

otis, iii. 321.

plicatilis, iii. 350.

rupicola, iii. 348.

striata, lil. 348.

stylifera, iii. 226.

VELUTINID&, iii. 346. VENERIDA, i. 377.

Vénérupe pétricole, i. 152.

VENERUPIS, i. 155. decussata, i. 159, 379. Trus, i. 156. nucleus, i. 383. perforans, i. 383. pullastra, i. 383. Sarniensis, i. 388. substriata, i. 159, virgined, i. 388. vulgaris, 1. 383.

Venus, i. 399. ened, i. 392. aurea, i. 392.

Ixxill

borealis, i. 326, 452, 461; ii. 46.

Brogniarti, i. 415. cancellata, i. 401, 425. casina, i. 405, 408. castanea, i. 470. Chione, i. 396. cingenda, i. 425. circinata, i. 399. compressa, i. 461, 464, costata, i, 409, Danmonia, i. 452.

k

Ixxiv

VeENUs continued. decussata, i. 379. deflorata, i. 330. discina, i. 405. Dysera, i. 425, elevata, i. 425. Erycina, i. 401. exoleta, i. 428, 431. fasciata, i. 415. florida, i. 379. Sragilis, ti. 66. gallina, i. 408. granulata, i. 425. Guineensis, i. 399. incompta, 1. 435.

Islandica, i. 441; ii. 39.

lactea, i. 405. laminosa, i. 408. Lemanii, i. 401. lincta, i. 431. lithophaga, i. 15}. litterata, i. 379. Marica, i, 425. Marica spuria, i. 425. mercenaria, i. 441. minima, i. 446. minuta, ii. 81. Montagui, i. 464. nebulosa, 1. 392. nitens, i. 392. orbicularis, li. 62. ovata, i. 415.

pallida, i. 422. palustris, i. 383. Paphia, i. 415, 425. pectinula, i. 415. Pennantii, 1. 408. perforans, 1. 382, plagia, i. 383. Prideauxiana, i. 409. pullastra, i. 382. radiata, i. 415, 423. reflexa, 1. 405. rhomboides, 1. 388. rugosa, 1. 409. Rusterucii, i. 405. Sarniensis, 1. 388. Scotica, 1. 452. Senegalensis, 1. 382. sinuata, 1. 892, 431. sinuosa, 1. 435; ii. 54. spinifera, li. 49. striatula, 1. 408. subcordata, i. 423. subrhomboidea, i. 426. substriata, 1. 158.

suleata, i. 409, 452, 470.

tigerina, ii. 64, triangularis, i. 446.

INDEX.

VENUs continued. undata, i. 435. verrucosa, i. 401. vetula, i. 425. virago, i. 388. virgined, i. 388. vulgaris, 1.383.

Vermetide, iii. 216.

Vermiculum incurvatum, iii. 182.

Vertigo alpestris, iy. 106. Anglica, iv. 99. angustior, iv. 112. antivertigo, iv. 109. curta, iv. 108. cylindrica, iv. 104. edentula, iv. 103. hamata, iv. 112. heterostropha, iv. 111, lepidula, iv. 103. minutissima, iv. 105. muscorum, iy. 105. nitida, iv. 103. octodentata, iv. 109. palustris, iy. 109. plicata, iv. 112. pupula, iv. 105. pusilla, iv. 111. pygmad, iv. 106. quadridentata, iv. 106. quinquedentata, iv. 106. secale, iv. 101. septemdentata, iv. 109. seadentata, iy. 108, 109. substriata, iv. 108. Venetzit, iv. 112.

ViTRINA, iv. 29. Audebardi, iv. 30. Dillwynii, iv. 30. Draparnaldi, iv. 30. elongata, iv, 30, 32. major, iv. 30.

Miilleri, iv. 30. pellucida, iv. 30.

Voluta alba, iv. 191. ambigua, iii, 307. bidentata, iy. 191. Bullaoides, iv. 197. catenata, ii. 505. denticulata, iv. 194, 195.

Susiformis, iii. 502, heteroclita, iii. 526. hyalina, iii. 445. insculpta, iii. 289. interstincta, iii. 296. Lonensis, iv. 287. levis, iii. 502. pallida, iii. 505. pellucida, iii. 299. plicata, ili. 271.

INDEX. Ixxv

Voluta continued. plicatula, iii. 271. pusilla, iv. 197. reflewa, iv. 194. ringens, iv. 194. spiralis, ili. 299. tornatilis, iii. 523. triplicata, iv. 197. unidentata, iii. 264.

Volva patula, iii. 498.

Volvaria alba, iii. 520; iy. 191,192.

catenata, iii. 505. cylindrica, iil. 508. Donovani, iii. 502. pallida, iii. 505. pellucida, iii. 511. retusa, iii. 510. subcylindrica, iii. 519. truncata, ii. 510, umbilicata, iii. 519. Volvula acuminata, iii. 500, Vortex obvoluta, iv. 63.

Xerophila ericetorum, iy. 62. Pisana, iv. 56. striata, iv. 60.

Xerophila continued. Terverit, iv. 58. variabilis, iv. 58.

XYLOPHAGA, 1. 89. dorsalis, i. 90; ii. 375.

AXylophage dorsale, i. 90.

Yoldia pygmea, ii, 230.

ZONITES, iv. 32. alliarius, iv. 34. cellarius, iv. 33. crystallinus, iv. 41. excayatus, iv. 40, 289. Suscus, iv. 77. lucidus, iv. 40. nitidulus, iv. 36. nitidus, iy. 39. purus, iy. 37. pygmaeus, iv. 83. radiatulus, iv. 38. rotundatus, iy. 80. umbilicatus, iy. 82.

Lua, iv. 125.

Zua lubrica, iy. 125.

ERRATA. Index, page Ixvui, line 17, for Greenlandica read Greenlandica. 5 A » 18, ,, Grenlandica ,, Greenlandica. a » Ixviii, , 27, ,,S. Hebridicus ,, Hebridicus.

In Plates of Animals, page 483, vol. i., line 18, for 7, read 7 ;.

” » 484,

» 96, for 3. M. (Bela septangularis)

vead 3. M. (Bela) septangularis.

” 9° 485, ” tatus,

5 875 95 Ancylus read Conovulus biden-

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME, EXHIBITING THE FINAL CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Species of questionable indigenousness are printed in italics ; spurious and unrecognized species in nonpareil. The addition of (4. i.) to a species refers the reader to the first Appendix, or Supplementary Notes on the Acephala, in the Second Volume, (4. ii.) to the Appendix at the end of the work.

