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http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924077098808
A GRAMMAR
OF THE
SAMARITAN LANGUAGE,
WITH
EXTRACTS AND VOCABULARY.
BY
G. F. NICHOLLS,
READER IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE, AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS; LATE EXHIBITIONER OF ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
8B
LONDON: [66499 SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS;
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PREFACE.
ce In offering to the public a work of so novel a character as the present, the author has seized the opportunity of stating the grounds on which it was undertaken.
The importance of the study of the Biblical languages has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the utility of that which they have not the means or oppor- tunity to acquire. On the other hand, those illustrious scholars, whose definition of the utilitarian cu? bono is directly opposed to the former, have not only inculcated the momentous importance of linguistic study by precept, but have led the van thereof conspicuously by example.
To recount the imperishable names of those who, from the earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursued this study, is unnecessary in this place; their opinions of its importance may be summed up in the words of the learned Dr. Jahn: “ occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologie fundamentum, neque tamen sine subtili et intimd linguarum Biblicarum cognitione satis firmari potest, yvnotorns, inquam,
iv PREFACE.
sacrorum librorum, gud labefactatd, ruit authoritas horum documentorum, et theologie edificium evertitur.” And again, “‘librorum yvyowrnTa et verum sensum, absgue subtili et intima linguarum scientid, comprobare nemo potest.”
The phrase “ Biblical Languages,” although capable of extension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which have been made during the last century into almost every important language and dialect, is usually confined to the following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic; to which, of course, the Greek and Latin may be added.
The first four of the languages just enumerated have received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. In fact, during the last few years, so little attention and study have they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossible to acquire even the rudiments of them, except through the medium of the-Latin tongue. Why they have been allowed to fall into such disrepute, it is not worth while to inquire, but we have only to do with the fact that such is the case,. and, if possible, to remedy it.
' The present work is a Grammar of the Samaritan Lan- guage; it is strictly Rudimentary, and is intended as a precursor to a more critical and philological view of the tongue. The main abject of the author has been to deal with the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and to produce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar’s words), ‘‘non ut in ipso hereat juventus, sed ut per eum transeat,
PREFACE. v
per eum excolatur, et ad altiora preparetur.” How far he has succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerning public to determine, to whose favour he would commend his present attempt.
The author has consulted nearly the whole of the extant writers on the subject,—as Cellarius, Morinus, Castellus, Leusdenius, and others. To the first he is especially in- debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose facts, notwithstanding they are undigested, and expressed in questionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable.
The Syntax is, however, wholly original; and the author has especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to the exclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the young scholar.
The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon the Samaritans, their language and literature, which the author hopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is con- cluded by an extract, from Walton’s Polyglot, of three chapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, with exegetical remarks upon the text, together with a short Lexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obser- vation. The student will do well, after he has mastered the Grammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parse the whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find his labours considerably diminished by observing the analogy which the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee.
Before concluding, it is scarcely necessary to dwell upon
vi PREFACE.
the extent to which the Samaritan text as edited in the books is vitiated; and no doubt many of the anomalies, which have come to be considered grammatical peculiarities, are to be referred to this cause. The fact is simply men- tioned here, to show that the reader must bear with some things, which in the present state of the text are un- avoidable.
The author hopes to have an opportunity of editing a critical and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexicon and a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would form a somewhat complete library of Samaritan literature.
Lonpon: 1858,
INTRODUCTION.
BEFORE entering upon the Grammar, a brief account of the Samaritans, their language and literature, may not be unacceptable to the generality of our readers.
It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revolted from Solomon’s son, elected Jeroboam as their king, who fixed his capital at Shechem, in mount Ephraim.
The Israelitish king, in order to prevent his people from going to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan, and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usual sacrifices.
We pass over the remaining acts of Jeroboam and his successors, until we come to Omri, the sixth king of Israel, who began his reign, a.M. 3079. He it was who purchased the hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a city called by the same name, from which the gentile noun, Samaritans, is derived.
The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab’s reign, by the Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success: in the reign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, attacked it, and after three years’ siege succeeded in taking it, and carrying away the Israelites captive into Assyria.
The territories of the banished Jews were occupied by a mixed people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian
empire,—from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Se- 2
2 INTRODUCTION.
pharvaim. It is to these colonists that the name Samaritans is specially, though not exclusively, applicable. According to Josephus, they were called ovm> Cuth@i, as the fol- lowing extract will show (B.ix.c. 14):—ol 8 perotxra Bévtes eis THY > apdipevav XvOaioi—raitn yap éypavto péype dedp0 TH mpoonyopia, Sia TO éx Ths KovOds Kadovpéevns xapas petayOjvat, attn & éotiv év 7H Ilepoise nal trotapos Todt’ éywv dvowa, etc.
It appears, moreover, that these colonists were infested with lions, on account of their idolatry; and believing the cause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worship due to the ‘‘ God of the land,” they resolved to request Shal- maneser to send them a priest or priests of the captive people, who might teach them ‘“ the manner of the God of the land.” (This request was complied with,—a priest was sent. But it does not appear that the instruction he imparted had the effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them; for we read, that ‘‘ they feared the Lord, but served their graven images.” How long this semi-idolatry continued it is impossible to say: it would appear, however, that on the return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased; for they not only made an application to Judah and Benjamin to be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, for which the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as if reprobating their former wickedness, ‘‘ we seek your God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of Esar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here.” This proposal was refused by Ezra and Nehemiah, and the other Jews; who were not only empowered by the decree of Cyrus to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city. This refusal on the part of the Jews, gave rise to that im-
INTRODUCTION. 3
placable and deadly hatred which ever after existed between themselves and the Samaritans.
The latter, by their calumnies and intrigues at the court of Persia, at length forced the Jews to desist from their work. We are told that they ‘“ hired counsellors against them ;” and to judge from the proceedings recorded in Ezra, c. iv., there can be no doubt that the Samaritans were actuated by the most. fiendish spleen. They are even said to have gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding by force, but without success, for the temple was completed.
The Jews never forgaye the Samaritans: and as an in- stance of the contempt and abhorrence in which they held the latter, we may mention the saying, ‘“‘ he who eateth bread of a Cuthean shall be as one who eateth pork.” The Jews even refused to write a copy of the law on a Samaritan parchment.
What their feelings were, therefore, when it was resolved to build a rival temple to their own, may be more easily imagined than described.
Manasses, brother of the high-priest, and son-in-law of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, in common with the other Jews, to give up his ‘“ strange wife.” He refused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protection to his father-in-law.
On the representation of Sanballat, that the building of a temple in opposition to that of the Jews would tend to weaken the latter,—whom he represented as a nation ever disaffected, and always ready for revolution,—a temple was built by the Samaritans on mount Gerizim, of which Manasses was made high priest.
Shortly after the building of this temple, the Samaritans
4 INTRODUCTION.
revolted from Alexander, who expelled them, and put Macedonians in their place, and gave the province to the Jews. After Alexander’s death, Ptolemy Lagus subdued both Judxa and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jews and Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into the hands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest; and soon after him into the hands of the Romans, during whose rule Herod Antipater rebuilt the temple and city with great magnificence, to which he gave the name Sebaste, or Augusta. At the present time, few of this once powerful people exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informed of their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritans of Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides at Neapolis, in Syria. Their answers are now in existence, and are well worthy of perusal.
We shall close the preceding brief sketch of the Sama- ritans, with a short account of their language and Penta- teuch; and especially of what is called the Samaritan Version. But as our remarks have been, and must be brief, we may refer those who wish for complete information on the subject, to the Proleg. of Walton’s Polyglot, Gesenius “de origine et indole Samaritani Pentateuchi,” Cellarius, Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger, and others.
The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from these sources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthxan words, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists.
Some of the words borrowed from the former languages have undergone various transformations, as will be seen hereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged.
The sympathies of the language are decidedly Syro-
INTRODUCTION. 5
Chaldaic, as the reader will observe in the sequel. This is probably to be attributed to the fact, that while the Sama- ritans sought to fashion their own tongue after the manner of that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, north of Samaria; they scrupulously eschewed every thing which savoured of their southern neighbours, against whom they appear to have entertained the most implacable hatred. There does not appear to be any substantial ground for the affirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect was ruder and less polished than those of its neighbours. renerally speaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the Hebrew, and free from those technical constructions with particles, which are especially found in the latter. It does not, how- ever, appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than the Hebrew; on the contrary, there are cases in which its simple diction seems paramount to that of the latter; and to judge of a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was made for man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end for which language was in part designed. There is one pecu- larity in the Samaritan, which especially arrests our atten- tion; and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so called guttural letters: but whether this is an argument against the axptBela of the language, it is not our intention to determine. It has been previously stated, that besides a large number of words borrowed from the three principal dialects of the Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain words foreign to all three of them. The historical fact, that the Cuthzi held possession of the Samaritan territories after the Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on their return from Assyria, imported a number of exotic words previously unknown to their own and the cognate dialects,
6 INTRODUCTION.
is not only sufficient to account for the presence of such words, but also gives a clue to fixing the date when the Samaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have been about the seventh century before Christ. Previous to the captivity, there is every reason to believe that the Alphabet now called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jews in transcribing those copies of the law which were disse- minated throughout the tribes of Israel. The Pentateuch, known as the Hebreo-Samaritan, appears to support this supposition; for although written in Samaritan characters, the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pen- tateuch is'so small, that there can be no difficulty in pro- nouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or rather the latter a copy of the former; for, notwithstanding the ingenuity of Kopp, it is highly probable that on their return the Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, the Chaldee, now called the Hebrew, in which the Sacred text, as restored by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidence between the Hebrew and Hebrao-Samaritan text is so re- markable, that it induced Morinus to say of the latter, ‘“‘purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum.” The whole question, however, of the priority which ought to be given to one of these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon the point as to whether the Assyrian characters were known among the Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity,—a question which it is not our purpose to discuss here. The Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar, claims especial notice in this place.
We have previously spoken of the language in which it was written, whose genius is well set forth in the following
INTRODUCTION. 7
extract from the Atlas Ethnographique of the learned Adrien Balbi:—“ Le Samaritain tient de l’Hébreu, du Chaldéen, et du Syriaque; mais différe cependant d’une manidre assez notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales, soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des accep- tions particuliéres de celles qui lui sont communes avec les autres dialectes sémitiques.”
A few remarks upon the time, and author ofthis Version, will not be out of place here.
Upon the question of téme, many illustrious scholars are at issue. Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the origin and character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed to place its execution some centuries after Christ. Hottinger and Walton, on the other hand, considered it of the highest antiquity. The illustrious orientalist Gesenius has not favoured us with the grounds upon which he came to the preceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latter scholars appears to be supported by as reasonable hypotheses as the case admits.
In the first place, the internal evidence of the Version is sufficient to show that it is not older than the Babylonish captivity, in fact, that it must have been made after the building of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, the governor of Samaria; because the words rendered in our Version (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal, were changed by them into MAMA TAXI in Mount Gerizim. This could not have been done till after the building of their temple. The reader who will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius, will find also another reason, which, however hypercritical it may seem, is certainly no less conclusive than the pre-
ceding.
8 INTRODUCTION.
Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us to fix more precisely the time when the latter was written.
During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few, if any of them, could have retained their own language free from the contamination of that oftheir conquerors. Besides, on the termination of that captivity, all the old Jews who had been removed from their country must have been dead: and if we suppose the Assyrian king carried away their infant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration, judging from the ordinary length of human life, remained alive to return; and those who did must certainly have spoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jews who returned to their country must have been men who had been born in Assyria; so that the Law in the original Hebrew must have been to them pretty much the same as a book written in the standard English of the present day would be to a real Lancashire provincialist. The conse- quence was, that a paraphrase was made called Targumin, and by this means the Jews were enabled to understand that which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan- guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter.
Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable to suppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similar purpose, and about the same time.
That it was made for a public purpose is highly probable from.the fact that such works were usually undertaken with that view; and there is no reason to believe that a private individual would undertake and complete such a work for his own amusement, much less that such an attempt would have escaped the ravages of time as the Samaritan has, and have
INTRODUCTION. 9
been handed down to.our own age. This supposition, toge- ther with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander, would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval with the Targumin; because, generally speaking, works for national use are not undertaken when a nation’s nationality is destroyed, or its independence lost.
As regards the author of this version, nothing is known; his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan, and Saad. The way, however, in which he has performed his work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probably due to the inaccuracy of the librarii, who have here, as in other cases, disfigured the original text by innovations, either the result of design or negligence,) will justify the words of Schwarzius: ‘‘ Caeterum nostro, quisquis demum ille fuerit, interpreti variz et ingenii et doctrine laudes meritd defe- runtur.”
SAMARITAN GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER I.
1. THe Samaritan letters are the same in number as the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; they have the same power, and the same names. The following Table contains the Alphabets of the four languages :—
Names. * Samaritan. ae Syriac. Powers. Chaldee. Aleph Xe wx] NS | vowel a. Beth 9 gq Wy; 3j|. our 6 or v. Gimel T 7 O° AIX] & Daleth 4) 2 d. He x s/n a vowel e. Vau x xX 4 ° vowel w or consonant v. Zain Ag $ wo; 7 1 we Cheth wa «& To ow guttural zh. Teth Vv 2B ai ae ar Yod m mr g ’ re vowel z or consonant j. Kaph Ss 4 3] > | aharde. Lamed 2 Z ) BS 1. Mem 3 4 ¥ bd » m. Nun a a 2 3 3 n Samech A ? D | S. Ayin Vv 0 y S vowel o. Pe a a 49/ Bb] 2 por. Tsade mm mM x 3 Pa Coph P ag P re) a very hard &. Resch s q 5 ; r Schin ae OME wy | sch. Tau N N n Zz th.
DIVISION OF LETTERS. 11
The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways. The first of the three columns of letters given above contains the Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his Polyglot Bible, and Edmund Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon, and is the mode of writing adopted in this Grammar. The second column contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, and Leusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. The third column contains the letters which Castel affirms are especially used in MSS.
The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between the Hebrew letters and vw, both of which may be repre- sented by *. There are only a few purely Hebrew words involving &, in which that letter is represented by ; as, yyw for no; 2eaer for Syn, etc.; for in most other words, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians, and use A; as, SAV for Wy, 449 for W2, etc.
The Samaritans have no final or dilatable forms, like the Hebrews, for any of the letters, but use the same form under all circumstances.
DIVISION OF LETTERS.
2. The letters of the Alphabet are divided into five classes, according to the organs of speech chiefly employed in articulating them; viz., Gutturals Vax; Labials 38x49; Palatals pymrt; Linguals 4\32,V9; and Dentals MATT Ay - The preceding is the division of Castel. It will be seen hereafter, that the five letters AXMmVvx may be advan- tageously considered as vowels, or matres lectionis.
There is another division of letters into Radicals and Serviles. The Radical letters are those which constitute a root or primitive form. The Serviles such as are added to
12 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
the Radicals in derivation, conjugation, declension, and composition.
All the Serviles may be Radicals, but the Radicals are never Serviles. Those letters which are essentially Radical are, *APMIVA YK Ay T- The Serviles, which may also be Radicals arey WA BASMIAXTIL.
VOWELS.
3. The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels, like the Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various means have been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion that the Hebreo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to be adopted; others the Syriac, among which the learned author of the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, ‘‘ Lingua Syriaca optima est ac certissima regula punctandi tam Chaldaica, quam Samaritana.”
Cellarius has taken the mean between these extremes, and, arguing from the fact that the Samaritan is for the most part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, he says, ‘‘ Liberiorem esse Samariticam pronunciationem, et que in lingua illé sunt puré Ebrea, Ebreo forsitan more efferri posse; que Syro-Chaldaica ad Syrorum indolem enunciari debere.”
The remark of Hottinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac. Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted with the Samaritans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of the latter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify the belief that such was the case in ancient times. This sup- position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians and Arabs, who bordered as closely on the Hebrews as the
VOWELS. 13
Samaritans, have never admitted into their languages all those subtle rules of punctuation adopted by the Jews.
The chief vowel or mater lectionis made use of by the Samaritans is 4, as is manifest from the frequent occurrence of this letter or its substitutes in Samaritan words. This fact must be carefully borne in mind, because in combi- nations of letters which cannot be properly pronounced without a vowel, we may suppose this vowel inserted.
The reader who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc- tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given by Cellarius. There is, however, no necessity for his doing so; for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points, but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they are omitted. The questionable authenticity of those points ought to be a great objection to their use, especially in the Samaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has been adopted.
We may suppose, therefore, the letters 4, X, Mm, V, %, which are chiefly called guiescents, to be the vowels or matres lectionis which are to be employed in reading the Samaritan language. These letters are equivalent to our five vowels a, ¢, i, 0, u respectively.