PAGE PAGE ACEPHALA TUNICATA. BorryLuus continued. 9 BOTRYLLIDA OR TRUE EN tr as if COMPOUND ASCIDIANS 8 EERE I ce de ve totes B. smaragdus . : . 22 APLIDIUM . F e IO wie B. bivittatus . ; . 223 AS icus) « ; : 5 ful Barabens (acs A, fallax. : ; Pana | gas eos Ly : i f B. virescens (A. i.) A. nutans . z ‘ Bh: f B. castaneus (A. i.) A. verrucosum 13 BoTRYLLOIDES . : . 23 SIDNYUM F 3 : 5 ale? ¥ ; : B. Leachii : : . 20 S. turbinatum (A. i.) . . J4 . B. albicans 2 4 2 24 PoLycLINUM ‘ ‘ . 14 . : B. rotifera : F . 24 P. aurantium . : . 214 B. tubras « : 5 ¢ 24 AMOUROUCIUM . : als: : i ; B. radiata (A. i.) A. proliferum . ; 5 lis) yeas A. Nordmanni . : nals : eg A. Argus . é F - 16 | CLAVELINIDZ OR SOCIAL LEPTOCLINUM = : 5 NG ASCIDIANS : Z . 2 L. maculosum_ : - 16 CLAVELINA . ; j 5 L, asperum . , oy bd C. Lepadiformis . 3 - 26 Bauredey sa ak 1 PEROPHORA ee SOG L.gelatinosum . . « 17 | Palouse | ¢ 8%) tog L. Listerianum . =. = - 17 '| — Synreruys (A. ii.) L.punctatum . . . 18 S. Hebridicus (A. ii.) DisToMa 5 A F » 18 D. rubrum . : . 18 | ASCIDIADA . . - 29 D. yariolosum . : 9 AscIDIA . . . . 30 Borryiuus . , ; e119 A. intestinalis. c > pill B.Schlossei . . . 19 A.caning. . . . 8l B. polycyclus. : J ont A, yvenosa . ; : 5 oI B. conglomeratus , nib A. mentula ; ‘ . 82

VOL. I. Z

Ixxvill TABLE OF

Ascin1a continued.

A. arachnoidea .

A. scabra .

A, virginea : .

A. parallelogramma

A. prunum

A. orbicularis

A. aspersa .

A. vitrea

A. conchilega

A. echinata

A, sordida (A. i.)

A. albida (A. i.)

A. depressa (A. i.)

A. elliptica (A. i.)

A. pellucida (A.i.) , Mo.LGuLa

M. oculata

M. arenosa(A. i.) astubulosa 36

CYNTHIA C. microcosmus . C. claudicans C. tubulosa C. quadrangularis C. informis C. tessellata C. Limacina C.morus . C. rustica . C. grossularia C. ampulla

C. mammillaris .

C. aggregata

C. coriacea (A. i.)

PELONAIADA: PELONAIA P. corrugata P. glabra .

SALPIDA Saupa (A. 1.) S. runcinata APPENDICULARIA (A. ii.)

3 ey

PAGE

32 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 35

36 36

37

37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 4]

42 43 43 43

47 50 53

CONTENTS. PAGE ACEPHALA LAMELLIBRAN- CHIATA . : : . OD PHOLADID/A : 5 BP ats TEREDO 58

T. Norvagica (A. ii.) . 2) 100 T. navalis (A. ii.) : - 4

T. megotara (A. ii.) . 4 iff T. bipennata 5 ‘ . 80 T. malleolus . : « 84 T. palmulata : = 86 XYLOPHAGA .« : : . 89 X. dorsalis (A.i.) . : 90 PHOLAS , “ - . 94 P. dactylus - - - 108 P. parva . 2 : LBL P. crispata : : .114 P. candida , i splay P. striata - i pated PHOLADIDEA : : », 122 P. papyracea (A. li.) « . 123 Pholas suleata . : = 232s GASTROCHANIDA . <29 GASTROCHENA . : SBI0 G. Modiolina. . ‘ 5 BY SAXICAVA . : ; . 136 S. arctica . : : . 141 S. rugosa . C : . 146 aim (AGES) : . 149 PETRICOLA . : - a ol P.lithophaga . . . 15] VENERUPIS . : - . 155 Wel bay oe ; ; - 156 V. substriata . ; a ele} MYADA c A 2 . 160 Mya . : 3 : . 162 M. truncata ; - ; L63 M. arenaria 3 CG . 168 PANOP#A . : : lia P. Norvegica (A. ii.) . Sele! P, Aldrovandi . ‘ ; 78 CORBULIDA ‘ F - LY9 CorRBULA . - a = ll79 C. nucleus . : ‘ . 180

C. rosea . ~ : - 185 C. ovata . P : = weir

TABLE OF CONTENTS. ]xxix

PAGE PAGE

SPHANIA. : : . 189 PsAMMOBIA continued. S. Binghami (4. ii.) . . 190 P. costulata - : Sek. NERA : : : . 194 P.Laskeyi . . - 281 N.cuspidata . ; . 195 Dioponta : : » 283 N. costellata . : BUR) D. fragilis (A. ii.) . - 284 N.abbreviata . . . 201 Telling poly gonwr niet Feito 506 Banu ts ; , 203 TELLINA A ‘i : - 286 P. granulata (A. ii.) _ 204 T. crassa me mn: . 288 T. balaustina (4. ii.) . . 290 PANDORIDA - 5 . 206 T. Donacina “ : . 292 PANDORA . : 5 . 206 T. pygmea (A. ii.) . - 295 P. rostrata. é : - 207 T. incarnata F : . 298 P. obtusa . : - . 210 T. tenuis . 3 : . 300 lhyonsta «| «2 . » 213 Madpulay cease gas mrexd02 L.Norvegica . . . 214 ‘Ty soladala s,s. N/ss, “ajo 504 L. plicata (A. ii.) . + 218 T. proxima (A. ii.) , 307 ANATINIDEB . . .219 aa SU an THRAGIA sok - 220 T. pisiformis . . . 312 T. phaseolina . 5 Ae Pal T. carnaria ; : 2318 T. villosiuscula . : . 224 T. fausta. . ; Sa eerie T. pubescens. ; - 226 | a see 5 : ; Be T. convexa : : - 229 T. inzequistriata . - mold T. distorta. 5; ‘s eau! T, similis : ; . 314 CocHLODESMA = : e200 T. lineata. ‘ ; . 314 C. pretenuis . ; . 235 SyNDOsMYA 5 . . 315 S.alba. : : . 316 SOLENIDA . : A . 239 S. intermedia . ; . al9 BODEN. « «»s/ s..'. 240 S. prismatica . 9. +. 321 S.marginatus . . . 242 S..ceritig: i, “etpk) Sean pcses S. siliqua . . : . 246 Amphidesma truncatum 41825 S.ensis . : : . 250 SCROBICULARIA . ; - 325 S. pellucidus . : . 252 S. piperata. f é . 326 Amphidesma reticulatum + 329 SOLECURTIDE . . - 255 Sanguinolaria deflorata. + 330

CERATISOLEN 255

eremen 256 DONACIDA . 4 : s dal SOLECURTUS. ‘ E . 259 Donax ale : ‘ - 331 See 259 D. anatinus - F - 332 S. candidus : : . 263 D. politus . : : - 336 §. bidens : . 266 D. trunculus : ‘ . 339 5. gibbus < ‘ . 267 D. denticulatus , : - 340 S. strigilatus . ; - 268 ERVILIA A 2 . 341 E, castanea (A. ii.) . 341 TELLINIDZ. ‘ : . 269 BN nitenis. ; : . 344 PSAMMOBIA . ; 2 . 270 E. pellucida, ‘ . 345 P. yespertina é : ora | Mesodesma deauratum - 346 P.Ferroensis . . ere! M.comeum Da

P. Tellinella : - . 277 | MACTRIDE . : - . 349

Ixxx

Mactra 3 M. solida .

PAGE . 350 . 3d]

Var. (asM. piace ii. ) 354

M. elliptica M. subtruncata . M. striata . M. stultorum M. helvacea M. fragilis LUTRARIA ; L. elliptica (A. ii.) L. oblonga.

VENERIDE . TAPES . T. decussata T. pullastra T. virginea T. aurea CYTHEREA C. Chione . C. circinata VENUS. V. verrucosa V.casina . V. striatula V. laminosa V. fasciata V. ovata

. 369

. 356 . 358 . S61 . 3862 . 366

368

. 370 . 374

>: Ore . 378 ong . 382 . 388 . 392 . 395 . 396

- 399 . 399 . 401 . 405 . 409

409 - 415 . 419

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Venus continued.

V. pallida . V. subcordata V. cancellata V. granulata V. Paphia

V. subrhomboidea

ARTEMIS

A. A.

exoleta . lincta

LUucINOPsIS

L

undata .

CYPRINIDA CypRINA

C. Islandica (A. i. .)

CIRCE

C. ARTE * suleata (A. i. ii.) crebricostata .

AST

PREP E

minima.

elliptica. arctica . compressa

A. castanea.

Crassina depressa

IsocaRDIA

It

cor

- 425 » 425

triangularis (A. i.) .

"472 472

PAGE

+ 422

423

425

. 426 . 427 . 428 . 431 . 433

435

. 439 . 440 . 44) - 446 . 446 - 450 - 452 . 456 . 459 . 461 . 464 . 467

470 471

BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

ACEPHALA TUNICATA.

In every class of organised beings there are creatures so constituted as to link the group to which they belong with some other, or even to render their true position a matter of question. Especially at the extremities, at the lowest and highest portions of considerable sections, do we find such beings. In so great a subdivision of the animal kingdom as the Mollusca, we must expect to meet with anomalous or connecting creatures; and were we to begin this history of our native species, in which we propose to treat of them in the order of their ascent in the animal series, with such as seem to us to mark the commencement of their type, we should have to extract a very considerable chapter from our esteemed friend Dr. Johnston’s ‘“ History of the British Zoophytes.” For the curious beings called Bryozoa, or Ascidian Polypes, present so many characters in common with certain undoubted Mollusca, especially with the Tunicata, and so few comparatively with true zoopliytes, that ina natural classification they could not with propriety be separated from the former class. Even that which was supposed essentially to distinguish them from true Mol- lusea, the absence of ganglia in their nervous system, has been shewn to be incorrect, since Van Beneden and Pro- fessor Allman have demonstrated the presence of a distinct nervous system with a ganglion in certain species of Bryozoa.

Still the Bryozoa may be regarded as a lowest order of Mollusca, linking that great class with the Zoophyta, and distinguished from the true tunicated mollusks by the

VOL. I. B

2 BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

crown of long ciliated tentacula surrounding their mouths, and forming so conspicuous a part of the animals, which, ageregated, constitute the plant-like bodies familiar to all frequenters of the sea-shore, and known as lustre. Some of these bodies, such as the Alcyonidium, are extremely difficult to distinguish at a glance from masses or systems of organisms belonging to the true Tunicata. And were activity to be the test of a creature’s position in the animal series, the little Bryozoa, which form the corallines called Flustra, would stand higher than the Compound Tunicata, for they are infinitely more lively creatures, and apparently even more intelligent. Though their existence be fixed it is active; whereas the majority of tunicated mollusks, even of the higher and more independent forms, lead a passive and apathetic life, at least when they have attained their perfect development, for, like many other invertebrated animals, they are much more free and lively in their earlier stages, passing through a tadpole state, but eventually un- dergoing what, in some respects, may be regarded as a retrograde metamorphosis.

Some very distinguished authorities would separate the whole of the Tunicata from the Mollusca, and place them as an intermediate class, or sub-class, between that great group and the Zoophyta. Professor Milne-Edwards, whose researches on Ascidians are second in point of merit only to those of Savigny, and, indeed, equal in value, has come to such a conclusion. In his admirable memoir on the “ Ascidiens Composées,” printed in the eighteenth vo- lume of the ‘*‘ Memoirs of the Institute of France,” (1842,) he sums up as follows :—‘ The facts which I have made known in this memoir shew that the Ascidians have less intimate analogies with the Mollusca, properly so called, than is usually believed. They resemble, it is true, these animals in the arrangement of their digestive apparatus, and in some peculiarities of the respiratory system; but they de- part from the Molluscan type in mode of circulation, in the metamorphosis which the fry undergo, and, above all, in the singular power which most of them possess, of multiplying

Ui

TUNICATA. 3

by gemmation. In these latter characters, so very im- portant in a physiological point of view, they approach closely polypes; and if we compare the general conforma- tion of their bodies with that of the Eschare, Vesicularie, Halodactyles, Pedicellariz, and other zoophytes, for which I have proposed the designation of ‘ Polypes Tuniciers,’ one cannot but perceive other analogies not less striking— the mode of aggregation through which most of them are united in societies, and their phytoid aspect. To harmo- nise the zoological classification with our anatomical know- ledge, it seems to me convenient no longer to confound, with Cuvier, the Tunicata with the Mollusca, but to follow Lamarck, and constitute for them a special division inter- mediate between the bivalve Mollusca and the polypes.” The force of this proposal, however, depends mainly upon the view to be taken of the classification of the zoophytes themselves. And, in the present state of our knowledge, a blank would occur in such a series of works on the Natural History of Britain as that of which this forms a part, unless some account of the Ascidians were therein given.