There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to the individual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usage as is observed in our own language; thus, when any letter or consonant, as 5, d, g, etc., is pronounced, we are com- pelled to add a short vowel to it, though that vowel is not expressed; thus, we pronounce the preceding letters be, de, ge, etc., adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanserit language the short a or ST is usually omitted. Thus ite
where there are two consonants without a vowel, is pro-
14 READING AND ORTHOGRAPIIY.
nounced kara; FTL katara, etc. Moreover, in our own language, words with short vowels are usually pronounced so rapidly, that if the consonants were written without the vowels we should have no difficulty in recognising them; as, for instance, who does not immediately recognise the words bkr, mckrl, mrnr, slr, etc., as baker, mackerel, mariner, seller, etc.? The same might be observed in other lan- guages, where, on the omission of the short vowels, the consonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide Coptic Gram.
Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to sup- pose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan words, while the long ones were usually expressed by the letters ‘ez, 3X, M™, V, ¥- And in every case where a vowel is re- quired after a letter, we may suppose the mater lectionis to be ‘the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly.
We shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. i. 1, 2, of the manner in which the language may be read; presuming, of course, the student is aware that, in common with all the Shemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinian branch), the Samaritan is read from right to left.
Samaritan, MSOs AM 3X26 ° AZ XATASPS
Pronunciation. shumié ith Aleé tlimis B’kimauthe Samaritan. AMRIT MIPMAT V8 ATX AVA Pronunciation. v'k3shice vrikni shame eiith V'aroé
The short vowels are marked; the others may be pro- nounced long and distinctly. The student will find no difficulty in reading, by adopting this course: we would, however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius, ‘« Linguas hasce addiscimus non tam colloquendi causa, quam intelligendi scripta monumenta Orientalium Populorum.”
ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 15
4. The Samaritans distinguish each word by means of a thick point placed after the word; as, 22° “m2. At the end of a period they generally use the sign :; sometimes the simple distinctive *, at others -:. When the sense is suspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitute the sign ** placed above the word and after it. Sometimes the single point is used instead of it, and vice versd.
They have various signs to supply the place of our full stop; as, =, <3, =<, —-<, or -%. The first is that which is more frequently used.
Sometimes between two verses or lines we find stops com- pounded of some of the preceding; as, <-;-==-!-<.
It must be observed, however, that these signs apparently depend on the caprice of the writer, and are found differently written in all the copies of the Pentateuch.
The small horizontal line - which is sometimes placed over letters, has various meanings. In the first place, it signifies that an ambiguous word is not to be taken in its usual acceptation; as, *% a name, but %4%* Shem, the son of Noah; 2% God, but 2% the preposition to or at. In the second place, it isa sign of apocope; as, A+ for 3% thou. Or else it is a sign of cacography; as, Gen. xxix. 32, 34, “3 which ought to have been 344 his name.
The Samaritans do not divide their words at the end of a line; but, if a word be too long, they reserve it for the next line; and, in the mean time, write the last word in such a manner that the two last letters may fall at the end of the line, divided from the rest of the word without any mark ; as, Quy ms2, * X44 ° 4V with Moses, saying.
5. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to remark, that there are three parts of speech recognised in the
16 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Grammar, viz. the Noun, Verb, and Particle; in which order they will be considered.
CHAPTER II. THE NOUN.
1. THe Samaritan nouns, like the Hebrew, may be con- sidered as having their roots in the verb. They are formed in various ways: some consist of radical letters alone; as, 23/4 a man, XZ God: others by the insertion of some quiescent letter; as, AM Im a goat, AX] a judge, etc.; or by the addition of a letter or letters to the beginning or end of the root; as, 224% a word, XX} a judgment.
Some are derived from imperfect verbs; as, AMI a stranger, (X3A history, etc.
The quadriliteral nouns are such as are composed of four radical letters. They are usually read with some quiescent; as, 23PA3 a treaty.
The adjectives are found to vary in their formation, like nouns substantive; as, “MP holy, XNA pitiful, A2VAV naked, etc.
In a rudimentary Grammar like the present, a critical discussion of the various senses of the nouns, according to the species of the verb from which they are derived, would be out of place. The Lexicon will supply their senses, which will be sufficient for all practical purposes.
In the Samaritan, as well as in the other Shemitic or Syro-Arabian languages, there are only two genders, Mas- culine and Feminine.
THE NOUN. 17
The Feminine supplies the place of a Neuter gender.
Nouns of the Masculine gender are usually known by their termination or signification. By the former, when they end in a radical letter, or servile other than ¥ or A*; as, “4 a man, MAAIV an Hebrew; by the latter, when the subject of the noun is masculine; as, x24. God.
Nouns of the Feminine gender are also known by their termination or signification. By the former, when they end in ¥ and A*; as, X2xA% @ maid servant; by the latter, when the subject of the noun is essentially feminine; as, 28% Rachel, Gen. xxxiii. 7; “4 a mother, Exod. xx. 12.
The nouns expressing districts and cities are generally feminine. Sometimes under one termination both genders are included. This is especially the case with the names of animals, as in the Hebrew.
Some nouns, though terminating in an essential mas- culine characteristic, are, however, feminine; as, Lev. v. 1, NVBN ' She * MAF and when a soul sins. So VAK. the earth, KM breath, SMV an eye. As no fixed rules can be given for determining the genders, they can only be ac- quired by reading and observation.
There are two Numbers,—the Singular and Plural. It is scarcely necessary to recognise a Dual number, since, in consequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Sama- ritan, there are no means of distinguishing it from the plural.
Cellarius apparently inclines to the opinion, that the dual number, if it occur at all, is not supported by sufficiently conclusive examples to justify us in attempting to establish it as one of the essential numbers of the Samaritan language.
* Nouns in ¥ and ff, apocopated for ¥AX and XAM (§5, 9) are
however feminine. 3
18 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Morinus, however, is of opinion, that # inserted before the termination is probably characteristic of the dual; thus, sem SS Ao, Gen. xxvii. 36. Many exceptions may be taken to the use of this letter as an essential mark of the dual number, and none stronger than that of 4smmsxor in Exod. xvi. 29, where it is absolutely necessary that the Hebrew dual 0%¥ should be emphatically marked, so as to prevent the possibility of confounding it with the plural,—such, however, is not the case. The terminal 4/4, which is sup- ported by Castel, does not depend upon sufficiently conclusive examples to justify its adoption asa mark of this number. All the pertinent examples produced of it by the learned author of the Heptaglot are accompanied by numerals, which, in the absence of a characteristic termination of the noun, supply the place of the dual number. The termination ‘4 is evidently plural. The same remarks apply to the form 3/4 in Gen. xxxiii. 1, which is accompanied by the numeral; as, XV/AYYYY MAAN two handmaids.
The existence of a dual in the Hebrew language, essen- tially different from the plural, is entirely due to the Masoretic points. In such cases as the one given above from Exod. xvi. 29, where there is an apparent necessity for distinguishing the numbers, it is doubtful whether this dis- tinction is not as clearly pointed out by the context, inde- pendent of the diacritical distinction, as it would be by the addition of a numeral which removes all ambiguity. And in the case just mentioned this numeral is actually expressed
. . 7 in the Syriac; as, woo, 92.
STATES OF NOUNS. 2. The Samaritans, like the Syro-Chaldees, have three
THE NOUN. 19
states or forms of nouns, viz., the absolute, emphatic, and constructive. In each of these states we have to consider the formation of gender and number.
ABSOLUTE STATE.
3. Singular Masculine—Every noun which is used. simply or absolutely, or which does not govern another usually expressed by our genitive, is said to be in the absolute state; as, 42 a hing, \9'1 a master, etc.
4. Plural Masculine—The affinity which the Samaritan bears to the Chaldzo-Syriac, might lead us to expect that the plural termination ‘mr of the latter would be far more used than the Hebrew mr. Such, however, is not the case, as the more usual form is “4M; thus, 4mrs<m days, SMAI judges, etc. Cellarius rightly affirms that the vast majority of nouns are thus formed.
The Syro-Chaldaic form will also be found, though, com- paratively speaking, rarely; as, \M9 sons, IMIMV eyes, etc.
Nouns ending in mr omit one of the consecutive yods, which concur in affixing the plural terminal; as, Exod. xxxiv. 24, 4mxv1° ‘4wmtad many nations, for * smm1rd SMMT.
Some masculine nouns form their plural like those of the feminine gender; as, 3X9 fathers, 3X4 names.
The two nouns, “4mm'K life, sims a countenance, have no singular number: this is also the case with some others.
The Hebrew ecthlipsis of mf in the formation of the plural number is also to be remarked; thus, 4m/A9 Aouses, from AM in the singular number, the Hebrew plural being °F.
5. Feminine Singular—The feminine singular of this state
20 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
is formed by adding the suffiz 3; as, X23 A a maid servant, xm a beast, from 2xA‘%, MK respectively.
As regards the termination “, Cellarius doubts whether it is legitimately employed here in expressing the feminine; he refers all nouns in AX and /vim to the constructive rather than to the absolute state.
Characteristic of this gender also are ¥ and m; as, Exod. xx. 16, SV<A testimony; Deut.x.18, MAA a garment.
The adjectives in this state have no other mark for the feminine than ¥; as, ‘smvyp living, masc., X4MVP, fem.; mams Egyptian, masc., xmaims, fem. This is the case also with all names of people and races.
6. Feminine Plural.—The feminine plural is formed by the suffix 3, the Chaldee 1,; as, 3242 complete, 3409 bless- ings, ANIA great, etc.: ‘\ may also be preceded by #4; as, SAMAP cities, IXAI Aine, from MAP, XJ respectively.
The feminine nouns 4ma™ years, “4m2.4 words, “4M stones, etc., follow the masculine gender in the plural num- ber. So with 3m’ women, which has no singular number.
EMPHATIC STATE.
7. Masculine Singular—When a noun is to be expressed emphatically, this is done by affixing ¥ to the noun, which is then said to be in the emphatic state; as, x32.4. God. XM“ the man, WV the people, etc. Sometimes the Hebrew prefix 7 is employed, especially with pronouns and participles, as will be seen in the Chapter on the Particles. Such cases are, however, rare, and foreign to the genius of a language, which from its Syro-Chaldaic sympathies, denoted the emphatic state by a suffix, not a prefix.
THE NOUN. 21
_ Nouns ending in ms on assuming the suffiz ¥ drop the
penult. mr; as, X4\9V the Hebrew, for 3MAA9V. Simi- larly, XAAM2A third, X4VMIN fourth, from mAAMLA and m/A-VMa respectively, etc.
8. Masculine Plural—tLike the Chaldee, the absolute ter- minal “sr becomes XM; as, XMA9 houses, for “4mrV-4, ete.
Nouns in mr of the abdsol. sing., instead of xm in the plural emphat., adopt XMM; as, XM/I% boys, from XM, etc.
The names of races and patronymics end in mA, as in absol. sing.; thus, m-%2, Levites, MA3VI Canaanites, etc.
Nouns only found in the plural are regularly inflected; as, xmm«x life, from 24mrm'K ; ANPSX” the heavens, from TPT, etc.
Similarly xm women (fem.), is derived from the abso- lute mS or IMD.
9. Feminine Singular—The feminine singular of this state is formed by changing the absolute terminal 3 into XA; as, XAT the earth, from ITA; AAKMMTP holy, from 3“ MSP, ete.
Nouns ending in ¥ and madd ¥/4; as, ¥V33R%A* from Syed; X/M2ZI from m23, etc. Cellarius considers the emphatic forms of such words as having been once the absolute, whence by apocope those in ¥ and ff arose.
Some nouns are feminine in gender, but masculine in the termination of their absolute state; as, **33 the soul, Sh a hand, etc. Such words form their emphatic state like nouns masculine; as, 323, 39%; similarly xvAA% the land. The use of the letter 4 in 44V4* thy land, Deut. xxi. 23, presupposes an absolute form xv. Vide Chap. IV. § 11.
10. Feminine Plural.—This is more frequently used than the absolute, from which it is formed by changing 4 into
22 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
3%, if 4 be preceded by #% or X, but if not, into ¥+/*; as, XAAMAP from IMAP, VASA from 3449; XAHXMZI wonders, XNX3%9 beasts, or with f for X as in Gen. i. 26, Deut. xxxiv. 11. Similarly from SmrAamy Egyptians (fem.), we have, dropping mM, ¥A/AIMS ; from SMAA9V Hebrews, comes XV MAAQV ; also without m, Exod. i. 19.
The following masculine nouns are similarly formed, viz., XNA. fathers, ANA“ names, AMIS Jishes, Num. xi. 5, from 3¥4%'3 or 3x3 from Chald. 8233.
CONSTRUCTIVE STATE.
11. Masculine Singular —This is the same as the absolute masculine singular. The nouns 9/ father, ‘KA brother, assume Mf in the constructive state like the Hebrew; as, Gen. x. 21, AKAM’ Mme AAV MA’ 28° OMI ATX He was the father of all the sons of Eber, brother of Japheth.
The noun @%, though often used by the Hebrews, is usually replaced among the Samaritans by maa Gen. xiv. 12; m2A xxii. 23.
12. Masculine Plural—The terminal letters of the abso- lute and emphatic masculine plural, viz. 4, ‘3, X are omitted in the formation of the constructive state; thus, “M23 angels in the absolute state, becomes M24 in the con- structive; as, ‘YMx2%- ' M244 angels of God; * Mw Xm face of the water, etc.
13. Feminine Singular—This is formed from the em- phatic state of the same number and gender, by omitting the final letter ¥ and retaining the penult. 4; as, * “3™m79 TIA. the wickedness of man; which is XA3*M4 in the emphatic state; 42/4 ' NAMA the word of God; * AM XVAM beast of the earth, from AMR, or XVM.
THE NOUN. 23
14. Feminine Plural.—The constructive feminine plural ends in 4, the Chaldee n,. The mater lectionis . some- times precedes this termination; as, Gen. xlix. 26, ° MAT SBAT* STINK * NA the blessings of thy father and thy mother have prevailed; Gen. vi. 2, XS * WA'S9 the daughters of the man.
The following masculine nouns follow this form; viz. NAIK. father, NIB names, AMS fishes. Examples are, Num. xxxl. 26, 34°34 ' AXON * MPAA the heads of the fathers of the congregation; Gen. xxxvi. 40, * AX Pev maga the names of the dukes of Esau; Gen. i. 26, VSM AMAT jishes of the sea.
These observations will be sufficient to show the modes employed in forming the different states of nouns.
CASES.
15. The genitive case is the only one marked by inflec- tion; the others are formed by prefixing prepositions to the nouns, sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable.
The genitive case is not only formed constructively, after the manner explained in § 11-14, but also with the Syriac prefix 3; as, Gen. xxii. 18, 4VAAKS . YSV ' 28 all the people of the earth; Exod. xx. 16, ap*y * SV false witness ; Num. xxi. 9, “WIA * KS brazen serpent. This case-mark is far more frequently used by the Syrians than the Samaritans.
The dative and ablative cases are formed by inseparable prefixes; as, 4m'392, fo thy sons, my~9 in my name, etc.; also by separables, as, AM * 3 from the house, * Ama x4V between the people, etc.
The accusative or objective case is formed by prefixing
24 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
the separable word ”vm (the Chaldee n‘) to the noun; as, AVA AMX XMS * At the heavens and the earth. Sometimes by prefixing *4V, which is properly a prepo- sition signifying with like the Hebrew M8; as, Exod. iv. 25, 2599 28V' AYMVP she cut off the foreskin; Exod. xx. 24, mys osv Wash. I have recorded my name. In all these cases it is probable that the preposition *4V has, as far as we are aware, lost its original force and become re- dundant; though, from the similar instances found in other languages, this construction would seem to have originally arisen from phrases in which the force of the preposition was emphatically marked. The same remarks apply to 444 in Exod. xxxii. 35, where we find 344V ' 344° JL he plagued the people.
As in other languages, in the absence of a particle, the active verb is a sign of the accusative case.
The vocative case is the same as the nominative.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
16. There are three degrees of comparison: the positive, comparative, and superlative; each of which is defined as in other languages.
Of the positive degree nothing need be said.
The comparative is formed by 3%, a preposition con- veying an idea of superiority; as, AVA SV" 4" 4MrTA more than the people of the land, Exod. v.5; m¥3° Xap more righteous than I, Gen. xxxviii. 26.
The superlative is formed by an adverb; as, Gen. i. 31, Amv" GW very good: or by doubling the positive; as, AMA * AMV very greatly, Gen. xvii. 2.
ADJECTIVES.
NUMERALS.
25
17. The numeral nouns are divided into two classes, Cardinal and Ordinal; as their construction is sufficiently
explained in the Syntax on Adjectives, it will be sufficient in this place to give tables of both classes. The following is a Table of the Cardinals:—
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
Mase. AVX
SMW
NLA VINA MALS NN» va MA Ver AAV Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety Hundred Thousand
Fem.
INK
AMAA
XALN
XVIVA
E eenath4
XA
xvau
AVS
XV
AAAV WMYAV MMA STV IN SAS TPP 4 (772924. MV TAS Ae BTV SATS Avan
and A/A™
In the formation of the numerals between ten and a hundred, the less is commonly put before the greater ; as,
26 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
AAV ' ATH eleven, SMVYA' ALA eighty-three, etc. This tule is, however, relaxed in the case of numbers exceeding a hundred; as, 34 *' SMAAVT * TAH 9 X4AYT but Moses was a son of one hundred and twenty years, Deut. xxxiv. 7.
In the Samaritan language, as in the other oriental tongues, the ordinal numbers do not exceed ten: beyond that, their place is supplied by the cardinal; as, Num. XXXII. 38, YSMVIAAX * A394 tn the fortieth year.
The Ordinals are:—
First sa or SK Sixth SAMA Second x50” Seventh xvm—ra~ Third 3AM2”" Eighth 3308” Fourth xvmay Ninth XVM Fifth = 37K Tenth XAMAV
The forms mA24%sPp and mA4P are also read for THA.
These numerals are sometimes found to end in ¥/ instead of 3, a termination which may be compared with the Chal- dee AN.
The distributive numerals are expressed by repeating the cardinals; as, SMA * “8MTA/ two by two, etc.
For further information upon this subject, the student is referred to the Syntax.
THE VERB. 27
CHAPTER III.
THE VERB.
1. THE second part of speech is the verb, which we now proceed to consider; and, in so doing, two things claim especial attention:—First, the species of the verb, by which are meant its various forms and conjugations:—Secondly, the mode of inflecting each species or form through its moods, tenses, and persons.
2. The primitive species consists of radical letters alone (generally three in number), as in the Hebrew.
3. The derivative species are formed from the primitive by the addition of servile letters, which mark the peculiar characteristics of each.
4, Edmund Castel, in his Heptaglot Lexicon, recognises in the Samaritan as many different species of the verb, or as many forms as are found among the Syrians and Chaldees; that is, six,—three active and three passive: the active are respectively called Pehal, Pahel, and Aphel; and the corresponding passives, Ethpehel, Ethpahal, and Ettaphal. The primitive species is Pehal; all the rest are derivative. Morinus, however, is of opinion that, in consequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Samaritan dialect, there are only three distinct conjugations, viz. Pehal, Aphel, and Ethpehel or Ethpahal.
The difference of opinion which exists between Castel and Morinus, as to the number of conjugations may be reconciled by regarding the two conjugations Pehal and Pahel of the
28 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
former, which appear to differ but slightly in form, as one and the same species; and the three passive forms, whose individuality cannot be easily discerned, as in reality but one form; we have then only three conjugations.
Castel’s division is, however, not only supported by Syro- Chaldean usage, but in the Samaritan language itself there is, doubtlessly, evidence to show that Pehal and Pahel are not only distinct in signification but also frequently in form. This is especially the case in the infinitives and participles, as may be inferred from the few examples which Cellarius has given in his Grammar: he quotes TP of the conjugation Pehal from Exod. xx. 5, which is used in the sense of visiting, whereas SPI of the conjugation Pahel is found in Deut. iv. 2, in the sense of commanding. Compare also YA\9% Gen. xi. 3; AO Num. xxiii. 10, etc., ‘que frustra ad Pehal reduxeris, partim jformatione, partim significatione repugnante.”
The individuality of the passive forms cannot be so de- fended: generally speaking, there is apparently no reason why they should not be considered one and the same, though used in different senses. There can scarcely be any doubt, however, that the Samaritans and the other tribes of the Shemitic family were able to distinguish accurately in pronunciation the different senses of a word consisting of the same combination of letters; or, at least, that the sense could easily be conjectured “ ex serie orationis,” supposing the pronunciation the same; under these circumstances we shall adopt the division of Castel, and in the first place give the signification of each of these species, upon which their classification must depend in the absence of distinct forms.
5. The first conjugation, or Pehal, the Chaldee Pehal,
THE VERB. 29
and Hebrew Kal, has simply an active transitive or intran- sitive signification; as, ‘39.Aq he sold, 299 he ceased.
The second conjugation, or Ethpehel, is the passive of Pehal ; and, like the Chaldee Ethpehel and Hebrew Niphal, has, generally speaking, a passive signification; as, ' 42% 4X2 ° MAM * V4 Because there he was revealed unto him, Gen. xxxv. 7; 359° STONAANT ' OR89* BTIN AA AD ye shall not make yourselves unclean with them, that ye be defiled thereby, Lev. xi. 43. .
The third conjugation, or Pahel, the Piel of the Hebrews, has various senses. First, when the signification of Pehal is intransitive, this conjugation renders it transitive; thus, AAyV thou shalt return, Gen. iii. 19, of the conjugation Pehal is intransitive, but in Pahel it is transitive; as, 4A9 * AM * SAQVA * AZAQV must I certainly bring back thy son, Gen. xxiv. 5. It is causative, Gen. xv. 11, ° AAV Magy “xm Abraham caused them to go away. Some- times also it is intensitive
The fourth conjugation, or Ethpahal, is the passive of the preceding, and as Pahel is frequently causative in an active sense, this is causative in a passive one; as, *2 AVA were finished, Gen. ii. 1, in the sense of having been caused to be made or finished.
The fifth conjugation, or Aphel, the Hiphil of the Hebrew, is usually the causative of Pehal; as, 3AM * V&AX and caused it to be led about, Exod. xiii. 18. It may have the sense of permitting, declaring, exhibiting what is indicated by Pehal: as also a passive sense; thus, 2wvmt he shall be slain, Num. xviii. 7; TRS’ they were anointed, Num. iii. 3, etc.
The sixth conjugation, like the Hebrew Hithpael, is generally reflexive; as, A2AAm he shall cleanse himself,
30 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
AWEKAI he shall purify himself. It is sometimes found actively ; as, TVBKAN they desired, Num. xi. 4.
We have previously stated, § 1, that each species is inflected through moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and genders.
There are three modes, the indicative, imperative, and infinitive. There is no difference between the subjunctive or potential mood and the indicative in form ; they can only be distinguished by the sense or context.
The indicative is susceptible of a definition similar to that given to it in other languages.
The imperative mood is only used in commanding, ex- horting, or imprecating; its place is supplied by the future in forbidding, dissuading, and deprecating.
The infinitive mood expresses an action or passion; some- times an intransitive notion indefinitely, that is, without restriction to time, person, number, and gender, all of which are regarded in the finite verb. This mood exactly resem- bles the noun in its use, inasmuch as it is capable of receiving nominal constructions, especially when used with the pre- fixes 3, 2, 8, 4. Moreover, the sense resulting from combination with these prefixes is such as is usually con- veyed, or may be usually conveyed, by verbal nouns, and hence it is that De Sacy, in his Arabic Grammar, prefers to consider infinttives as verbal nouns. For instance, the word mexx29, which is when I sent, may also be rendered by a verbal noun on my sending. This is also the case in the Hebrew, which, as well as the Samaritan, approximates to the terse mode of construction followed by the Greeks, who use the article with the infinitive, as, év TO wéumew. This idiom is further exemplified in the Syntax.
The participle is nothing more than a noun adjective,
THE VERB. 31
carrying with it a notion of action or passion; it is scarcely’ necessary to remark that the laws for the formation of gender, number, etc., are the same as those for nouns adjective.
There are two tenses in the indicative alone, the perfect and future. To express our present tense, the same method is adopted as among the Hebrews. Vide Syntax.
The numbers are two, singular and plural.
The persons in each number of the perfect and future of the indicative are three; but in ‘the imperative mood there is only one person in each number, viz. the second; the place of the third is supplied by the future tense.
There are two genders, masculine and feminine. It will be observed that the first persons in each number are common.
Subjoined is a Paradigm of a regular verb through its different conjugations.
I. PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 5 M. SPA SSPA
, FL AvSPA MSPS
, M. ASP ATNSPI
F. MASPA AMASPA
1. MASPA and ASPA Wiepa and 4NP3
32 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3 { M. Span AxSPIN : F SPAY aspanr 9 { M. SPAY ATSPAV : EF. mspar ATPAY 1. TPA sey
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. M. aN a) SSPI 2. 3 mspa “pa and X4A5P3
INFINITIVE MOOD. SPA SPI ATPA ANVTPI
Also [according to Cellarius],
Spay STPIYy FTpayy *
PARTICIPLES.
Present. , Past. SP XTPI SMP ATVMPA
* These forms belong rather to the third conjugation. Vide § 10.
THE VERB.
Il. ETHPEHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. P t M. SPANK SSPIANN "LB ASP MPA ‘ M. ASPAAAN AINSPAN A : FE. ASP AN SPAN SS 1. NSPINA SITPIA
ATPAAS
Future Tense.
Singular. Plural. SPAN SzsPaAmr SPINA ASPAA/ SPIAANN AZSPANAN
MSPAN A SdPAAA SPAN A. SPAN}
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural. SPIANN SSPANA MVPANS XATPAALK.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NSPANA NESPANSA
PARTICIPLE. SPINS
33
34 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
‘Til. PAHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense. Same as the Perfect of the First Conjugation.
Future Tense. Same as that of Pehal.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. M. SPQ ZNPQ EF. OmVPps XATPI
INFINITIVE MOOD.
AVPIS
PARTICIPLE.
TPIS
IV. ETHPAHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense. Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel.
Future Tense.
Same as that of Ethpehel.
THE VERB.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Same as that of the Third Conjugation.
INFINITIVE MOOD. NSVPANAS NESPIAN A
PARTICIPLE.
TPAA'S
Vv. APHEL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3. { M. SPAN ZVPAN- FL. AWSPAX- MSPAK-
9 f M ASPAYS ATAPI "LB MASP SMASPAN
1. NSPAN DATPAA
Future Tense.
Same as that of Pehal.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. i M. SpA ZTPAN
= LF. msPar FITPIV-
35
36 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
XATVPAS
PARTICIPLE.
Smpyys and spas
VI. ETTAPHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.
Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel.
Future Tense.
Same as that of the Seeond Conjugation.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Same as that of Ethpehel.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
ANVPANSS
PARTICIPLE.
Very rarely occurs, perhaps not ai all.
THE VERB. 37
7. Upon the first conjugation, the following observations will be found useful.
The preterite of the indicative of this conjugation is formed like the Syriac, and differs both from the Hebrew and Chaldee. The difference between the Hebrew and Samaritan in the séagular is apparent in the third person feminine; the former ending in (, and the latter in 4. In the plural number, the Samaritan and Hebrew differ widely, especially in the first and third person; the difference is not so great between the Samaritan and Chaldee, though remarkable in the first and third person feminine, both of which end in &. Sometimes, however, the servile letter A
wise
is adopted, as in the Arabic \,4S, after the masculine ter- mination ¥, as will be seen from the examples 4A4-7442V Gen, xlix. 23, and 34-393 Num. xxxii 39. It must not be forgotten, however, that in most cases of this kind the pronominal suffix ¥ is found; so that 4. would seem to have been added for the purpose of distinguishing more emphati- cally between the verbal termination and the suffix.
It will, perhaps, be as well to observe, that the suffix of the first person singular may be considered as attached to the verbal root by the vowel ‘; for, as Morinus has observed, * is sometimes expressed, as in Exod. xxxiv. 18, BASRA I have commanded thee. This expression of * may be accounted for on the ground that, as all the charac- teristic terminations of the persons are derivable from the pro- nouns expressing those persons respectively, we may suppose the whole of the pronoun of the first person, viz. ma/*,
* The inserted letter 3, if we suppose it changed into 4, will give the suffix for forming the first person singular, as ITN.
38 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
added to the root of the verb, without omitting the #. This will lead us also to determine the vowels by which the other suffixes may be supposed attached to the root, as the second person singular, masculine and feminine, and the whole of the plural, whose initial letters being 4, we may suppose this to be the mater lectionis by which they are connected with the verbal root.
The first person plural is usually expressed by double 4; still it is to be found with a single 4 in the Pentateuch, as the instance produced by Cellarius, from Num. xxi. 7, will prove, where 322¥3 we have spoken, is read.
8. The future tense of this conjugation is decidedly Chaldaic in its formation; it agrees as closely with the Chaldee as the perfect does with the Syriac, because, though the second person feminine singular is found usually with- out the paragogic 4, it is frequently employed. The last radical of the verb in the future tense 1s sometimes preceded by z, the Syriac 6, and Hebrew }; as, 23p~4. Gen. vi. 7, for 2p. The termination S¥ of the seeond and third person plural is sometimes read = with the omission of the ‘4; thus, 3A“ Num. xxxv. 6, 72.V9m Gen. vill. 22. This ecthlipsis of Nun no doubt induced Castel and Morinus to consider it as paragogic; the frequent occurrence, however, of this letter, as well as the coincidence of the future gene- rally with the Chaldee, would seem to be a great objection to the opinion entertained by those two scholars.
9. In the imperative mood, the Syriac 3 is very rarely found before the last syllable. It must also be observed, that, in the imperative mood, examples of the plural femi- nine are very rare. Cellarius gives the following instances: Sat AMM’ SV Gen. iv. 23, SPVAy Exod. ii. 20.
THE VERB. 39
10. In the paradigm we have given various forms of the infinitive of Pehal, which is sometimes accompanied by the Syriac Xo, but is more frequently without it; the form with 4 being chiefly confined to Pahel; in fact, there appears to be no reason why this form should not be erelusively confined to Pahel (except in the case of the infinitive of Aphel,. which is generally known by the termination 3/4), espe- cially when we consider that Pehal and Pahel have fre- quently the same force, like Kal and Piel in the Hebrew. Tt must be observed that the form with »s is seldom used when the infinitive is construed with its verb; as, ‘24% 2smtA-, the governing preposition 9 being omitted. The form frequently made use of among the Hebrews in this con- struction is the infinitive of Kal, which being usually ren- dered in the Samaritan version by the infinitive without 4, is, to say the least of it, a circumstance which favours the supposition previously made, that the form without the prefix »4 is exclusively confined to Pehal, while that with “ belongs to some of the other conjugations.
In some instances we find ¥ placed before the last radical ; as, Num. xxiii. 11, 839° A399 thou hast certainly blessed ; uz449 in gathering together, etc. This is frequently the case in the construction followed in the first example; thus, PAs PIs just gone out, Gen. xxvii. 30; AMA’ mIsA Gen. xxxi.30. The paragogic x of the infinitive is changed to A before suffixes; as, Num. x. 36, XA X39 when it rested, where the paragogic ¥ has been changed to 4 before the suffix x. The same may be said of the metabole of x into A’¢ before suffixes, and when the infinitive is in construction; as, S¥/AXMAS2, to purify them, Num. vii. 7,21; S4AMt' ABS RUS from loving you, Deut. vii. 8.
40 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
11. The first conjugation has two participles, called Benoni and Pehil, corresponding to the Chaldee partici- ples of the same name; the former answers in sense to the Latin participle in ens; the latter generally to the perfect participle in ¢us; thus, MP2 they who ascend, oi ava- Batvovres; 3MA9 blessed, 6 edNoynpévos.
Cellarius has given numerous instances in which he consi- ders the active participle as having = before the last radical ; thus, 3x3 he that sheddeth, Gen. ix. 6; 3%2% he that pos- sesseth, Gen. xiv.19; 2%/'] he that revengeth, Num. xxxv. 21. I strongly suspect, however, that these instances, and others which are met with, are nouns substantive, formed by means of the servile letter ¥. Compare Vx] a judge, 2XVP a murderer, \ZM'1, and a multitude of others, all of which are nouns. Cellarius states that Pehil has sometimes an active signification; and gives, as an instance of this, amemags, Gen. xxiv. 13, which he renders ‘“ egredientes;” it is manifest, however, from the passage, that it preserves its usual passive sense; the action denoted by it being one which is manifestly more perfect than inchoative.
Pehil is found, in Deut. xxi. 23, with x instead of m; as, 424m he that ts hanged. There are cases also in which this participle seems to have the force of the aorist in Greek; as, for instance, 2MVP 6 KTavev.
Both participles are sometimes found, like nouns adjective, with ¥ emphatic.
12. Remarks on the second conjugation: — The rules observed in the Hebrew for transposing the sibilants, on account of the passive character “4, are also found in the three passive conjugations of the Samaritan; as, 43a/A“It shall be shed, Gen. ix.6; 24AA‘ was beheld, Exod. ii. 12.
THE VERB. Al
Moreover, after this transposition, if the first radical be Ay, the Tau is changed into ¥; if it be sm, into W; as, PVT Agitt he shall be called, Gen. xvii. 5, for PVANAgMt ; from PVAQ- Also, azavwiMA ye shall be afflicted, Gen. xlv. 5, for AzAVAMA, from Av. The prefix ”/% is sometimes found written AX, though rarely. The first person of this conjugation sometimes ends in m/v; as, Deut. xxxiv. 4, MAVIA™ Ss. I sware. The second person plural feminine sometimes also ends in 3m/ instead of 4/.
13. In the imperative mood, instead of 4 we find x, though, as far as I have observed, this is not very frequently the case; as, Gen. xlii. 16, AAA.
14. The usual form of the infinitive of this conjugation is that first given in the paradigm: the other forms are to be explained in the same manner asin § 10. The two in- stances, viz. \¥4A\9X, Gen. v. 2, and SAyTS Gen. xvii. 13, given by Cellarius, are undoubtedly of the fifth conjugation, which has sometimes a passive sense, as we have shewn in § 5.
15. Remarks on the third conjugation:—The difference between this conjugation and the first has been previously pointed out. It is important to observe that the quadri- literal verbs, as AM2/ he formed, \A%A he consoled, SAP2, he poured forth, belong to this conjugation, as they do in the Syriac.