We shall commence, then, our history with a short notice of the Mollusca of the order Tunicata. Our main object in this work is to give a full account of the Testa- ceous Mollusks of the British Islands, but it is necessary, in order to connect them in zoological order, to notice the shell-less tribes. To treat the latter fully, or on nearly the same scale with the shelled species, would be to extend this volume to an encyclopedic length ; nor is it necessary, for the beautiful monograph of the ‘“ Nudibranchiate Mol- lusea,” by our friends Mr. Alder and Mr. Hancock, ex- hausts one portion of the subject, whilst for the other, equal in extent, that of the Tunicated Mollusks of the British seas, which we are now about to outline, though great masses of materials have been collected by the com- bined labours of many naturalists, and are now safely in charge of Professor Goodsir, by whom, we trust, they will be- fore long be worthily examined and made known, to work them will be a labour of several years, and many more ob-

4 BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

servations must be made upon them in the living state before they can be published. Nevertheless, an out- line of the present extent of our knowledge of British species may be serviceable, as directing attention to a very interesting and but partially explored department of our native zoology, and as furnishing some guide for future researches.

The Tunicata are Mollusca which have no true shell, but are enveloped in a coriaceous tunic or mantle ; whence their name. ‘This is constructed in the form of a sac with two openings, or else is shaped like a tube, of greater or less dimensions, open at both ends. Within the tunic we find the viscera, consisting of well-defined organs of respiration, circulation, and digestion, and a muscular and a nervous system. The branchial organ is usually in the form of a sac, placed at the commencement of the alimentary canal, of which it forms, as it were, the antechamber, and is never arranged in distinct leaflets, as it is in the lamelli- branchiate Conchifera. The circulation of their blood is remarkable, on account of its fluctuations and periodical changes of direction. They have no distinct head, and no organs serving as arms or feet. Sometimes they are free, more usually fixed; but in all cases free during some por- tion of their existence. Some are simple, some present various degrees of combination; some are simple in one generation, combined in another. They are all dwellers in the sea. Their various states and structures enable natu- ralists to group them under several weil-marked tribes, of most of which we have examples in the British seas. The best classification of them is that proposed by Professor Milne-Edwards. He divides them into three sub-orders, of which the Salpa, the Ascidia, and the Pyrosoma are the types, and subdivides the Ascidians proper into simple, social, and compound. Of all, except the Pyrosoma, we have British examples.

These animals attracted the notice of the all-observing Aristotle. Like most philosophic naturalists, the question of the distinction between the animal and vegetable king-

TUNICATA. 5

doms had for him great attractions. The Ascidia (T7éva) was one of the many creatures which he examined, in the hopes of gaining definite information respecting such dis- tinction. Its inert and sponge-like form, rooted to the ground, seemed to indicate a vegetable nature; but Aristotle was not content with a mere external survey—he explored its internal structure, and soon perceived its highly animal condition. His description of the Tyéue is wonderfully correct: it occurs in the fourth book of his ‘ History of Animals.” There he distinctly recognises the Ascidians to be Mollusea, of which, he says, ‘“‘they are the only kind whose whole body is enclosed in the shell, and that shell of a substance between true shell and leather: it may be cut like dry leather.” What comparison could be more graphic or more true? “They are attached to rocks by their shell. They have two separate openings, which are very small and difficult to notice, the one to take in, the other to eject the water.* * * * If we open them, we find a nervous mem- brane lining this leathery case, and fixed to it at two points corresponding to the openings, one of which may be looked upon as the mouth and the other as the vent.” And then he makes further remarks on their anatomy. His appre- ciation of the nature of the Ascidians is an interesting proof of the wonderful sagacity and minute observation of the great Father of Natural History.

It is worthy of remark, that very lately the Ascidians have again played a part in that much-vexed question of the distinction between animals and vegetables. After Aristotle's demonstration of their affinity with ordinary Mollusca, they had escaped being dragged into this very unsatisfactory discussion. As the sciences have progressed they have approximated, and chemistry has been called to the aid of natural history for the solving of this knotty point. The Ascidians haye been obliged to submit to a new cross-examination, and with very unexpected results ; for they have shewn in the composition of their tissues an unlooked-for relation with vegetable structures. In 1845, Dr. Schmidt, in a work entitled “ Zur vergleichenden

6 BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

Physiologie der wirbellosen Thiere,” put forward the novel statement, that he had discovered in the tunic of an Asci- dian mollusk (the Phallusia mammillaris) a ternary sub- stance identical with cellulose. He inferred thence that no chemical distinction could be drawn between animals and vegetables; and, as he had previously shewn that on no other structural or physiological ground any line between the two kingdoms could be drawn, he put forward the somewhat bold dogma, that ‘‘ Psychology only is competent to trace a limit between plants and animals; and that the only difference admissible is, that the animal possesses, besides the vegetable form—, ¢. cellule—a Luyy.”

Whatever naturalists might think of Dr. Schmidt’s hypo- thetical definition, it became them to look to his statement respecting the presence of cellulose in the Ascidian tunic. Fortunately the inquiry was undertaken by two most com- petent observers, Professors Loéwig and Albert Kolliker: the result was to confirm the statement and extend it. They found cellulose undoubtedly present in the envelopes of many Tunicata, both simple and compound, including the genera Phallusia, Cynthia, Clavelina, Diazona, Bo- tryllus, Pyrosoma, and Salpa. But they sought in vain for cellulose in animals of inferior organisation, although in some of the above-named creatures it formed a very consi- derable part of the animal tissues.*

The explanation offered by Lowig and Kolliker of these very anomalous facts is extremely ingenious, and probably very near the truth. It is to the following effect :—Tunicata

* The memoir of MM. Léwig and Kolliker was examined by a committee of the French Institute, consisting of Dumas, Milne-Edwards, Boussingault, and Payen: the last-named eminent philosopher drew up the report. In it he gives the following formula of the composition of the envelopes of the Tunicata :—

Cellulose . A , . 60°34 Azotised substance . a 27°00 Tnorganic matter F . 12°66

100°00

He remarks that the establishment of the existence of cellulose in the Tuni- cata is a “fait capital” in science, very important in its bearing on future re- searches into the comparative physiology of the two kingdoms.

TUNICATA. 7

live entirely upon vegetable organisms. The contents of the stomachs of the Phallusia, Claveline, and Diazone examined consisted of particles of florideous alge, which had probably found their way there by chance, and a great quantity of microscopic plants of low position in the series, species of Navicula, Frustulia, Baccilaria, Closterium, &c. These minute vegetable organisms have been shewn by Nageli and Schmidt to contain cellulose. This is probably dissolved by the gastric juice, that is to say, changed into sugar or gum; in which state it circulates with the blood, and is afterwards introduced into the tunics, either directly by the sanguiferous canals (as in Phallusia), or by their pro- longations ramified in the walls of the common body (as in Diazona and Botryllus), which thus, as Milne-Edwards has shewn, contain also blood in their cavity, probably penetrating by imbibition when the envelopes have no blood-vessels. The presence of cellulose in the tunics of the Ascidian Mollusca, then, cannot be taken as an evidence of an approach to a vegetable nature in those bodies. It affords us, however, a wholesome warning against the placing of confidence in asserted chemical distinctions between the great kingdoms of nature.