Castel marks this conjugation by the insertion of mr (to express the vowel Tsere) between the last two radicals; as, smrpa. It is found in Deut. ix. 12, under the form 2.49% have become corrupted, with which mater lectionis the last syllable of the root may be usually pronounced.
The imperative of this conjugation is formed like the Syro-Chaldaic. The infinitive, like that of Pehal, is capable
42 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
of receiving the terminations 47, 4%, under the circum- stances mentioned in § 10.
The participles of this conjugation, as well as the impe- rative, are formed like the Syro-Chaldaie.
16. Remarks on the fourth conjugation: —What has been said of the second conjugation will also apply here; the usual forms of the infinitive are AXSPAN/ and ASPINVK..
17. Itemarks on the fifth conjugation :—It has been pre- viously stated (§ 5) that Aphel has sometimes a passive sense. The prefix * is often changed to ¥; as, Gen. xxxv.2, SIZAAT' THVAX purify yourselves, and be clean; so TIAVX for ya\~%. The feminine plural imperative of this conju- gation may end in Sm; as, Gen. iv. 23, Sm/varins hearken; it is, however, very rarely used.
The usual form of the infinitive is that given in the para- digm: other forms are met; as, Gen. xxix. 7, “44% to be collected. Also \Ay TS to be circumcised, Gen. xvii. 18.
The participial forms in use are SPI and SMpays.
18. Remarks on the sixth conjugation :—This conjugation is thought by Castel to arise from the absorption of the second /#r of the Syriac Ettaphal; thus, VP*/-/+ is read for VPY*AAA 5 SPA for the Syriac -o22Z], in the forma- tion of which one of the Syriac Z2’s is omitted.
These remarks will be sufficient for the perfect verbs. We now proceed to the consideration of the imperfect verbs.
IMPERFECT VERBS.
19. Those verbs which, on account of certain peculiarities in their roots, vary in their inflection from the paradigm previously given of a perfect verb, are called imperfect verbs. They are divided into three classes; Defective, Quiescent,
THE VERB. 43
and Anomalous verbs; in which order they will be con- sidered. DEFECTIVE VERBS.
20. Of these verbs there are two classes,—those which lose their first radical, and those which lose their second.
The verbs of the first class are, as in Hebrew and Chaldee, such as have Nun for their first radical; those of the second class, such as have their second and third radicals the same.
DEFECTIVES OF FIRST CLASS.
21. Verbs of this class follow, for the most part, the same rules as in the Hebrew and Syriac. The future of the indi- cative, the imperative, and infinitive of Pehal, also the whole of the conjugation Aphel, omit, generally speaking, the 4. These verbs are, for the most part, regular in the other con- jugations, except Ettaphal.
(a) Examples of the future of Pehal are, Am for 4,A3nr; PA’ for PADS we will go up; AzAxor for Ax Aan, etc.
(8) Examples of the imperative are, PA for pA; AV for AW; xpd for pas, etc. Sometimes < is inserted in the future and imperative between the remaining radicals; as, PxAmt he shall go; P¥3 go out. On this account ¥ may be made the mater lectionis in every case.
(y). Examples of the infinitive are, 20% for 2W348; Avy for VWI; PI for PIMS, etc.
(8) Examples of Aphel are, pa% and pax, Gen. xiv. 18 ; PAYX causing to go up, Lev. xi. 45.
(ce) Examples of Ettaphal are, AV/ArMt Exod. xix. 11, for AVAAM; AMVAS, Num. x. 17.
Cellarius gives two instances in which 4 is omitted from the perfect; as, Gen. xiv. 10, ¥23; also, xxiv. 63, P3 he went
44 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
out. This is, however, very rarely the case, and such devi- ations are remarkable rather as anomalies. Many of these verbs are regular; as, AM he slew, 234 he fell, etc.
The sense of the different conjugations is, of course, the same as in the perfect verb.
DEFECTIVES OF SECOND CLASS.
22. Verbs of this class are mostly regular; the chief irre- gularities are observable in the whole of Pehal (the parti- ciple excepted), and in the whole of the fifth conjugation, where the third radical is usually omitted.
(a) Examples of the preterite of Pehal; Gen. xxxviii. 11, 2N he entered, for 22.V, which is found in full, Gen. xiv. 5. So Gen. xxxviil. 9, with “4 interpolated, 24V. The femi- nine of the third singular is found in full 422V, but with- out the last radical, 42V, Gen. xli. 21. Similarly 32V and %2A-V are read for 722,V, etc.
For the future, 2vmrm Gen. xxxii.1l, pom, PSI, like pps of Castel.
(@) Examples of the imperative mood are; 2V, Gen. xxx. 3, also read fully 22V. The feminine singular is found in full, Num. xxi. 27, m22V. The plural z2v for $22V is found, Deut. i. 7.
(y) Examples of the infinitive are, 2%2V for 2%V, or in Pahel for 2xv44, Exod. xvii. 12. So pevars in Pahel, etc.
(6)Examples of the fifth conjugation: perfect, 2V and 2AVAe for 22VA-, etce.; future, 24VN, Gen. xxvii. 10. Imperative mood, 2VX Exod. vi. 11, or with a mater lectionis, 2AV%. The form 23, found in Exod. x. 1, seems to be contracted from 2V3. Infinitive mood, N24V%S for 42.2.V%, Deut. ix. 28.
THE VERB. 45
(e) The instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in which the forms are uncontracted, seem to belong to the conjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguish- ig the first and third conjugation in form appears to be by considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal, and the perfect forms to Pahel; as, 22V, Gen. xix. 10; 222, etc.
(€) The passive of Pehal is not apocopated; as, PPS, etc.; while Ettaphal loses its middle radical; as, PSA‘, etc.
The observations made in this and the preceding section will be found sufficient without a paradigm.
QUIESCENT VERBS.
23. Verbs are called guéescent whenever, among the let- ters constituting the root, any one of the quiescents 3, /, m, ~, as they are improperly called, is found.
These verbs may be divided into three classes; first, such as are quiescent in the first radical; second, those which are quiescent in the second; third, those quiescent in the third radical.
The Samaritan mode of inflecting these verbs is very like the Syro-Chaldaic.
QUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS. In Aleph, or Pe-Aleph.
24. The class of verbs, whose first radical is A, is inflected more like the perfect verb than any other class of guiescents. The following observations will supply the place of a paradigm. In the first and fifth conjugations, the initial 4 is changed into mr whenever it is preceded by a
46 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
servile formative. For example, in Pehal, from 44% comes asm. I will say; so, for \4A48 we find 49s, etc.
The same law is also observable in the passive forms; as, Gen. xvii. 1, 2AyMAX walk; 24M, also 244A, etc.
The Aleph is sometimes omitted; as, Deut. vii. 10, ANANSI to destroy it; in Exod. iii. 2, we find the passive 244.45; but in Gen. vi. 21, the apocopated form 24/rMft is given, unless it be read 24mm, Aphel used in a passive sense.
Cellarius adduces an instance in which the qutescent is changed to ¥; as, LAGS , Gen. xi. 31. This is very rare, and I cannot call to mind another instance of it.
Tn such forms as 24%, 247/48, etc., the / is manifestly changed to ¥; this sometimes takes place in Aphel, as well as in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, how- ever, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metabole to those conjugations. The example adduced by Cellarius, viz. 24%, in the conjugation Aphel, may also be referred to'the first or third conjugation.
In Yod, or Pe-Yod.
25. The quiescents whose first radical is m are formed much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind.
The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to .
(a) Examples of the future: 93’ for 93mth%; SA/ for 9AmA; though it may be written regularly as “~Amm, Gen. xxi. 10, not A«\mr.
(8) Examples of the imperative mood are, 4% for 4/vit sit thou; so from S2mt we have $2,, mv2,, etc.
(y) Examples of the fifth conjugation: AAyt Twill add, Gen. vill. 21; Spxmr for spmrm. The infinitive y4Ae4,
THE VERB. 47
Gen. xlv. 5, etc. There are cases, however, in which the mf is not changed; as, Gen. iv. 7, AAVMA, instead of NAVI. Again, 29m” for 2934, Exod. xiv. 21.
(6) The mr sometimes undergoes the same change for the passive conjugations as in Aphel; thus, AW%/A/e3 MATA from a radix x°KMT, etc.
(ce) Those cases in which the mt is omitted in the perfect tense, as in Gen, ix. 23, where ¥42, is found for 7427, are to be marked as anomalies. The same may be said of the presence of Yod where it should be absent; as 9%/yMm, Deut. xxxi. 19.
26. Verbs in Aleph and Yod are usually regular, except in the cases mentioned in the preceding sections.
QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS. In Vau, or Ayin-Vau.
27. The only class of verbs worthy of note under this head are those whose middle radical is Vau. The following paradigm with »p or *svP will give the student an idea of the peculiarities of verbs of this class:—
I. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3 M. SVP or SP Z3VP F. AXSVP or ASP mA3vP
9 M. A°SVP AZAYSVP F. A’SVP AMAYSVP
1 /SVP AUSVP
48 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. { M. ‘S¥pmr SSzPM
F. STP Mes Pot
a {M. %%4zPAv ATSTPV BF. SDSzPA VSzPA
1. STP he STP
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. — Singular. Plural. 2 f M. AWxP Ee~ES 4 ' (Lp. mpsxy xVSsP
INFINITIVE MOOD.
STP STPS SSVPSS ASVPS
PARTICIPLES.
Present %4/P Past “mp
THE VERB. 49
28. Remarks on the first conjugation:—The preterite of this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. In the paradigm of Pehal, we have given two forms of the third person singular, one with and the other without the mater lectionis. The third person plural may be similarly writ- ten; as, 4, Gen. xxxvii. 35; in fact, the mater lectionis is sometimes absent in the other persons.
The future tense is generally read with ¥; it is, however, found without it; as, Deut. xiii. 8, AMA it shall spare; <yxm they will go, for x8zxm, Exod. xxxii.1; pym for pzvim, Deut. xxvii. 52.
The imperative mood is like the Chaldee and Hebrew. When the ultimate or penultimate is a guttural or Resh, the Vau is frequently omitted; as, AT inhabit, Gen. xxxv. 1, for AZ; also, 4X go, ete.
In this case the x, though omitted in the imperative, is sometimes found in the future; as, Ax, Gen. xxiv. 55; the rule, however, for omission in the future is, generally speaking, the same as that for the imperative.
Of the infinitive mood, we have given various forms; those which are preceded by 4 belong rather to the third conjugation; thus, xV49%, Gen. xxxi. 7, is ¢ransitive, whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive, as will be seen by consulting Gen. xxxvili. 10, where V4 intransitively is to be evil. Compare also AVS, Gen. xxiv. 3, and xiii. 6.
The mater lectionis of the participle of the present is sometimes changed to V; thus, instead of 4/P, we find »svp, Exod. iii. 5; sometimes * is changed to 3, as in the anomalous verb A3X%4; sometimes for Aleph, A-3 or Aft is written; as, AWAXS, Num. xiii. 20; sma, Gen. xv. 14,
etc. Such forms seem to carry considerable emphasis. 5
AD ALM r=,
50
\ a Pe 3s WY AX TRS pase cis “Ss \ a ; 3 NV ARR re WATE VA ALU “Er aa ies wn | VM ALR V AUT VAN AU ae e si a VV ALR MALU VN Ale 1" 2 8 3 VV ASS MAlUS VN ALU =} PM i S j WV ALAR WAL WV AW “af 8 E n NAW | VV ALRIES, AUTRE, NV AUTRE, | 5} a |4 NAWRVIUT, | VVALRRVT | ARV IUG | VV dU, a. a 15 NAVEL | VVALRRVEL | ARES | VvaUmves [wf o |e _ 4 g o 4" WAU VV ASL SRR ALU Grd WV AIUSRAU 5 ee g g NAGS NV ALS AU Fred wvVvaums fw ® < o oa ms a NAV | VASA | dV NM AUT T <3) [S) 5 2 MAW VI | VV ASV ALU FeV LU VV AURA a mH o . S$ aa NAURV | Va | AU wvawrv | % l& NAW | WV ALR ARV MM AUR zy eile alu NV ALR Alun NV AUR ws ® “IVHAVLLG | “IGHav | “IVHVdHIa | “IdHVd | “ISHSAHLE | wowed son
‘AVA'NIAV NI S€HGA JO WOIGVAVd
51
THE VERB.
‘AVA'NIAV NI SGYHA AO WOICVAVd
| IMPERATIVE. | INFIN. | PARTIC.
ire Tense.
NETHPEHEL.
mde FeV AL See mapa FAV AIR g Fale Fale mauve | VVASRLY | alu NV AUREV VaUmeR | VVaimmTE | ARTE NV AIURTE _f8 Vals | VVALIRIRS AlUs wvaums lw % {3 war | Vain | ar VaR |-a] |e MALU VV ASR AUS NN ALU wf © [8 wVabinie Cale GV alu aT 3 VV ALY, VU | VVAUR | va Y Oo r = a vvasmmss | Vaud, | vvawrss [wf % |§ é & & WH dS Fat, WALUTRS, WH AUER, zy : 3 WAS | Was | was, [wf ® aq ae ~~ 2 NN ALTER NAIR NN AU ve
wn ass
Nasu
\
AA ALS
52 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
29. Remarks on the second conjugation :—This conjuga- tion is like the Syriac in its formation; thus, AMAA/+ was pleased, Gen. iv.5; amKAA, Exod. xxxii. 30, ete. The student who is acquainted with the paradigm of the Syriac verb in Ayin-Vau will find no difficulty in recog- nising the tenses, etc., of the conjugation Ethpehel.
30. Remarks on the third conjugation :—This conjugation may be generally known by the characteristic mt, as in the Syriac. It is, however, rarely used. Compare the Chaldee Pahel.
31. Remarks on the fourth conjugation:—This conju- gation is sometimes read with the characteristic mM; as, ssmvpAs;. The difficulty of distinguishing between it and Ethpehel may have led to the adoption of ¥ instead of m, and the duplication of the last radical; as, JAZ9A4, Gen. xvi. 2; “OSxPA4S, xxvill. 13.
32. Remarks on the fifth conjugation:—Aphel is gene- tally accompanied by the mater lectionis mt; as, SM; though the m may be omitted before the syllabic suffixes; as, ASP, Gen. xxi. 29; X497, xlv. 4. There are some few instances in which # is put for Mm; as, PA-VM shall distress, Deut. xxvii. 53, 55. The characteristic pre- formant is very frequently changed to ¥, as in the perfect verbs.
33. The sixth conjugation is scarcely distinguishable from the second, except as regards the sense.
QUIESCENTS OF THIRD CLASS.
34. The quiescent verbs of this class have 4, 3X, Mm, 7 for their third radical. The two latter terminations are rarely found; thus, Mya, Num. xxii. 21, which is
usually quoted as Pehal, seems to be Pahel, from the root Ay - The two other instances given by Cellarius, viz. mvs, from Gen. xxxvil. 35, and x48, Exod. vil. 20, may be obsolete forms, at least the latter; for the former may be considered as Pahel, the first conjugation Pehal not being in use.
The usual termination of quiescents of this class is %. The following is a paradigm of verbs of this kind with
349 he wept.
Person.
Person.
THE VERB.
I. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Singular.
449 NAY
AMAS
© MAMA
AAMAS
Future Tense.
Singular.
mason msoA
msov AmMS9/
MASI*-
Plural.
539 m3
AXAMA9 SAMms49
33m349
Plural.
Sz89M ‘amsant
AT4IN Sm3s94
msds
54 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. { M. mms 493 F. mq (‘anes )
INFINITIVE MOOD. msg
PARTICIPLES.
Present. Past. M. F, M. F. m3o xm m9 xMts9
35. Remarks on the first conjugation:—The feminine plural of the third person of the preterite occurs Exod. ii. 16; as, MA2SX* MAST MAK they came and drew, and filled ; it will be observed that the qutescent 4 is not omitted in m/-2¥45 before mr. This is also the case in MAKAGY, Gen. xxxii. 30. Compare remarks in § 7.
The quiescent letter may remain unchanged.in the future; as, X49, Gen.xi.4. The Chaldee corresponds exactly with the Samaritan, if we suppose the terminal & changed to ’.
An instance of the feminine singular imperative is m3, Gen. xxiv. 60. The form given in the paradigm for the feminine plural of the imperative is like the Syriac in oa Castel has 4321, the Syriac aig: The Chaldee ter- mination } may also be added to the root; thus, Sma. As far as I am aware, I do not think that any example exists, at least in the Pentateuch, to settle the matter definitely.
The infinitive is generally accompanied by the prefix + ;
THE VERB. 55
as, M344 to number, Gen. xv. 5; MAy A to see, Exod. iii. 4.
The plural feminine of the participle is found in Gen. xli. 54, SAma. It will be observed that Benoni and Pehil do not differ in form.
36. Remarks on the second conjugation :—The following are examples of the preterite: Gen, xvii. 1, MAyX*; manos, Exod. xiv. 21; Ammar, Gen. xxxii. 30, etc. An instance of the future will be found in Gen. ix. 14.
37. Remarks on the third conjugation :—This conjugation is usually terminated in the third preterite by m; as, MAye Exod. xv. 25; ms”, Gen. xxix. 13.
The other instances given by Cellarius, viz. xVA and 3A-2M, are of the conjugation Pehal.
38. The passive of the third conjugation cannot be distin- guished from that of the first, except by the sense; they have the same forms.
39. The fifth conjugation is supported by the follow- ing examples:—For the preterite—Gen. xix. 24, mv2x; NEP, Vill. 95 XVAAM, vii. 18; AOKH, xxxi. 20. For the future—manr. I will increase, Gen. xii. 2; Mids, xv. 1; though in both cases they may be preterites for the future. (See the Syntax.) For the imperative mood— ms44i., Gen. xxiv. 14. For the infinitive mood—X/-P™»8 , Gen. xxiv. 19; 3/04, xxxvil. 22. For the participle— mss44, Gen. vi. 17. In the infinitive and participle, the examples produced are exceedingly pertinent.
40. Cellarius has given the form m2/1A/*-, from Castel, as belonging to the sixth conjugation; it occurs but very seldom. The following paradigm contains the remaining conjugations.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
56
B | VVVvoRWw a “ VER VVGRW ww)” |& Pe A ae VVNVERW oe VER VVGRW 5 ee g WV VER : WGP WV GRU ‘wf ® a NVVVCRWSS | VERWTS n GRUWTS NV GRIUTT rT a NVVCRUVY, | VERS, GRWVYS | WERWVYS for] | 5 NVVGCRIUVESY, | VORWVES, CRUE | vvoRUVES [wf |S g - NV VCR VER Gru VV GRU y 3 | VWWVERS NGRS CRs NV ERE, wf © qd paeed SB | vvvoruvu | ver CRU VV GRU IU 1 a 2 NVVCRIUV | ERUvu GrwV VV CRIUY “a| _ le & | vvverwy | voRWv GRU wvoruVv lw fo |e NVVGRUY | VER CRW wverwVv |-a) |& NVV ERI AGH Grw NV GRU wf ® "IVHAV LLG ‘laHav |‘IvHvaHia| “TaHVa ‘"THHEAHLA | ‘uossag [on “IVOIGVa GYIHL AHL NI SINWOSHIND AO WOIGVUVd
57
THE VERB.
"IVOIGVY GUIHL AHL NI SLINAOSAIND AO WOIGVUVd = | wea | VV GR wape wap VER % @ | rouag TORU PGF é Ay z = és NVVVCRVE | RGRVE ERE VVGCRE to! fs VV VERGE (AV EFAUWE,) (GrrwwUy,) NVVERGE ‘a1 [ty g NV VGRE NORE CRS NVVECRS W : on] a NV NVGRE wapr wmapr NNVGRE ‘a|. ea aI NVVGRW | GR CRW NVGRIU W & TV VER 3 TGR TV GRU VVNGRIUS, a Fa VERT, VV GRY, Ho th NVVVERES, Ki = VERE, VVERES, Ww = g WV VERT, 3 Ay WER, WV ERI, a 3g | WVVEREY, 3 om WEES, WVGRES, W d 3S H eis a | vvvoRw a fa VOR NV CRW
58 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
41. This class of verbs must be distinguished from the Defectives and Quiescents, inasmuch as the latter are regular, though varying from the paradigm of a perfect verb, while the former apparently follow no regular rule, but, in consequence of peculiar combinations of letters, undergo certain changes which sometimes cannot be ac- counted for by referring them to any class of verbs pre- viously considered. There are ten of these verbs which, from their frequent occurrence, may be advantageously explained in this place.
I. THe SuBSTANTIVE VERB 33% he was.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3 M. AX ECE |
, F. NV (‘3)mx%
F M. AM<% ASAMZ3 EF. mAM<S SAMTST
1. NUTS SAMmzx
Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3 M. o3MmaMm or = mfxm Azam F. mxm”A or Mair Amxm 9 ‘M. (xXMA or MAA ALe O47 F. SMxXMA or AMAA aman
. xmaAh or MA mx
THE VERB. 59
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. 2 { M. = MM<3% 338 Fo mtx (amtnrs3)
INFINITIVE MOOD.
mxs, or TXxX Gen. xviii. 18.
There are no participles. The third masculine future is sometimes further apocopated; as, mx, Gen. xxviii. 14. The first person masculine is also read mx/-, Gen. xvii. 8. This verb is, for the most part, regular in the perfect tense of the indicative, and in the imperative mood, both of which follow quiescents of the third class.
II. Tae Vers Aimy there zs.
This verb is the same as the Syriac dal and Hebrew &%; it is frequently found in the Syriac New Testament. Examples of the Samaritan are, Exod. xvil. 7, AM/%° xzxm ' 33979 Is God among us? The medial letter mr is sometimes omitted; as, ISX‘ XANAD' ATAM AM’ ABA truly God is in this place, Gen. xxviii. 16.
The énitial letter is often omitted, especially when suffixes are used; as, MAM’ 3x if thou art, Gen. xxiv.42; AX4AMx, whether ye are, Deut. xiii. 3. The negative adverb m2, is compound of this verb and 42. Compare the Syriac das which is derived from i and Aa] by crasis and ecthlipsis. (See Schaaf’s Syriac Lexicon.)
60 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
II. Toe Vers am he lived. PEHAL.
This conjugation, which has an intransitive sense, is rarely used; as, M/A she shall live, Gen. xii. 13; xxvii. 40; mx, Gen. ili, 22, which should be read mrwmt, vide Deut. v. 26; SxW/ ye shall live, Exod. i. 22.
PAHEL.
This conjugation, which is éransitive, is often found; as, sora xmAm they will save thee alive, Gen. xi. 12; xsmaKr I will make alive, Deut. xxxti. 39. It is also found written ¥/-°K ; as, 34K heep alive, Num. xxxi. 18. Compare 44X34, Gen. 1. 20, which is rather of the fifth conjugation.
APHEL.
This conjugation is formed from a root which may be supposed to arise from the metathesis of the initial radicals, viz. XM; as, MATA he lived, passim; AZAMAX saved alive, Num. xxxi. 15; 8V ‘3/382 to save the people alive, Gen. ]. 20, xlv. 5.
ETTAPHAL. This conjugation is used ¢ntransitively; as, MATA, he lived, Gen. xxv. 7; KAA. live, Gen. xlii. 18. The other conjugations are rarely met with.
IV. THE VERB AV‘3 he descended.
This verb, which is the same as the Syriac duo and Chaldee nM}, is written for AK, whence it is formed by changing ‘& into V.
THE VERB. 61
PEHAL. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
This is, for the most part, regular. Sometimes the pri- mitive form is read; as, MAX'S she let down, Gen. xxiv.
16, 45. Future Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 3 M. ANViTrnt SzAVinem "LR. oavirr SAVvinit 9 M. AVIA IAVA F. AMAVIN SAV is ANVOA- AVIS
N.B. It must not be inferred that all these forms are in use; some few are given by analogy. S¥VA occurs in Gen. xlii. 38, xliv. 29, but, from its transitive sense, may
be referred to Pahel or Aphel.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. 9 fo AS or NVA AANVS ' LR. mavs XVI
INFINITIVE MOOD.
AVIS
The participles are formed in the usual manner; as, Deut.
ix. 21, Gen. xxvii. 12.
62 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
APHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
The two persons of this tense mostly used are, the third singular; as, AV‘ Exod. xix. 20; VAX Gen. xxiv. 18; and third plural, 4V/% Gen. xliv. 11.
Future Tense.
The third plural, sx/4-vat, Num.i. 51. Second plural, StA4VA, Gen. xliv. 29. The other persons are sometimes met with.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. 2 M. AVA IAVA- F. MmAVA- TIAVA
INFINITIVE MOOD. AVIS Gen. xxxvii. 25.
The passive form of this verb also occurs; as, AVIAN, Gen. xxxix.1; AMmVAs‘, Num. x. 17, etc.
V. Toe VERB OxMt he gave. PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
This is formed regularly. The instance Smrxm, from Lev. x. 17, given by Cellarius, must be referred to Pahel. Compare Lev. xix. 20.
THE VERB. 63
Future Tense.
This is regular, like verbs in Pe-Yod. It is, however, sometimes formed from 4/1, Hebrew 102.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Person. Singular. Plural. M. 93M; also, 9/4. Gen. xxx. 26; TIN
2 | 9% Gen. xlii. 37. F. mxx Gen. xxx. 14. XAIN
INFINITIVE MOOD.
DAYS STAYS PARTICIPLES. Present. Past. qxm; also, axm¥ Gen. xlix. 21. gorxot
The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. xxxviii. 14, x9mrxm she was given. This is probably the case with the instances mentioned under the perfect tense. In Lev. xix. 20, our version has “ liberty given her,” though it should rather be he has not given her liberty; a change of nominative which has been adopted in Lev. x. 17, correctly.
The passive forms also occur; as, ¥9xMt//%, Lev. x. 14; sz9amAAN, Lev. xxvi. 25; 9xm/nm, Lev. xxiv. 20. Also the participle axmA, Exod. v. 16, 18.
VI. Tue Vers A%% he died.
This is the same as the Syriac Mato, Chaldee min.
64 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.
The middle letter of the whole of this tense is Mm; as, | Amps he died; AAI! she died, Gen. xxiii. 2; T/vMyy they died, Exod. iv. 19, ete.
Future Tense. This is exactly like verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, A744, NVA, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural. AwS Deut. xxxii. 50. SNS
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NV NBS NTP PARTICIPLES. Present. Past. M. FE. M. F. NAY x44 Gen. xxx. 1. ATS XA
VII. THe VERB 43x he went.
INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect Tense.
This follows the form of verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, 43x he went, Gen. xxii. 13.
| (
THE VERB. 65
Future Tense.
In this tense ¥ is omitted, on account of the guttural 4.
(Vide § 28 of this Chapter.)
The INFINITIVE MOOD is 434; as, X4%%2, to go, Deut. xxix. 18.
VIII. THe VERB 2Ay/ he went: PEHAL.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
In this mood the verb is formed regularly.
'
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural. 2.44, or LAy/+ *2Aq or T2Ag/e INFINITIVE MOOD.
Li-Ag3'S Gen. xi. 31.
The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel is also found; as, LA\MA% walk, Gen. xvii. 1; 2 Ags walking, Gen. iii. 8.
IX. THe VERB 3A‘ he came.
Compare the Syriac {2}.
66 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
PEHAL,
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect Tense.
Person. Singular. Plural. 2 { M. X¥4-/ also AAA Gen. xlvi. 1. INK
F. AMAK MAK
M. NTA. AZTAMANA
LF. MAMA’ SAMA
1. = AMAA and Ait’ JIMA
Future Tense.
This is formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Aleph, and quiescents of the third class.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
XA-4%. Gen. xxxvii. 13, and mv’ INK
INFINITIVE MOOD.
NNN MAM AKAMA Gen. xxxvil. 10, Gen. xlii. 15. Num. x. 21.
PARTICIPLES. Singular. Plural. M. MA‘ mA‘. also SAI Present. | Gen. xxx. 38. F. AMASK aAmrAA Gen. xli. 29.
THE VERB. 67
APHEL. INDICATIVE MOOD.
The perfect and future tenses are formed as usual; thus, maAms he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2; mmm he shall bring, ete.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Plural. MATA. SANTA PARTICIPLES. mms Exod. x. 4. mam Deut. viii. 16.
This verb is very frequently used in Pehal.
X. THE VERB 29M he was able.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
The perfect tense of this verb is regularly inflected.
The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod; as, 24% I shall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2; 244, thou shalt be able, Exod. xviii. 23, etc. There are cases, however, in which the Hebrew anomaly is adopted; as, 24% I shall be able, Num. xxii. 11.
The infinitive, 2.34%, occurs Num. xiii. 31.
68 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
CHAPTER IV. THE PARTICLES.
1. The Particles, which form the third part of speech, are generally understood to comprehend the Pronoun, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, in other words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greek and Latin, and in the modern European languages, with the exception of the Verb and Noun.
PRONOUN.
2. The Pronoun, as being the most prominent and im- portant of the grammatical divisions included in the term Particle, will be considered in the first place. The Sama- ritan pronouns may be divided into two classes, as in the other Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables ; the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffizes, the propriety of which term will appear hereafter.
Under the head of Separables are included, Personal Pronouns in the nominative and vocative cases, Demon- stratives, sometimes the Relative (which is, however, gene- rally expressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns.
Under the head of Inseparables are classed, Personal Pronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition, Relative, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
SEPARABLE PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL.
3. The personal pronouns are, as in other languages, of the first, second, and third persons, in both numbers.
THE PRONOUN. 69
There is only one form for both genders of the first per- son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinct form for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew :—
TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Pers. Singular. Plural.
1. COM. 344%, MA, mane L. ASKS, VA we.
2. te mn ie tow. sis ue EF. MANA AMAA M. ASX, 7% he. | Sxd%
3. they. F. AMX, mx she. AYA 2
There is another form of the first person singular, viz. Ava‘, which sometimes occurs; this form and that first given in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee 28 and 728; while the second and third forms are the Hebrew 8 and ‘238. The two forms of the second person mascu- line are the same as TAN and AN.
The second person feminine is found in Gen. xxiv. 23, without a line over it; it corresponds to the Hebrew ‘AX, which is usually written AN. |
The first form of the third person masculine is the same as xin, while the second is the Syriac en
With the first form of the third.feminine, compare the Chaldee and Hebrew 8").
The second form of the first person plural is manifestly the Chaldee 128.
With the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal- dee PAIN, PAIN.
With the two forms of the third plural, compare [13/7 masc. and }'2 fem.; for, by interchanging the quiescents n and x
70 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
‘of the same organ,’ the Chaldee forms are easily trans- formed to the Samaritan.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
4. These are included in the following table:—
Singular. Plural. M. AS, STA y AMV Ay this. F. Xd, XAG this. c. ‘m2. these, those. Cc. AY, XT this, that.
Compare the first form of the masculine singular with the Chaldee }%1, and the second and third with the He- brew 7.
With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldean 81.
The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arises from their indiscriminate use, somewhat similar to that of N11 and 87] among the Hebrews.
With the common form of the plural, compare vow.
It must be observed, that many of the Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns receive ¥ emphatic as a prefix; thus, XX Ae 34% that very place. Again, XMI9/-'3M2ZAX these very stones.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
5. Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable relative pronoun, viz. AA; its use, however, is gene- rally superseded by the prefix ¥, like the Chaldee 4 from ‘3. It is common in number and gender; thus, * 4x1 MMATPIV thy stranger, who is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10; SxPAAT' SMA thy gods, which brought thee up, Exod. XXxil. 4, ;
THE PRONOUN. ; 71
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
6. There are two forms of this pronoun; the first 34, Chald. 12, which is used of persons, and equivalent to our who ?—the second 3%, Chald. 82, used of things, and like our what? Thus, MA/-'3%' AA9 whose daughter are you? and, x4~° 3x44 what is his name? The neuter form 3%, as it may be called, sometimes appears to lose its sense when used with prefixes; thus, x44 like as. There is also another interrogative form 4%, found in Gen. Xxxil. 29; as, MY" 2A AD why seek for my name ?
Before proceeding to .the Inseparable Pronouns, it must be observed that, to express the words ‘self,’ ‘ the same,” ‘the very one,’ the Samaritans follow the Hebrews in substituting “447 for its equivalent O¥Y, as in Gen. vii. 13, AVX YIM -4ATA in this very day. Compare the Syriac [Sao which is used in a similar manner; as, Rom. ix. 3, — Lj I myself. So 1 Cor. vi. 7, eavsaio you your- selves.
It is probable that 4z4v, synonymous with 7, as well as 3) the soul, are used as reciprocals, in the sense of the Latin ‘seipsum. This inference is justified by the numeroue examples found in the New Testament, in which it is so employed by the Syrians.
The Samaritans apparently use Sx the heart, recipro- cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find * ¥u* AV'TAVP3 ASZA9 and Sarah laughed within her heart, i. e. herself.
INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS.
7. These Pronouns, which may also be called suffixes, from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of
72 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
words with which they coalesce, include the Personal Pronouns with a preposition, Reflexives, and Possessives.
They are contained in the following table :—
Person. Singular. Plural. 1. com. m, ms 43, 3 9 fe 8 BS S34, MMT, ATH : F. Sm, M3, 48 Om, S48, 378, ATH F fe x, %, 3X3 M3, AZ, 353 " LR. 3X, 93 amx, ‘Ant, (35)
These inseparables are not joined to nouns, verbs, and particles indiscriminately ; it will be proper therefore to make a few remarks on their use.
With respect to the first person, it must be observed, that the form m of the singular is joined to nouns of both num- bers; thus, from 9% comes m9X my lord; from m'34 sons, we have mm4 my sons, which is contracted into m34, as in the Hebrew.
There are some instances in which m is joined to verbs; ds, m'K2™ he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod. iii. 14. This is frequently the case when the letter immediately preceding the suffix is essentially radical.
The second form, however, is that usually found with verbs; as, MANA thou hast blessed me; ASM Ay KM he shall see me, etc.