If we consider our British Ascidians in ascending order, they will rank as follows: — Ist, those lower and com- pound forms which constitute the “ Ascidiens Composées ” of Milne-Edwards; 2nd, a few species belonging to his social group; 3rd, a considerable number of simple Asci- dians, properly so called; 4th, a genus (Pelonaia) of Tunicata, including as yet only two forms, which, on account of important peculiarities of organisation to be hereafter noticed, cannot take its place in any of Milne-Ed- wards’s sections, but must rank as the type of a special section; and, 5th, a solitary example of the great and very numerous tribe of Salpide.

I. BOTRYLLIDA; OR, TRUE COMPOUND ASCIDIANS.

If, when walking on the sea-shore about low-water mark, we turn over large stones, or look under projecting eaves of rock, we are almost sure to see translucent jelly-like masses of various hues of orange, purple, yellow, blue, grey, and green, sometimes nearly uniform in tint, sometimes beauti- fully variegated, and very frequently pencilled as if with stars of gorgeous device ; now encrusting the surface of the rock, now depending from it in icicle-like projections. These are Compound Ascidians. A tangle, or broad-leaved fucus, torn from its rocky bed, or gathered on the sands where the waves have cast it after storms, will shew us similar bodies, mostly those star-figured, investing its stalks, winding among the intricacies of its roots, or clothing with a glary coat the expanse of its foliated extremities. If we keep some of these bodies alive in a vessel of sea-water, we find them le there as apathetic as sponges, giving few signs of vitality beyond the slightly pouting out of tube- like membranes, around apertures which become visible on their surfaces, though a closer and microscopic examination will shew us currents in active motion in the water around those apertures, streams ejected and whirlpools rushing in, indicating, that, however torpid the creature may exter- nally appear, all the machinery of life, the respiratory wheels and circulatory pumps, are hard at work in its in- most recesses. In the course of our examination, especially if we cut up the mass, we find that it is not a single animal which lies before us, but a commonwealth of beings, bound together by common and vital ties. Each star is a family, each group of stars a community. Individuals are linked

BOTRYLLIDA. 9

together in systems, systems combined into masses. Hach member of the commonwealth has its own peculiar duties, but shares also in operations which relate to the imterest and well-being of the mass. Anatomical investigation shews us the details of these curious structures and arrange- ments, beautiful as wise. Indeed, few bodies among the lower forms of animal life exhibit such exquisite and kaliedo- scopic figures as those which we see displayed in the combi- nations of the compound Ascidians.

The merit of first understanding and interpreting the true nature of these curious bodies is due to Jules César Savigny, an illustrious French naturalist, whose zeal in the cause of minute investigation eventually deprived him of sight, and the world of many profound and philosophical researches. Savigny carried on his enquiries chiefly in Egypt, when a member of the band of philosophers, whom Napoleon, anxious to palliate the crime of conquest by extending, through their aid, the realms of knowledge, gathered around him in the land of the Pharaohs. The account of Savigny’s researches among the Tunicata is contained in his celebrated ‘“ Mé- moires sur les Animaux sans Vertdbres,” to which the author might well, indeed, prefix his motto of ‘* Patientia.” Two parts only of that laborious work appeared, though more were promised to be issued at irregular intervals; ‘ for,” wrote the noble-spirited naturalist, “ obligations too imperious paralyse the faculties, and seem to alter the will itself. If good observations are the fruit of patience, they are also that of full and entire liberty. Venena servitus, libertas poma.” Alas! the sad catastrophe already mentioned pre- vented the realisation of the many labours he had planned.

Before Savigny’s time the Botryllide had been con- founded with polypes, and regarded as forms of the genus Alcyonium, to which, indeed, the masses bore a striking resemblance. The earliest distinct figures of these forms ap- peared in the ‘‘Philosophical Transactions” for 1757, where they were published by Schlosser; and in 1758, that curious observer, Borlase, gave descriptions sufficiently graphic, and rude but unmistakeable figures of several species, in his

VOL. I. c

10 BOTRYLLIDA.

interesting folio on ‘“‘ The Natural History of Cornwall.” The first naturalist who indicated their compound nature, and held forth a clue to their true affinities, was the famous botanist Gaertner, whose zoological observations on marine animals, communicated to, and published by Pallas, (in 1774,) are of the highest degree of merit. Gaertner, how- ever, did not follow up his enquiries in these bodies, though to him we owe the generic groups Botryllus and Distomus. The Italian naturalist, Renieri, (in 1793,) had a similar obscure perception of their affinities.

The memoir of Savigny, published in 1816, however, threw entirely new and unanticipated light on their nature. He shewed that they were essentially Ascidians, differing from the simple forms only in being united into more or less compli- cated systems. The researches of Milne-Edwards “ On the Compound Ascidiz of the Channel,” read before the Insti- tute of France, 1839, have fully confirmed those of Savigny, and have also greatly extended our knowledge of these creatures, The figures given by both these naturalists are among the most beautiful and minutely accurate that have ever illustrated and adorned natural history essays.

APLIDIUM, Savieny.

This genus belongs to the constellated section of the tribe of ‘“‘ Polycliniens” in the arrangement of Milne-Ed- wards. The individual animals of that tribe have a body composed of three distinct parts: Ist, a thorax, with bran- chial apparatus ; 2nd, a superior abdomen, with digestive organs ; and, 3rd, a post-abdomen, with heart and reproduc- tive organs,

“The common mass of the Aplidia is sessile, gelatinous or car- tilaginous, polymorphous, and composed of very numerous, slightly prominent, annular, sub-elliptic systems, which have no central cavity, but have a distinct circumscription. The animals (three to twenty-five) are placed in a single row, at equal distances from the centre and their common axis. Each has a six-rayed branchial, and a simple indistinct anal orifice."—Savieny.

APLIDIUM. Val

The British species of this genus require careful re-examina- tion. We have thought it best to reprint the original descrip- tions of them. In pl. A, fig. 1, we have figured an Aplidium from the Isle of Man, apparently identical with A. fallax, and in pl. B, fig. 1, one of the separated Ascidians of this genus, as drawn by Savigny.

1. A. Ficus, Linneus, (Sp.)

Alcyonium ficus, Linnzeus S. N. 12th ed. t. i. p. 1295.—Alcyonium pulmonis in- star lobatum, Ellis, Corallines, p. 82, pl. 17, fig. 6, B. C. D—Alcyonium pul- monaria, Solander and Ellis, p. 175, No. 2.—Aplidium ficus, Savigny, Mem. pt. 2, p. 183.—Alpidium ficus, Fleming, Brit. An. p, 470.