Both forms of the first person plural are used with nouns and verbs; instances of the first are, SNX2% our God; SIMAIP our sepulchres; YANIIN our fathers. Again, Sard he made us go up, Exod. xxxii.1; S3WPA. thou
THE PRONOUN. 73
hast led us out, Num. xxi. 5. Instances of the second form are, IAYM2A our sister, Gen. xxiv. 60; SAMIxX he deli- vered us, Exod. ii. 19.
8. Upon the suffix 4 of the second person, the following remarks may be made.
It is found with nouns of both numbers for the masculine gender; and, for the feminine gender, with nouns plural; as, S24 your God; SNAIX* SAA your son and your daughter; 3NX9% your fathers; SM'smtV your eyes, etc. In Gen. xix. 12, mr is inserted before the terminal 4; for, in speaking of Lot’s daughters, we find 4mA'39 your daugh- ters. This insertion of m must not be confounded with the feminine form xm, which is used with singular nouns; as, Gen. ii. 16, ¥MAd'T your husband ; SMVAAy your seed, Gen. xvi. 10.
The form 4 is also found with verbs; as, s4KA he loved thee; BAS. have I established thee, Exod. ix. 16; BAZ. [will send thee, Gen. xxxii. 26. The terminal 44 with the epenthetic '\ is usually found with the future tense; as, SAV9VA. I will make thee, Gen. xii. 2; S39AqV L will restore thee, Gen. xxviii. 15, etc.
The mr of the feminine form yr is usually omitted when joined with a particle; as, 42, to thee, Gen. xx. 16; MO from thee, Gen. xxx. 2; ximt2, is found in Exod. ii. 7.
The first form 3% of the second person plural masculine is found with nouns and verbs; but with the latter it is generally not suffixed immediately, but with the interposi- tion of the characteristic of the accusative case; as, ST4X2Z/% your God; SZ8SNXIN your fathers; 334M * NAG VIS and will lead you, Gen. xlviii. 21. It is also found with particles; as, 3x42, to you, ZV with you, etc., though
74 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
in this case the second form <4 is usually employed; as, yz4xa45 from you, Deut. ii. 4, etc.
The latter form is not only found with the particles, but also with nouns; as, S7NTI3° ZV" ITHF92Z° ZV in your heart and in your soul, Deut. xi. 18.
The last form in both genders, viz. 3343, is a verbal suffix, and is formed by means of the epenthetic 3, from 4x3, like 4 from 4.
The first two forms of the feminine plural are joined to nouns; as, SMI your soul; sometimes by the insertion of ¥, as in the case of the masculine suffixes; thus, IM79/+ your father, Gen. xxxi. 5. The other forms of the feminine are found with verbs.
9. The form x of the third person singular is found with nouns of both numbers, also with verbs; as, 3*MA his head ; 3% her seed; 3“sMP/ he set him, Gen. xlvii. 7; xAm4s I drew him forth, Exod. ii. 10. In the masculine gender, ¥ is sometimes suffized by the interposition of 4; as, XNTYSRK his father-in-law, Exod. ii. 1; 5AM AG & he shewed him, Exod. xv. 25. The #& was probably added to mark distinctly the difference between the word and its suffix. Compare remarks on verbs, § 7.
The second form ¥ of the masculine gender, is used with plural nouns, as, <Mm‘amv his eyes; <M his sons, Gen. ix. 1; Chald. ‘133, Syriac wad, etc.
This terminal is found also with singular nouns and particles, in which case mf is inserted before the suffix; as, sma. his father, Gen. xlvi. 1, xlvii. 11; smK his brother, Exod. xvi. 15; =m2V upon him, etc.
The suffix 33 of common gender, formed by the epen- thetic Nun from ¥, is used with verbs; as, APRA J will
THE PRONOUN. 75
destroy him, Exod. xxxii. 33; xamradm_ shall hate her. Deut. xxii. 13. It must be observed that it is mostly em- ployed with the future tense, and, comparatively speaking, is very seldom found with the preterite; as, x3mra™ he placed him, Deut. xxxii. 10.
The first two forms of the plural number masculine are joined with nouns of the singular number, the second being that which is usually employed; as, 3xS/% their hand, Gen. XXXVI. 22;°S52A4A% on their left hand, Exod. xiv. 22. Also with nouns of the plural number; as, 33A3%9% their Jfathers, Exod. xii. 40; 3<xmsarar, Gen. xii. 5.
The third form, %‘3, is masculine, and is only employed with verbs; as, SZ343A9% J will bless them, Num. vi. 27; ATTA AAT AY they struck them and bruised them, Num. xiv.45. This suffix is not, however, used exclu- sively, since the simple form 3% occurs; as, J32,VP he slew them, Gen. xiv. 16; szpapa, Num. xvi. 39, Vide Deut. ix. 17.
The feminine forms of this person, viz. Smx and ‘Sm, are used with nouns of both numbers; as, AMSA their judgment, Num. xxvii. 5; SmaxxaX% their father, Num. XXvil. 7, etc.
The last form, 4 of the feminine gender, may be joined to verbs, but very seldom occurs. The student must be careful to distinguish it from the same form, which is used for the first person plural.
These pronouns, it will be observed, serve for the Personal Pronotins in the oblique cases, for the Possessives, and Reci- procals.
10. The relative pronoun is usually expressed by the prefix S, which is employed like the Chaldee ‘J.
76 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
ON THE MODE OF SUFFIXING.
11. In adding the inseparables to nouns of the absolute state, the x characteristic of the feminine is changed into 4; as, X2%A% a handmaid, MNIXAs% my handmaid, Gen. xvi. 2. If the noun be plural, the terminal +4 or 43 of the plural formative is omitted, and the suffix added to the remain- ing part; as, from *4Mf\9 sons, comes TMA\4 his sons, etc.
But if the noun be in the emphatic state, the ¥ is wholly omitted, and the suffix takes its place; as, X33 the soul, mrys my soul; ANAM the wife, HNN thy wife; ANAV fathers, SANA our fathers.
12. There are three nouns which deserve especial consi- deration; these are, 94 a father; KA a brother; 4K a father-in-law. These nouns are connected with their suffixes by inserting z, like the Chaldee and Syriac; or nr, like the Hebrew.
The following are examples of this peculiarity :—
Examples of 9/4; as, 359%, NTA, ATAITIN, etc., with %; 7m9%, JIMA, IzxMIA, with m.
Examples of QA; as, STW, ATA, IITA, ete, with ¥; and sma, MAMKA, etc., with m.
Examples of #4 are rare; as, mv4e, Exod. xvii. 1; smsvesy , Gen. xxxvill. 13. Also with m in Gen. xxxviil. 25; as, 30PM% her father-in-law.
This is not, however, the case with the suffix of the first person; for in Gen. xx. 12, we find maA.' 4X9 daughter of my father ; and in Gen. iv. 9, 334° MRA ATVI am Imy brother's keeper? In both these instances, however, the nouns are in ‘ regimen,’ which may probably account for the deviation from the general rule.
THE PRONOUN. 77 *
13. The suffixes are usually added to verbs without changing any letter; as, m3a13 he led me, Gen. xxiv. 27; BxPA/ they made thee go up, Exod. xxxii. 4, etc.
Quiescents of the third radical in 4 or ¥ sometimes vary from this rule. These letters may be changed into /; as, SzA'3 he numbered them, Num. i.19; SA-max he delivered us, Exod. 11. 19; S¥AaV he overlaid them, Exod. xxxvi. 36. They are also sometimes omitted; as, M'SAq Kt he shall see me, Exod. xxxiii. 20.
14. The epenthetic ‘3 between the verb and its suffix is so often used by the Samaritans, that, by coalescing with the suffixes themselves, an entirely new series would seem to have arisen. See the table, p. 72.
15. The interposition of A which sometimes occurs may be accounted for by supposing it to be a contraction of the case-mark Am; thus, ¥4'32VP, Deut. ili. 3, is the same as XM '329~P ; similarly, ATA TAG eK for STAM * FAK they saw them. In fact, the pronominal suffixes, especially 74 and 3%, are frequently found separated from the verb by AM; as, S¥8AM* svar he will bless you, Deut. i. 11; zit * 4X9 he blessed them, Exod. xxxix. 43.
16. There are cases in which the methods employed by the Hebrews in suffixing the particles have also been adopted by the Samaritans; thus, 3mA%39, Gen. xix. 16, 30; instead of which 34/439, Gen. xxxvi. 6, and XN339 Num. xxxvi. 2, are more usually employed. Such instances of Hebrew usage are perhaps due to the careless- ness of the copyists, who from their acquaintance with that language, may have foisted in forms which are undoubtedly opposed to Samaritan usage.
738 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. »
ADVERB.
17. The adverbs, as well as the prepositions and conjunc- tions, may perhaps be considered as having been originally substantives in the constructive state. Some of them consist of radical letters alone; as, JWV suddenly; ZAP against ; “yp before. Others are formed with serviles; as, AVSIM little, or too little; 2mS92, in order that, etc. It is scarcely worth while, in a rudimentary work like the present, to discuss the senses of the substantives from which these par- ticles are derived. The syntax of the adverb will be found in the Chapter on that subject.
A list of adverbs is subjoined, slightly differing from that given by Cellarius, which will be found exceedingly useful for reference.
434 where ose hitherto (a)
ma2X nay 4x behold, lo!
AVF MAZK moreover
AS | XV then; also AVY so, also : SABA i 45 when, since Ax verily 334 already
2 not; prohibitive NWS like as, Lev. xix. 34.
‘A if, since, where; 3425 like as Heb. {8 33 so, also 3234-9 before that /e2, not
AFT so, Just as 43 why, because AX for ¥% behold 34x here, hither m\92x however
%2, oh that, perchance Sx2, STA2 Avm2, not, nothing 342, wherefore (@)
only
THE PREPOSITION. 79
ATS in vain, gratis szv_ hitherto, moreover sy since mAxV hitherto, more 324 how wv suddenly 2V 22 above AVaNtM little, too little 3434 whence (8) 9% much, exceedingly we }now ma and mx now (7) ms AMA same as 9% el far as say where
The adverb marked (a) is generally used of the cont- nuation of time. The final X is omitted with a suffix; as, S34, Exod. ix. 17.
Those marked (8) are interrogative adverbs. The former is from x44 and 2; Greek S47. The latter is a compound of 4% and 34, that is from where; Latin unde; Greek, modev.
The adverb marked (ry) -is the Hebrew §); it is properly an imperative mood; its plural, x9, is found in Gen. xlv.4, but the singular form, ma, may be used ina plural sense; as in Exod. xii. 3.
The student is recommended to get this table of adverbs by heart; inasmuch as frequent recurrence to the Lexicon, in the present state of Samaritan lexicography, is not only tedious, but requires more than ordinary skill and perse- verance to render it practically useful.
PREPOSITION.
18. The Prepositions may be divided into two classes, like the Pronouns, viz. Separables and Inseparables or Prefixes. As regards the former class, it is sufficient to
80 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
observe that they are generally employed as in the other Shemitic languages.
The following Table of them, formed from that of Cel- larius, will be read advantageously, inasmuch as it contains those which are mostly in use:
2A at, to ae at, to 2is/- at, to, near swm2 22-19 on account of 22.19%5 same as 2.2.19 m4 between VA244 below, beneath N29 beside, except \92¢44 without, from (¥) 9 after, behind Attims23 within mss on account of (a) a from, before maxx behind, after SV-<A as far as A3mM2% for, in the place of 2V upon (6) 4x44 over against; also “48V with,together with with prefix 2. . 24P against, afar; with mA under, below; with prefix 2,, accord- prefix ing to, nigh to Ae12, ns »*serp ) before, in the within 912, also 312, Pa presence of ; 242, beyond, afar (8) also with the prefixes 2, 5
The preposition marked (a) is accompanied by 2V, Gen. xx. 3; it is like the Hebrew 5y.
That marked (@) is read, in some cases, with 4 prefixed.
The preposition (7) is formed by means of a double prefix.
(8) also is formed in a similar manner to (); thus, 2V224 is a pleonasm, with the same force as 2V.
The pronominal suffixes are added to these prepositions in the same way they are added to nouns; thus, MV with me; 48 from thee; 3X\N9 after them, etc.
THE PREPOSITION. 81
19. Some of these prepositions, as in the Hebrew, insert m between themselves and the suffix; as, xm2V upon him; SIMLZV upon us; MSP in thy presence ; V<MXTP before them, etc.
The two prepositions 4mr4 and $m2, which latter is used for the Hebrew 8, are found with and without the m inserted; as 4mf9 between thee; wesmama between you; AzSVMZ, to you; AxzxMM2, to them, etc.
Generally speaking, the others adopt the common rule, though there are many exceptions.
20. The preposition 2V not only assumes mf, but, in addition to it, ¥; as, Gen. xxxvili. 13, xlv. 1, zmx2,V; in the latter place, however, the ¥ is marked by a small hori- zontal stroke, signifying that the letter was inadvertently inserted.
For further information respecting the construction of the Prepositions, see the Syntax.
INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS.
21. These consist of single letters, and are joined to nouns, to verbs in the infinitive, and to particles, by prefizing them: from which circumstance the name sometimes given to them is derived,
These prepositions are 9, 4, 2, %, corresponding ex- actly to the same prefixes in Hebrew. It will be observed that the complete forms 4 and AX are generally used with the suffixes.
The following examples will shew how these prepositions are connected with the suffices: \X3H%9 in you; 3MAQ m
them; %2, to him; ‘N32, to us, etc.; B34 from thee, Gen. 7
82 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
xxx. 2; 4A%8 like as thee, Deut. xviii. 18. For further information, see the Syntax.
CONJUNCTIONS.
22. The following list is from that given by Cellarius:
mv. or, either EARN ese (a) N21 but x292 <2/- unless 23% sameas 42% Am2.. if not, unless 2% because, for (8) ai if “x because, if, that a. also, moreover 44 because 2ms9 in order that; also | mvs because; also with the 4ag but [with prefix 2, prefix 9 49 but, only; lest 44V same as “4K- (Gen. iii. 3.)
The conjunction marked (a) is read with SV; as, ‘SV 3X29 so as not. That marked (@) is found with 42 in the sense of that not; and with 4’. in the sense of but that.
The prefix ¥ and, is also a conjunction; it is not con- versive, as in Hebrew.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTICLES.
23. We must not omit to mention here the prefix 3, which is rarely used in the Samaritan with the force of the Greek article, like the corresponding Hebrew prefix J, except in some nouns purely Hebrew; as, *4ma2A% the God; 4YSAX the man. It is also employed with the pronouns; as, 4-33%% he; Amaxx she; ASX and xNx for 3 and 3X9 respect- ively; AMZAA these, ITIANA they, etc.
The following are instances of its use with the participles;
THE PREPOSITION. 83
MANX 6 épxopevos, Exod. xiv. 19; PAW’YX 6 dvayayon, Levit. xi. 45; AVX 6 xatorxav, Deut. i. 44.
24. The use of X, as explained in the previous article, must be carefully distinguished from that in which it is inter- rogative; as, XV MWA AZW3HX am I my brother's keeper ? Gen. iv. 9; so in Gen. xlv. 3, SMmVP' Mo ' SVX és my father yet alive? etc. In Deut. xxxii.6, % is put for ¥; as, SMA * ATA AMA ts not he thy father ?
25. The Samaritans do not appear to employ % as a suffix like M of the Hebrews, expressive of motion or rest. For though ¥V“/* is sometimes found without the preposition 2,, %x can scarcely be held to supply its place; because instances occur of VA without ¥, as in Gen. xii. 5, where ellipses of the preposition 2, are manifest.
ON THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS.
26. No letters in the Samaritan language undergo such various permutations as those which are usually, though improperly, called gutturals; viz. V, W, 3%, *. The letter V is very frequently written for 4; as, XVA%/* for BATH; WAAV for 9K; 2AvV for ZAG, etc.
This letter is also found written for 4; as, “SV if, for ‘S/-; smamaAV for smamds. So x8V for 8% a mother ; 2Vv™ for 2./%, etc. On the other hand, * is found for v; as, P\ for PAV, etc. The guttural % is found for V; as, “A for VAX. Also for %; as, TAK for TAK.
The guttural ¥ is found for V; as, 4A for VA. Also for Ae; as, MARX for MAK.
The above are only a few examples of such permutations; numerous others could be produced, but may be safely left
"84 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
to the student’s own observations. Such variations are not easily to be accounted for, except on the principle that “letters of the same organ may be interchanged promis- cuously.”
27. Other letters are found interchanged, besides the gut- turals; as, 4 for ¥ in X9°%, instead of the Hebrew 710 he shewed; O71 for ZT, etc. Also p for 4; as, myp2x for m32x, Gen. xxv. 32.
Similarly, hy, is found for 4, and ‘& for p. Various others are given by Morinus. These are sufficient, however, for our purpose.
28. Besides interchanging letters, the Samaritan, like most other languages, is affected by those changes known as metathesis and apheresis. Thus, mAV for MVA.; “mm for asymp. So x for AX; APV for PAV, etc. Instances of apheresis ave 2mv for the complete form 2p%3; mx for mam; Se for Ta, ete.
29. Before concluding, we shall give a few examples of crasis; thus, 334° 4% behold I, becomes, Gen. xxii. 11, XMAWX; similarly, Y7VAX behold ye, Deut. i.10. This change especially takes place with the particle 4-2, and verbs; as, WyiNV2, Deut. ili. 26; 378942, Gen. xxxvii. 22, etc. I confess, however, I have some doubt as to the legi- timacy of the crasis in the latter case.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER V.
ON THE NOUNS.
1. One substantive depending on another is frequently used by the Samaritans instead of an adjective; thus, BST NIN SIZ AIVAIS and his mother took for him an ark of bulrushes, Exod. ii. 3; xX meprA VPA “AIX VTP MVPA' AM and the clothes of service and the gar- ments of holiness, Exod. xxxi. 10; TAAy * MRIS sacrifices of righteousness, Deut. xxxiii. 19.
2. A substantive is frequently used, as in the first section, instead of an adjective, to denote the materials of which anything is composed; as, Exod. xxvili.17, 39/4 W342 rows of stone. In this place we may notice the phrase STS TM SMS MMANAA, Gen. xli. 1, signifying two years of days, or two full years, as it is rendered in our version; it must be observed that the governing noun is in the absolute state, and not in the constructive, as is gene- rally the case; the nouns governing and governed must therefore be considered in apposition, the former expressing the whole, the latter parts thereof.
3. The cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive inter- change their genders, as in the Hebrew, inasmuch as feminine forms are joined with masculine nouns, and vice versé ; thus,
86 SYNTAX.
MTV SMINAAN two years, Gen. xlv. 6; ANAK AWIM one day, Gen. i. 5, etc, are concordant; but 3mf'39' 3A three sons, Gen. vi. 10; XV9AA4-' 332 four kings, Gen. xiv. 9; Myer -meyy five years, Gen. xlv. 11; *vaw NATAQ seven kine, Gen. xli. 18; AVA * WMAD nine bul- lochs, Num. xxix. 26; 33V4%'AAV ten she-asses, Gen. xlv. 23, are all discordant in gender, and in number also; the singular numeral being added to a plural noun.
It will appear by the subjoined examples that the cardi- nals are used in the constructive as well as in the absolute state; as, XM™' MAAN two of his wives, Gen. xxxii. 22; AMATA'ANYSA eight of oxen, Num. vii. 8; XMZVY' AVAV ten of sayings or commandments, Deut. iv. 13, etc.
4, The cardinal numerals usually precede their nouns, as our examples will shew; this is, however, by no means always the case, as they sometimes follow; in which situ- ation SK one is always found.
5. Those numerals which are multiples of ten are joined to singular and plural nouns; *SMm2s1°°smA2ZA thirty camels, Gen. xxxil. 15; JAN * SMAYV twenty silver pieces, Gen. xxxvil. 28; 3A“ YMA2ZA thirty years, Num. iv. 3.
6. The composite numerals from ten to one hundred are usually so arranged that the less precedes the greater ; as, Gen. xxxil. 22, AAV XH eleven; AAV' VOA4 fourteen, Num. xxix. 20, etc. The composite numerals beyond one hundred are free from this restriction, and can either follow or precede; SATS'ALZNT AAV ' XY three hundred and eighteen, Gen. xiv. 14; “mMaAAdVvx' 3X4 one hundred and twenty, Deut. xxxiv. 7.
7. The ordinal numerals do not exceed ten in number ;
THE NOUNS. 87
for beyond that number, their place is supplied by the cardinals; as, SMVANAX' A349 in the fortieth year, Num. XXXll. 38.
8. The noun substantive is frequently doubled, so as to convey the idea of a whole, comprehending a series of indi- viduals of the same kind; thus, in Lev. xxiv. 15, * ™t/ XA2A'° 22PO' SA “AA. whosoever curseth his God; that is, every man, without exception.
This repetition of the substantive frequently implies mul- titude; as, in Gen. xiv. 10, SA-VMV' SAMS" SAN many slime-pits ; or, as it is rendered in our authorised version, ‘ full of slime-pits.”
The repetition in Gen. xxxii. 16, has a distributive sense ; ATV ATV’ IMSIV' SAA QAM and he delivered them into the hand of his servants, drove by drove.
This repetition expresses duality and diversity in Deut. xxv. 13, 394%%° 39% two different stones, or two stones of different weight.
9. It has been previously said that one noun dependent on another is frequently used instead of an adjective; there are cases in which the governing noun has the force of an adjective; as, ITA SMS’ XIPAV' AAAAMZA ATA IT and as for the flower of his captains he hath drowned it in the Red sea, Exod. xv.4, rendered ‘chosen captains” in our version.
The construction just explained is that always followed by 2, the signification of which, since it is properly a substantive, is ‘the whole’; as, xm‘ 24% more than all his children, Gen. xxxvii. 3, properly, the whole of his chil- dren; 39'°S3245 we all are sons, Gen. xlii. 11; maxv' 28 all of my goodness, Exod. xxxiii. 19; 4ASM9V" 28 all thy work, Deut. v.13. In the two last examples the con-
88 SYNTAX.
struction may be inferred from the former ones, where a discrepancy of number exists between 24 and the governed noun.
10. By joining a noun with itself in the plural number, a superlative sense is frequently conveyed; as, XM’SP* *SP holy of holies, Exod. xxvi. 33; Amps © ~~ servant of servants, Gen. ix. 25; 3mM3%2A°3%24 God of gods, Deut. x. 17.
11. The governed noun of two nouns in regimen may have either a subjective or objective sense; thus, * A<IS\ “sy may be either the injury inflicted on Sodom, or, the injury inflicted by Sodom on others. In Gen. xvii. 20, waa avvam the ery about Sodom, the relation is objective. In Gen. i. 26, ¥¢8M' AM'D%'3 the fishes of the sea, the rela- tion is subjective. M2V'MATISIA my wrong be upon thee, Gen. xvi. 5; here the suffixed pronoun is objective. xAMS9* Mesxor the days of his mourning, Gen. 1.4; here it may be subjective or objective,—in the former case referring to Joseph, and in the latter to Israel. The reader who has an acquaintance with Latin and Greek, will immediately see that the Samaritan usage here precisely accords with that of the genitive, objective, and subjective in those languages.
12. When one noun depending on another is used for an adjective, the suffixed pronoun, if there be any, is sometimes added to the governing, at other times to the governed noun; thus, in Lev. xx. 3, me¢yp sy the name of my holiness, instead of “SP My my name of holiness, or, my holy name, as it is usually rendered; mesPp az the mountain of my holiness, instead of “SP'MATWY my moun- tain of holiness, or, my holy mountain, etc.
13. The adjective, when qualifying a substantive, is
THE NOUNS. 89
usually put after it; as, XMSAN9N AMATAMLS MAA AM two great luminaries, Gen. 1.16. When, however, the adjective is used predicatively, it precedes the substantive; as, *9% MAXV great is my punishment, Gen. iv. 13, A224" 9V' AZ, the thing is not good, Exod. xviii. 17.
14. The Hebrews and Samaritans sometimes use a sub- stantive accompanied by a preposition with the same force as an adjective; thus, Exod.i.14, x\99° xXSMaV_ work in the field, i.e. ‘ field-work.’
15. The subject of a simple proposition in the plural number is sometimes accompanied by a predicate in the singular, the effect of which is to add a distributive force; as, SMAD' SMAI VTVL: MMVVLZ cursed be each one that curseth thee, and blessed be each one that blesseth thee, Gen. xxvil. 29; MMVAV' SAV ' MVS a pastor of sheep is each of thy servants, Gen. xlvii. 3. Similar constructions are observed in the classic authors; as, Catull. c. 107, ‘inspe- ranti nobis;’ Tibull. lib. 3, in last elegy, ‘ nobis merenti,’ ete.
With mv, which is supposed to be of the singular number, compare ‘91, Zech. xi. 17.
16. The peculiar construction of the noun pbs with a plural verb, among the Hebrews, does not appear to have been adopted by the Samaritans in the corresponding word ssmax2%-; for, im Gen. xx. 13, where the Hebrew plural ayn is used, the corresponding Samaritan is MAM 'AVVX wmax2/-, God caused me to wander ; *M21ANA' BSAC “MAZAA ' 3X2, because there God appeared unto him, Gen. XXxV. 7.
17. Nouns collective, though in the singular number, are capable of being construed with a plural verb; as, ‘24 SL1AV'3XAVAA« the whole of the earth came, Gen. xli. 57;
90 SYNTAX.
AVA’ AMI TVA" the house of Pharaoh heard, Gen. xlv. 2; similarly, sgv' 28° 3xowme«y and the whole of the people shall say, Deut. xxvii. 26.
These nouns may have also a plural pronoun referring to them; as, SZWO2ZM<' AT2Z°AM2 VASAT MAM IATA AzAM a stranger shall thy seed be ina land not their own, and it shall afflict them, Gen. xv.13; * 3¥A°"38° 42H MMPS? * IZA because the congregation, the whole of them, are holy, Num. xvi. 3.
18. On the other hand, a plural noun is found with a singular verb; as, ‘Smeanta's’ mx let there be lights, Gen. i. 14; 389° S2mAA% daughters were born, Gen. vi. 1; AMITA* Yom: mA KPA many troubles have befallen me, Deut. xxxi. 21.
19. An adjective of the masculine is sometimes added to a substantive of the feminine; as, SMAMIY' AVA beau- tiful daughters, Gen. vi. 2. So, in Gen. xli. 19, * 44749 MP2A'AMAATV, other kine were ascending, etc.
20. Ina simple proposition, the subject accompanied by a dependent noun generally agrees in gender with the predicate; it appears, however, that the predicate may agree with the governed noun; as, ‘3 ' YVAN BAST wag ms and the plague of leprosy, if it shall be in a man, Lev. xiii. 9. This is also the case in the Hebrew, which is, DIN AYNIN 1D NYW Yaz, where 7M is found instead of AT. The construction, in cases of this kind, may be termed zeugmatic.
21. The Samaritan use of 2 with regard to its predicate may be advantageously mentioned here, as it accords with that stated in the previous section; thus, 3mS* 235° mpagy and all the women went out, Exod. xv. 20; msxmr' 2243337
THE NOUNS. 91
and all the days were, Gen. v. 23, 31, Gen. ix. 29. In both these examples, the agreement of the predicate with the governed noun must be observed; this does not, however, appear to be the case in Exod. xii. 16, *42°xNmMaV 28 Az3°s9VAIr all work shall not be done in them.
22. When a predicate is added to subjects of different gender or number, it generally agrees with the more worthy; as, X9AQ MAA AMIMLMT ANA the wife and children shall be her master’s, Exod. xxi. 4; * XQ*3 . 4IASA sms max Abraham and Sarah were becoming old, Gen. xviii. 11. The predicate appears to agree with the nearest subject in Gen. viii. 18, *M3X*XAANAT' XMAIT AI PII XMA\9 and Noah went out, and his sons, and his wife, and the wives of his sons. See Num. xii.1. This is generally the case when the verb precedes; but when the verb follows, the agreement of the predicate may be inferred from the following examples: ‘STA ' TMS2ZMZ' TAZ!" AWSSPT TVIAT' 2ZRAT AAT BI AVAX and Leah approached also, and her sons, and bowed themselves; and then Joseph approached, and Rachel, and bowed themselves, Gen. xxxiii. 7; TAAQVT ss DMT UVP and Abimelech rose up, and Memar, and returned, Gen. xxi. 32.
23. The Samaritans, like the Hebrews, sometimes use a nominative case absolute, which may be connected with the rest of the sentence in English, by supplying such a phrase as ‘as to,’ or ‘as regards’; 4¥9°24 as to all the gold, Exod. xxxvill. 24; MX’ Ae’ WSLZM XANAZISE and as to his concubine, she herself also bare, Gen. xxii. 24.
24. Here also may be noticed the peculiar hypallage, or inversion of words, which is remarkable in the Shemitic languages; as, NTT ' BTVAG tin the blood of purification,
92 SYNTAX.
Levit. xii. 4, instead of ‘in the purification of blood;’ Vay 95 the copulation of seed, Levit. xxii. 4, instead of ‘seed of copulation; 4m2PA%' JAS silver of shekels, Lev. v. 15, for ‘ shekels of silver.’
25. In all languages more or less pleonasms are found to abound. This is especially the case with certain nouns in the Samaritan; as—
(a) With m3 face; 3m8' MtAy* 2V on the face of the waters, Gen. 1.2; 3A0PS* MIN’ 2V' 348 from before the face of his dead, Gen. xxiii. 3, instead of ‘ from the dead body.’
(8) With Sh hand; mK * 28'S 34 from the hand of every living being, Gen. ix. 5; 3¥"8' T9 by the hand of Moses, Exod. ix. 35, i.e. ‘ by Moses.’
(y) With aay a word, tenour ; ¥Ay 93 "Qs 2V according to the purport of the lot, Num. xxvi. 56, i.e. ‘according to the lot; xm2wsaxwmy'2V according to the tenour of his speech, Gen. xliiil. 7, 1. e. ‘ according to his speech.’
The student will observe others, too numerous to mention here.
ON THE VERB.
1. The Samaritan language, like the Hebrew, has only two absolute tenses, the perfect and future. To supply the place of the imperfect and pluperfect in other languages, the Samaritan perfect is sometimes used, so that we can only be guided by the context as to the force which must be given to it. Vide the remarks on the moods, § 6, Chap. III.
The usual force of the perfect is that conveyed in the following example; ‘3AM *' $\9%° GpvM2' PK MMT PV Agt
THE VERB. 93
XZ" ASA XTP~AY and Isaac called Jacob and blessed him, and charged him, and said to him, Gen. xxviii. 1.
2. The perfect is also found in the imperfect sense of ‘was,’ ‘did;’ as, FAM WAM IE'H2, why did Sarah laugh? Gen. xviii. 13; in the sense of ‘used to,’ * 2A VMmy aAzo: Am °K and Israel loved Joseph, Gen. xxxvii. 3; in the sense also of ‘began to,’ ¥*4848'2V' XV" AAT and the people began to murmur against Moses, Exod. xv. 24.
3. The perfect is also found in a pluperfect sense in Gen. i. 5; thus, 324° XTXM° AMV AZ AS for the Lord God had not caused tt to rain. Another and more usual method of expressing the pluperfect will be found in the Syntax of the Infinitive.
4. Some verbs include, under the perfect form, both a perfect and present sense; such as, VIA he hates and he hated, conveying both the senses of ‘ odit’ and ‘ odio habuit.’ Also, 44% he knows and he knew. Compare the Greek oide and the Latin ‘novit,’ perfect forms with present senses.
5. We sometimes find a future circumstance related in the perfect tense, as something which has actually taken place. The design of the writer in this case was to mark the future occurrence as something already irrevocably decreed and decided upon, and therefore, as it were, accom- plished; thus, in Gen. xv. 18, X3VAA. AM’ AOxMt’ 87392, to thy sons have I given the land.
6. The peculiar use of %, called Vau conversive among the Hebrews, is unknown to the Samaritans, Chaldees, and Syrians; so that the numerous rules founded on this idiom
‘in Hebrew are not applicable to those dialects.
7. The future tense, besides the force of our future, has
94 SYNTAX.
various other senses among the Samaritans, examples of which are appended,
(a) In some cases the future seems to have the force of a present; as, Gen. xxxvil. 15, “P9/-'3'%8 what seekhest thou 2? again, Exod. v. 15, S38" VAVA 8442, why do you so?
(8) It is sometimes used to imply possibility, propriety, or necessity, like the perfect in Lev. iv. 2, MVQVAA-' ALN which ought not to be done.
(y) In the first sense, denoting possibility, it is found in Deut. 1. 12, mvz2'29d%' Sit how can I alone bear you?
(6) In the second sense, Gen. xx. 9, * AMZ * SINTAXV szsavAin deeds which ought not to be done.
(e) In the third sense, Gen. xxiv. 5, “AM SAgV AE ST AGV 4X9 must I needs restore thy son?
8. The future is also used indefinitely to denote that which takes place frequently; thus, in Num. ix. 16, * mm 4x HAMM AVIV AMD so it was alway, a cloud covered it ; again, in Gen. ii. 6, VA MS PAM av and a mist ascended from the earth.
9. Sometimes it implies permission to do anything; as, 3M ATV Ay * ATI adm let one fetch, I pray you, a little water, Gen. xviil. 4.
10. It is used, as was before observed, in forbidding, dis- suading, and deprecating, for the imperative; as, 2VPA'/2. thou shalt not hill, Exod. xx. 14; it may also be used in commanding, exhorting, and imploring; thus, * 4x2 VINA PYM AT MUMIA TAM S' LAT thou shalt fear thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name, Deut. vi. 13; 2wemr' 20P he shall surely die, Ex. xxi. 15.
11. The future is employed also in a general proposition, which always holds good; the following examples will
THE VERB. 95
render this clear; 3P3m* Am’ X/A‘Y8MS * 29Amts * HSS as a foster-mother beareth the suckling, Num. xi. 12; XA9* AM ANT 294s | 8444 as a man doth bear his son, Deut. i. 31.