“ This sea production is of a dark olive-colour, of a fleshy sub- stance, and smells very disagreeably when it is opened ; the inside is full of little oblong yellow particles, from whence it borrows its name of sea-fig among the fishermen, from whom it was procured, with many other things of the same kind, at Whitstable. When I applied my glass to it, I found the whole surface covered with small stars of six rays, like small polypes of six claws. Upon opening it, I found the inside consisted of little bags of a yellowish colour, full of a clear viscid liquor; in the midst of this was a small duct, leading to the centre of the star at the top of each. On examining one of these bags attentively, I discovered several regular figures like shells in this inner tube or duct, placed upon one another ; but whether they are the food of the animal in the gut or stomach, or whether it is the ovary, I am not certain.”— ELLs.

2. A. FALLAX, Johnston.

Mag. Nat. Hist. Ist series, vol. vii. p. 15, fig. 4.

“Common body sub-globose or papillary, gelatinous, of a clear honey-yellow colour, marked on the upper surface with white and brown specks, from the contained animals ; orifices circular, protu- berant, plain, and entire. Animals distinct, scattered irregularly, each in its proper cell, perpendicular, about two lines long. Branchial aperture divided into six equal short segments ; the sac large, white, netted on the sides with minute square meshes, which, however, are very obscure ; wsophagus narrow, entering laterally

12 BOTRYLLIDA.

at the upper side of the stomach, which is large, yellowish- brown, and mottled; intestine ;dark-coloured, wide, flexuose, recurved, and winding up at the base of the branchial sac; anal aperture elongate, linear, entire, lateral, and near the mouth ; ovary white, cellulose, at the base of the intestine, with a long white tubular canal running up and along the middle of the in- testine, and terminating in the branchial cavity. Differs from the Aplidium jficus in having the apertures in the common envelope entire, whereas in the A. jicus they are distinctly cut into six equal fays. (See Ellis, Corall. tab. 17, fig. B.C. D.) Hab., affixed to old shells, &c. from deep water in Berwick Bay.”—Jonnsron.

3. A. nutans, Johnston. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1st series, vol. vii. p. 16, fig. 5.

“Common body adherent by a broad base, knob-like or pear- shaped, nearly an inch high, and half that in diameter, smooth, gelatinous, pellucid, of a straw-yellow colour, tinted with brown, and marked with whitish streaks from the immersed animal. There are no fibres nor spicula to strengthen this common mass ; neither are there any visible orifices on the surface ; but by rip- ping up the skin with a needle, the contained animals may be re- moved entire without difficulty. These are of a long thread-like shape, with a bulging and nutant head, scattered irregularly in the substance of the jelly, in which they lie horizontally, or nearly so. The length of a single individual is about four-tenths of an inch. The mouth is cut into six equal segments, and placed on the upper side of the large branchial sac, which is an oval bag filled in the specimens examined with innumerable minute granules. When the animalcule was compressed between plates of glass, these granules escaped abundantly from the mouth, and from a prominent aperture a little belowit on the side. The walls of the branchial sac are marked with several lines or plaits in a longitu- dinal direction, but I saw no traces of any vascular network. On the inner side of the branchial sac there is an obscure appearance of an intestine or vessel winding up it, to end at the anal aper- ture ; and near the base of the sac there is a considerable orange- coloured spot marked with longitudinal lines, and presumed to be the stomach. Immediately below this, the body is suddenly con-

SIDNYUM. 13

tracted into a very long and linear tail, as it may be called, in which, when compressed, we perceive a dark intestine-like mark, mottled with darker and lighter shades on each side, and a clear space between them; but I cannot trace any distinct termi- nation of these organs (which are the ovaries) in the branchial sac, although the shadings at the base of this part indicate the existence and situation of some distinct organs. This species has a great resemblance to Aplidiwm effusum of Savigny, but I cannot consider them identical.—Hab., Berwick Bay, in deep water.”— J OHNSTON.

In the twenty-sixth volume of the “Edinburgh New Phi- losophical Journal,” (p. 152,) Sir John Dalyell gives an account of a compound Ascidian, from the Frith of Forth, under the name of “ Aplidiwm verrucosum.” He describes it as “a gelatinous-looking, but solid, compact substance, which, being suspended by silk threads in a jar of sea-water, proved of an olive-green colour, and approached the form of an irregular parallelopiped above three inches long, and equalling perhaps three cubical inches of solid contents. The whole mass covered with very low prominences, almost even with the surface. In a short time the prominences developed as a profusion of short, projecting, cylindrical orifices, each fashioned as a lip, with a smooth, even edge, wherein were attracted by a powerful current, and absorbed, the neighbouring buoyant particles.”

SIDNYUM, Savieny.

This genus was made known by Savigny in a note sup- plementary to his memoir. He founded it for a British Ascidian received from Dr. Leach, but did not figure the species. It belongs to the unistellated section of the tribe ‘* Polycliniens” in the arrangement of Milne-Edwards.

The mass presents the appearance of a number of heads of madrepore or cladocora, each formed of a simple cone truncated and starred at the summit, rising from a common encrusting base,

14 BOTRYLLIDA.

the whole being grouped closely together. Hach cone is composed of a fascicle of individuals, varying in number from five or six to ten or twelve, and forming a margin round a depressed centre. The whole mass is translucent, gelatinous, and of a rich amber or orange colour; the individuals are somewhat paler, but marked by dark visceral specks ; they partake of the characters of those of Synoicum and Aplidium, resembling the former in the struc- ture of their stomach, and the latter in their branchial sac. Each has an 8-toothed branchial orifice, and a simple tubulose vent folded -against the thorax. The ovary is peduncled, and very conspicuous at the extremity of the animal.

S. rurBinatum, Savigny.

Mem. pt. ii. p. 238. Flem. Br. An. p. 469. Plate A, fig. 2, and plate B, fig. 2.

The above description is taken from this species, which occurs abundantly on the under surface of shelving rocks, exposed at low-water during spring-tides, on the north coast of the Isle of Man, isle of Islay, Dr. Fleming ; Strangford Lough, W. Thomp- son ; Belfast Bay, Dr. Drummond. Dr. Leach probably procured it on the south coast of England.

POLYCLINUM, Savieny.

“ Mass sessile, gelatinous, or cartilaginous, polymorphous, com- posed of more or less multiplied systems, convex, radiated, each having a central cavity, and being more or less distinctly cireum- scribed. Individuals (ten to one hundred and fifty) placed at very unequal distances from a common centre: branchial orifice 6-angled and 6-rayed ; anal prolonged horizontally, irregularly cut, and aiding in forming the prominent and fringed border of the cavity of the system.”—Savieny.

P. aurantium, Milne-Edwards. Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 292, pl. 1, fig. 6. Plate A, fig. 3, and plate B, fig. 3. “Little orange masses, more or less spherical, fixed to rocks by a short and thick peduncle ; the animals composing them undis-

AMOUROUCIUM. 15

tinguishable by the naked eye, but when the surface is examined with a lens, a number of little holes, ranged in linear series, are seen ; the mouths of the animals united in a common mass grouped round one or many systems, each opening into a common cloaca ; tegument coriaceous.”—Minne-Epwarps.

Mr. Alder finds a species, which seems to be a pale, fuscous, yellow variety of this, at Cullercoats.

AMOUROUCIUM, Mitne-Epwarps.

Mass lobed or encrusting, sessile or pedunculated, fleshy or cartilaginous, composed of many systems, more or less circum- scribed, each having a central cavity; the individuals, more or less numerous, placed at unequal distances from the common centre ; their anal orifices open into a common cloaca ; bran- chial orifice six-rayed ; post-abdomen not pedunculate, but fol- lowing superior abdomen, as in Aplidium. [See pl. B, fig. 4.]

1. A. proitirerum, Milne-Edwards. Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 287, pl. 1, fig. 3, and pl. 3, fig. 2.

Yellowish or red fleshy masses, sometimes encrusting, some- times lobed, with orange elongated spots on their upper surface. Individuals with a red thorax.

“ Belfast Bay,” W. Thompson, in Ann. N. Hist. vol. xiii. (1844) p. 485. “ Not uncommon in Cornwall,” Mr. Alder.

2. A. Norpmanni, Milne-Edwards. Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 289, pl. 1, fig. 5.

“Thick encrusting masses, broader than high, of a light rose- colour, tinged with yellow towards the base. Systems few, and usually arranged in a single row, so as to represent a more or less elongated ellipsoid, usually several in a mass, and distinctly cir- cumscribed. The oral opening of these Ascidians is but slightly prominent, and the lobes of the membranous border are obtuse and white, so as to constitute a circle of six white rounded spots around the mouth, contrasting with the general rose-colour ; the tegumentary tissue is yellowish, and the prevailing rose-colour depends on the tint of the thoracic portion of the bodies of the Ascidians.”—M.-E.

At Falmouth, Mr. Alder.

16 BOTRYLLIDZ.

3. A. Arcus, Milne-Edwards.

Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 291, pl. 1, fig. 4%. Plate A, fig. 4.

General colour olive-yellow towards the base of the mass, pass- ing into orange near its free extremity, which is nearly white, speckled with little red points. The individuals are grouped nearly circularly round a common cloaca, usually a single system of them to a mass. Hach individual is prominent on the common surface, and the border of the buccal opening is deeply divided into six nearly triangular lobes ; around these are ranged the red eye-like spots, four to each animal.

At Falmouth, Mr. Alder. This species appears to have a wide range : it occurs in the Algean, E. F.

LEPTOCLINUM, Mitne-Epwarps.

Mass thin, sessile, encrusting, polymorphous, coriaceous or ge- latinous, composed of many systems. Anal orifices of the indi- viduals opening into a common cloaca, more or less ramified. Branchial orifices 6-lobed. [Pl. B, fig. 5.]

This genus belongs to the tribe of “ Didemniens” in the ar- rangement of Milne-Edwards, composed of those compound Asci- dians which have the body distinctly divided into two portions, a thorax and an abdomen: “They approach very nearly the Cla- vellinze, and are distinguished from the Polycliniens by the ab- sence of a post-abdomen, and by the position of the generative apparatus and heart, which are placed beside the intestine.”—

M.-E.

1. L. macuntosum, Milne-Edwards. Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 297, pl. 8, fig. 2.

A thin, hard, leathery crust, investing the roots of Laminarizx, variegated with white and blue. The substance of the crust is strengthened with calcareous raphides.

Common on most parts of our coast, but first recorded as British by Mr. W. Thompson, who noted it as occurring plentifully on the roots of Laminariz in Belfast Bay and the north of Ireland generally, in the 13th volume of the “ Annals of Natural History,” (1844.)

LEPTOCLINUM. 1%

2. L. asperum, Milne-Edwards. Mem. Asc. Comp. p. 298, pl. 8, fig. 3, 3a.

Closely resembling the last, with which it occurs, but usually white or pale, and rough with conical tubercles placed near each of the buccal orifices.

Common ; first recorded as British by Mr. W. Thompson, who found it in the same localities with the last species.

3. L. aureum, Milne-Edwards. Mém. Asc. Comp. p. 298, pl. 8, fig. 4, 4°.

Similar to the two last species, but distinguished by its uniform chamois-yellow colour. The buccal orifices are closer than in Z. asperum, and more deeply lobed.

Dredged in Strangford Lough by Mr. Hyndman and Mr. W. Thompson.

4, L. cevatrinosum, Milne-Edwards.

Mém. Asc. Comp. p. 299, pl. 8, fig. 1, 1*. Plate A, fig. 5.

Distinguished from all the other species by its gelatinous con- sistence, and the semi-transparency of the common integument, The individuals have yellow abdominal viscera, and are arranged irregularly around a common cloaca.

“On the roots of Laminarie in Belfast Bay,” W. Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1844. “A gelatinous compound Ascidian, probably ZL. gelatinosum, is common on the south coast of Eng- land,” Mr. Alder.

5. L. Lisrertanum, Milne-Edwards. “ Polyclinum,” Lister, Philosophical Transactions for 1834, pt. 2, p. 382, pl. 12, fig. 1.

A grey slimy crust, speckled with white and black ; a circle of dark spots around the buccal orifice of each individual.

Investing alge at Brighton, Mr. Lister. An interesting account of the structure and economy of this species is given by the most accurate microscopical observer who first discovered it.

VOL. I. D

18 BOTRYLLIDA.

6. L. puncratum, Forbes.

A thin, shining, translucent crust, investing stones at low water. The animals, minute, are placed in pairs, each individual marked with a conspicuous black spot.

Isle of Man, E. F. Cullercoats, Mr. Alder.

DISTOMA, GAERTNER.

This genus, which is one of the two genera of Compound Ascidians distinguished by Gaertner, belongs to the uni- stellated section of the group styled by Milne-Edwards ** Didemnians.”

The common body, or mass, of Distoma is sessile, semi- cartilaginous, polymorphous, and composed of many sys- tems, usually circular. The individual animals are placed in one or two ranks, at unequal distances from a common centre. They present the striking and distinctive cha- racter of having both branchial and anal orifices regularly and equally six-rayed. The species inhabit the European seas.

1. D. rusrum, Savigny. Mem. 2nd part, p. 177, pl. 3, fig. 1, and pl. 13. Plate A, fig. 6, and plate B, fig. 6.

“Mass compressed ; various shades of red, with slightly-promi- nent, oval, yellowish points (individuals) scattered on the two sides, and grouped in systems of from three to twelve. Orifices obtusely rayed, tinted with purple. ?

“Mass four to five inches across, and half an inch thick. In- dividuals, two lines.”——Saviany.

‘This species was communicated to Savigny by Dr. Leach. To it the French naturalist referred the “ Alcyonium rubrum, pul- posum, conicum plerumque” of Plancus. (Conch. Min. Not. t. 10, f. B. d.) Mr. W. Thompson has recorded it as occurring on Lami- naria digitata in Belfast Bay, where it was found by Mr. Getty. He remarks that the specimens are not so lively in colour as those figured by Savigny. (Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 95.)

BOTRYLLUS. 19

2. D. vartotosum, Gaertner.

Alcyonium ascidioides, Pallas, Sp. Zool. f. 10, p. 40, f. 4, f. 7, a, A. — A. di- stomum, Brugiere, Enc. Méth. — Distoma variolosum, Savigny, Mém. 2nd part, p. 178.—Polyzona variolosa, Fleming, Br. An. p. 469.

Mass coriaceous, not thick, flat beneath, warty above; pale reddish, or yellowish-white. Individuals orange-red. Systems not distinctly circumscribed.

“Common on Fucus palmatus, and on that plant only, enve- loping sometimes the entire stem,” according to Gaertner. “ A Di- stoma, apparently, from description, of this species, has occurred to me investing Fucus serratus in Belfast Bay: the colour was al- ways whitish-yellow,” W. Thompson, Ann. N. H. vol. v. p. 95.

BOTRYLLUS, GAERTNER.

This genus, one of the first established among the Com- pound Ascidians, is the type of the tribe of ‘* Botryllians” in the arrangement of Milne-Edwards. The individual animals present no distinction between abdomen and thorax. Their viscera are accumulated in the thoracic cavity, and form with it an ovoid mass. Their branchial orifices are simple : they are ranged round a common cloaca. In the genus Botryllus they are grouped in simple stars, and lie hori- zontally, with the vent far from the branchial orifice.

1. B. Scutossert, Pallas, (Sp.)*

Schlosser, Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. pt. 2, 1757, p. 447, t. 14, fig. a—c ; Borlase, Nat. Hist. Cornwall, p. 254, t. 25, f. 1, 2, 3, 4.—Alceyonium Schlosseri, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. No. 208.— Botryllus stellatus, Gaertner in Pallas, Spic. Zool. fasc. 10, p. 37, t. 4, f. 1— 5.— B. stellatus, Brugiére, Enc. Méth. 1; La- marck.—B. Schlosseri, Savigny, Mem. pt. 2, p. 200, pl. 20, f. 5; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 470.—Alcyonium Schlosseri, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. — A. Schlosseri, Ellisand Solander, Nat. Hist. Zooph. p. 177.

Plate A, fig. 7, and plate B, fig. 7. Mass a thick, gelatinous, semi-transparent, glaucous crust, with yellow marginal tubes. Systems numerous, composed of from ten

* In the forty-ninth volume of the “ Philosophical Transactions” (for 1756) occurs the first notice of the Compound Ascidians, being the description of this Botryllus, with a very characteristic figure. The paper is entitled,“ An account of a curious

20 BOTRYLLIDA.

to twenty or more individuals, yellowish and reddish. Branchial aperture white, surrounded by a circle of broad ferruginous spots ; a red spot on the centre of each individual. Mass often measur- ing several inches across; individuals one-twentieth of an inch in diameter.

fleshy, coral-like substance; in a letter to Mr. Peter Collinson, F.R.S., from Dr. Albert Schlosser, M.D., F.R.S., with some observations on it communicated to Mr. Collinson by Mr. John Ellis, F.R.S.” Being short, we quote it :—

“* Dear Sir,—I hired some fishermen to dredge for me in this harbour, in order to examine the small English coral, or Corallium nostras of Ray’s “ Synopsis,” recent in the microscope. The first time they hauled in the dredge, I discovered a most extraordinary sea production surrounding the stem of an old Fucus teres: it was of a hardish but fleshy substance, and more than an inch thick, of a light brown or ash-colour, the whole surface covered over with bright yellow, shining, and star-like bodies, which induced me to believe it to be an undescribed species of Aleyonium. I put it immediately into a bucket of sea-water, expecting every moment that the polypes, which I thought to lodge in those little stars, would extend and shew themselves like those of the Aleyonium No. 2 of Ray’s “* Sy- nopsis,” commonly called “ dead man’s hand ;” but after more than half-an-hour’s attention, the vessel lying very quiet all the time, I did not perceive the least ap- pearance of any polypes ; upon which I brought them to shore in the sea-water;, and then, by means of my microscope, I discovered every one of those stars to be a true animal, and much more beautiful than any polype, but quite of a different structure, which I shall now describe to you.

“*« Every one of those stars is composed of many thin hollow radii, of a pear-shape form, from five to twelve or more in number, all united intimately at their smaller end ; every radius appears broad at the extreme part from the centre, and a little convex in the middle of this raised broad part. When the animal is alive there appears a circular little hole, which contracts and opens itself frequently. All the radii are of this structure ; but their common centre, which is formed by a com- bination of the small converging extremities, exhibits an opening of a circular, oval, or oblong figure, forming a kind of rising rim like a cup, which, when the animal is alive and at rest, contracts and expands itself to many different degrees, with great alertness and velocity, though sometimes it remains a great while ex- panded or contracted. In all these holes, the central large one, as well as the smaller ones, (which last I take to be the mouths of the animals,) T could not per- ceive any tentacula, or claws, on the outside ; but, by looking into them very nar- rowly, I saw something like yery tender little fibres moving at the bottom of their insides.

“* By comparing and examining all the various pieces I had collected of this fleshy substance, with its shining stars, I observed that the size and colour, as well as the very figure of these stars, varied greatly, but the structure of the leaf-like radii, and that of their mouths, and their motions, were perfectly the same in eyery one individual.

BOTRYLLUS. on

Very common on stones and sea-weeds near low water-mark, all round the British Islands.*

2. B. porycycius, Savigny.

“ Botryllus stellatus, Renieri, Le Sueur, and Desmarest.”—Polycyclus, Lamarck, Mém. du Mus. t. i. p. 340. — Botryllus polycyclus, Savigny, Mém. pt. 2, p. 202, pl. 4, fig. 5, and pl. 21.

A gelatinous, translucent, grey crust, with reddish and purple marginal tubes. Systems numerous, of from eight to twenty or more individuals. Oval; bluish or purple. Orifices bordered by purple; the branchial aperture surrounded by eight large white or bluish spots, divided by deep purple spaces: radial line simi- larly coloured. Mass grows to several inches. Individuals one- twelfth of an inch or less.

“ Much more common in the north of Ireland than B. Schlos- seri: chiefly on the leaves of Laminaria digitata,” W. Thomp-

*¢Many of these bodies I have found so thick and large as to resemble the great branched madrepora coral, especially as they are generally to be met with cover- ing and enclosing the stem and branches of this stiff, ramose fucus.’ Thus far Dr. Schlosser.