12. The moods known to us as the Indicative and Sub- junctive do not differ among the Samaritans as regards their inflection; they can only be distinguished, therefore, by the context. The two absolute tenses, generally speaking, answer to our Indicative tenses of the same name in direct narration; but in indirect narration, and in conditional clauses, depending upon something previously mentioned, they answer to the Subjunctive.
13. The Subjunctive is chiefly designated by the use of certain conditional particles; such as, 4%, 8V, 3% if; <2, NMA. unless; 328, 3282, lest; 2MS92, that, ete. Thus, xSmAMs* 42° YA if I should bring him not, Gen. xii. 9; ADIX’ HZ if thou shouldest lift up, etc., Exod. xx. 25; KPA ' 3x Uf I should find, Gen. xviii. 26. The particle is also omitted; as, ANA * VM ATAIAVA-T and should I overdrive them one day, Gen. xxxiii. 13.
14. The condition also on which the subjunctive clause depends is sometimes omitted, and must be supplied from the context; as, SAAWA USV' PSV TRA BE ATVAq4 within a little there had lien one of the people with thy wife, Gen. xxvi. 10.
15. The copulative particle x joining one verb with another, is used like the Latin ‘ ut,’ expressing a purpose or a consequence; thus, TTK9* SMAQ AT 2, AMS LF and hast not told me, that I might send thee away with mirth, Gen. xxxi. 27; 90MMT' ALA MIN ' 42 God is not a man, that he should lie, Num. xxiii. 19.
96 SYNTAX.
16. The Subjunctive mood may also be used when a relative pronoun is accompanied by a verb expressing some- thing indefinite, or depending on a condition not expressed ; thus, 42° samy °A49° 24Mtv%, and thou shalt eat of the flesh which he may give thee, Deut. xii. 15.
17. To express the Optative mood, the Samaritans adopt the following methods:—They make use of the particle 32, the Hebrew 15 would that, joined to either the perfect or future tense; “Mays * VAI * BAM * X2, would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Num. xiv. 2; * mx‘ 32, SMW would it may be according to thy words! Gen. xxx. 34.
18. The Optative mood is also expressed by the formula asmAm: my, the Hebrew |f'""); as, \AAS4S° GAM AMt’ 1s would God we had died, Exod. xvi. 3, Hebrew 33919 jm". It will be observed that 9%m/vnt is passive in form, but active in signification.
19. The Imperative mood is sometimes used in an Opta- tive sense; thus, XVTIA * MIZA2° MX mayest thou be a mother to thousands of millions, Gen. xxiv. 60.
20. The Imperative mood, when enjoining the perform- ance of something, is often joined with another imperative expressive of the result or consequence of the action en- joined; as, TIZAKAT ' TNVX purify yourselves, and be clean, Gen. xxxv. 2.
21. The Infinitive mood, though usually restricted to no time, is, however, capable of being referred to some definite time on combination with particles; as, * AQ * MAPA Mays on my going out, I will spread forth my hands, Ex. 1x. 29; STAI FIA * LMTI2 for the purpose of deli- vering him into thy hand, Deut. ii. 30. .
22. The Infinitive mood is placed absolutely without the
THE VERB. 97
intervention of particles; as, in Gen. v. 2, S¥4A9% ° 43M in the day they were created. This instance and that given by Cellarius, from the first verse of the same chapter, scarcely belong to the rule; for 444 in both cases may be the pre- terite third person singular, accompanied by the suffix 4%.
23. The Infinitive mood is, perhaps, used for the Impe- rative in some cases. The identity of form, however, which exists between the infinitive and the second person masculine singular of the imperative, in consequence of the absence of vowel points in the Samaritan, exceedingly diminishes the number of such irregularities.
24. The participles being verbal adjectives, and having no means of distinguishing by inflexion between any of the tenses except the present and past, may also refer to future time, and serve as gerundives, etc.
(a) They frequently have a present sense, like those in ens in Latin, and in fact are generally used to express the present definite as well as the imperfect, with or without the substantive verb 4xX; thus, S4V doing; and also, 'MmA% qv Iam doing; SAV ATX he was doing, etc. Vide next section.
(8) The participle seems to have a future sense in Gen. xix, 14; 3MA%39' MITA’ TIMOR 2X and he spake to his sons-in-law who were about to marry his daughters, i.e. his future sons-in-law.
(y) The participle is used as a gerundive in Lev. xi. 47; ZEBNN ALS SNMEMAMNIZALSAN SS ANIMA MIT and between the animal that ought to be eaten, and between the animal that shall not be eaten.
25. The periphrastic use of the participles and verb sub-
stantive for the finite verb is very frequent; thus, for the 8
98 SYNTAX.
imperfect, 37XM2Z* ITAMTX* IMtAMV ye were rebelling against the Lord, Deut. xxxi. 27; * ANI ' AAS * TRF X44 and he was sitting in the door of his tent, Gen. xviii. 1; FATI" ZV BVP! AAT and, behold, he was standing on the river, Gen. xli.1. In Gen. i. 6, it is found for the third person singular imperative; “Q\34°3xA% and let it divide.
26. The participles have also frequently a future sense, like those in rus in Latin; thus, XVAACP DY" 3T 29 RY ASAT and, behold, IT am about to destroy them from the earth, Gen. vi. 13; ASTSAM SATAY ASA ATAMS which the Lord your God giveth, or, is about to give, you.
27. We have previously observed, that the participles have sometimes the force of the Latin gerundive or verbal in bilis; to the instance given above may be added, * 344 STANK MAATS what a dreadful (horribilis) place is this, Gen. xxviii. 17; the instance from Gen. 11.9, * 24'Amt HAGA PLIV' IZMV every tree pleasant to the sight, is an infinitive, and FA AS2 has the force of a supine in u, which is commonly used after adjectives; as, ‘ arbor delec- tabilis visu.’
28. Though generally the nominative case agrees with the verb in gender and number, there are instances in which this concord is neglected in both cases. We proceed to give examples of such irregularities.
(a) A masculine verb is found with a feminine noun; as, VAs AMV sin lieth, Gen. iv. 7; ATX AXWVSVT and there was darkness, Gen. xv.17. Other instances may be easily found, as in Deut. xxii. 23. xsmav'Sav/Mr work shall be done, Exod. xxxi. 15, Lev. xi. 32; =2.K ° mx * 34 what will become of his dreams, Gen. xxxvii. 20.
(8) The following are instances of discord in number:—
THE VERB. 99
MMAATV * WMAZA 42° xMXM * 2 thou shalt not have other gods, Exod. xx. 3; ‘\meam3's* mx let there be lights, Gen. 1.14; 4mrag’ SMYAdST* WMV BMVV2, cursed be each one that curseth thee, and blessed be each one that blesseth thee, Gen. xxvii. 29. The use of the singular par- ticiple gives a distributive sense, as in the Hebrew.
(y) Nouns used only in the plural may have a singular verb agreeing with them; as, XMS’ MAV’ MxM’ AZ, there shall be no more water, Gen. ix. 15; 42° X33 * 1S * W2H 3M2V * PMAAy because the water of separation was not sprinkled on him, Num. xix. 13, 20.
(6) In the following instance, gender and number are both neglected; as, 4SmwemasPp’ 3X24 ° XA’ the congre- gation, the whole of them, are sanctified, Num. xvi. 3.
29. The nominative of a verb is frequently omitted when it can easily be supplied from the context. There is also a fre- quent ellipsis of the words 22% a thing, and “\’. a man.
30. Verbs in the third person singular, both intransitives and passives, are susceptible of a neuter use; especially such as contain implicitly in their signification the nominative to which they refer; as, M9\‘ m'smVS* IPAM’ 2M let not there be anger in the eyes of my lord, Gen. xxxi. 35; * “A-9It' A-2, MNTAVAS let it not be grievous in thy sight, Gen. xxi. 12. So for the passive; as, PUTAq'S2, "FV AWW then it was began to be called on, Gen. iv. 26. Ihave altered the text given by Walton in the first and last of these examples; in the latter, I have read Aphel in a passive sense, instead of AA; or we may render with Walton’s text, then one began to invoke, etc.; to this, however, the passive infinitive is an objection, unless it be employed in an active sense; Chap. III. § 5. Compare the Latin idiom so often used by Tacitus.
100 SYNTAX.
31. When a circumstance is related without reference to the agent, the third person singular is employed in an inde- Jinite sense; as, S¥VA*' VPA ' 42, one hath not found a help, Gen. ii. 20; AMPS * ATM ' WX and if one in dying should die, Num. vi. 7; 32,93 ° 23m’ 423% when one in falling shall fall, Deut. xxii. 8. Compare the English ‘ one’ and French ‘on’. A similar construction is adopted in the Coptic to express the passive voice.
32. There are numerous cases in which the second person is used instead of the third; as, Lev.ii.4, SOAP *° SAPA YAS and when you shall offer an offering, i.e. when any one shall offer; AVIN2," S2VIMSS as you go to Zoar, Gen. xiii. 10, i.e. as one goes to Zoar; see Exod. xx. passim. Compare Horace, Carm. 11. 3, ‘‘ Nil interest, an pauper et infima de gente sub divo moreris.” Also, ii. 18, ‘“‘ Tu secanda mar- mora locas, etc.” Such instances are profusely found in all languages.
33. The idiomatic usage of the verbs 5'Di7 and 21% among the Hebrews is also followed by the Samaritans in the verbs Dy 7 and NAgV 5 a8, AAA SAT TAD Ag i% and Abraham added and took a wife, i.e. again took a wife, Gen. xxv. 1; 398° AFAAND' AM AKT PAINT’ AAqV Isaac went and digged the wells of water, i.e. digged again, Gen. xxvi. 18. Numerous other instances may be easily found.
34. There is another peculiar use of the finite verb with an infinitive, in which the former may be rendered adverbially ; as, AQVS * ATAM SL * Ag t/X and the angel of the Lord went further, Num. xxii. 26; ¥4VPY42, ° Why \ta * ASME OI what is this thou hast quickly found? Gen. xxvii. 20.
35. The substantive verb, being the copula of a proposi- tion, generally agrees with the subject of that proposition,
THE VERB. 101
though it is found agreeing also with the predicate; as, in
Gen. xxxi. 8, SVT. * MX MMA the speckled shall be thy wages.
36. The substantive verb used as a copula is usually expressed in the perfect and future, but omitted in the present and imperfect; as we have previously observed. See § 24.
37. The accusative case, expressing an object, is used with verbs passive and intransitive, with the omission of a preposition signifying as to, in which case it resembles the Greek construction with the ellipsis of xara, and the Latin with the ellipsis of secundum ; thus, * Ait' SmA20t* AM25 XANI2ZP' AAS he who shall not be circumcised as to the flesh of his foreskin, Gen. xvil. 14. Perhaps we ought to con- sider ‘\mrA2r as Pahel, and render, he who shall not circum: cise the flesh, ete. 3%2.° MESKAK' 2" STAM MS but as to my name Jehovah, was I not known to them, Exod.vi.3; “YAS LST Mt Ay V'SITV LAT As MAB 2ST T92 29F STR2ZANAA' sMP and be purified as to all the raiment, and as to every instrument of skin, ete., Num. xxxi. 20.
38. Sometimes a transitive verb has two accusatives, one of which may be preceded in English by the phrase ‘as to’; thus, in Deut. xxii. 26, “33 ' 32V"% and hath slain him as to his life. There are various other forms of accusatives, easily explicable by supposing an ellipsis of a preposition; thus, X38" KAA WVPT and stood at the door of the tabernacle, Exod. xxxiii. 9, where there is an ellipsis of the preposition $12, before KA.
39. It must be observed, that verbs of naming take an accusative case of the name, and a dative formed by the preposition 2, of the thing to which the name is given;
102 SYNTAX.
thus, xm2072," PV Ay SAY AL5 SST FAA" ALA PV Ay God called(to) the light day, and(to) the darkness, etc. Gen.i.5.
40. The cause or agent is sometimes expressed, after a passive verb, by the sign of the dative case; thus, * 8maA9Q A2ZMR' AZM RZ" Bra blessed be Abram by reason of his mighty power, Gen. xiv. 19; AT4BX2'S9VAIT shall be done by you, Ex. xi. 16.
41. To express the verb ‘habere’ the Samaritans and Hebrews adopt the circumlocution known in Latin as ‘ est pro habeo’; thus, MSA-9° 9350t' 32° AMAT 28% and all that he hath he has given into my hand, Gen. xxxix.8; ‘‘\mfxXMm' 3A BMY MAAN ADIL, tifa man have two wives, Deut. xxi.15.
42. The substantive verb has sometimes the sense of ‘ to become’, followed by the preposition 2,; as, in Exod. iv. 9, BUA FVD SAAT AIS ALAM and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood. Other verbs with a similar notion may follow the same construction.
43. The Samaritans, like’ the Hebrews, studious of bre- vity, sometimes express, by a single verb, an idea usually conveyed with us by two; as, in Exod. xxxiv. 15 ' 373AyM AMAL AND they go to fornicate after their gods ; ATAM' AN’ A228 AH because he hath completed to follow after the Lord, i. e. hath wholly followed, Deut. i. 36.
44. An infinitive clause may stand either as a nominative or accusative to a verb; as, ANTVI A Os av’ Am, it ts not good, the man. to be alone, Gen. ii. 18, ete.
45. The noun denoting the agent or sufferer, which in finite verbs is put in the nominative, with infinitives is in regimen, or in the accusative; as, YAW" AXPLN AK SV until the coming of the morning, Gen. xxxii. 24; '32,° 525249 XAQ' PAMM' AM on bearing to him Isaac his son, Gen.
THE VERB. 103
xxl. 5; SMIMVT' TMTTPI' AW in not keeping his com- mandments, and his judgments; like the Greek ev 76 pt) TNpew.
46. When the inseparable particles 4, 2, 4, 9, are prefixed to the infinitive, the resulting combination answers to the Latin gerund, or the Greek construction of the arti- cle with the infinitive. Instances are subjoined of these prepositions with this force.
(a) With 9; as, m2.vP39 when I killed, Exod. xii. 13; MAL" when I sent ; SISMAIMIV AM AV42849 because he heareth your murmurings, Exod. xvi. 7.
(8) With 4; as, xy 2zv444 at the going down of
_ the sun, Deut. xvi. 6; P*V' V8" on the hearing of Esau, Gen. xxvii. 34.
(y) With 2; as, BAM IS PV AG 2° 42° VTAMTS and they shall be to thee for calling the assembly, Num. x. 2; ' SP “5A 4482, they rose to console, Gen. xxxvil. 35; "AIVAVYAT 372° 342, which I sware to give them, Deut. x. 11; ATMPTIY2, after they were come out, Num. i. 1; soyin the same place, \WSIMs2, by saying ; SEN KLYMS2 MRNA AL and he would not let them go, Exod. x. 27. In the last sense, the 2 is frequently omitted; as, in Exod. x. 28, "Agi Li MIN NTA uo more go to see my face ; while, in Deut. xxvill. 68, we find AMM Ag WS2 STATA AL with 2.
(8) The periphrastic use of the substantive verb, with the infinitive accompanied by 2, for the future, is worthy of notice; as, X~y~uy2 SzxMx that they may be about to execute, Num. vill.11. Also, in Gen. xv. 12, * X24" AZAF 22,V2, and the sun was about to set.
(e) With 4%; as, XA32ZVPS from slaughtering, Gen. xiv.17; AVIS ZATA' 2, fear not to go, Gen. xlvi. 3,
104 SYNTAX.
Syr. Awa. Gand !, whence I have corrected it; *mV437 TAA 3S" <msmv. and his eyes were so dim as not to see, Gen. xxvii. 1. In this case, the whole preposition 414 is read, although the Hebrew is mint). ‘sav m2°2A% x3 far be it from me to do this, Gen. xliv. 17, ete.
(¢) This preposition is used to express a cause or the ground upon which an action is performed; as, ° 42 SEMAN ATAM ATES RS A238 ATTY SV' 28S VISTAS ANVIIM AM ANVAWY not because ye were more in num- ber than all people, but because the Lord loved you, and because he kept the oath, Deut. vii. 7, 8.
47. The construction of the finite verb with its infinitive has been frequently alluded to in the previous part of the Grammar, and examples have been given of it; so that it will suffice to say, that in those cases in which this con- struction obtains, the student must bear in mind that the infinitive is not redundant, but, with the finite verb, forms a strong asseveration, and increases the force of the latter intensely ; as, 2vvarZvP he shall most certainly be put to death, Gen. xxvi. 11; 32'28'234% we shall certainly pre- vail against him.
48. In the construction mentioned in § 47, the species of the infinitive is generally the same as that of the finite verb with which it is connected, as in the first example given in the preceding section; and, even in the second example, a transitive notion 1s conveyed in the finite verb, for the action implied in prevailing passes on, which, perhaps, may account for the use of 234% in Pahel. There are cases, however, in which a difference of species seems evident; as, *XA-XMV“ A3AVA we certainly have gone down, Gen. xliv. 26; but here we may suppose the finite verb to have an intensitive
a THE VERB. 105
force, which is still further increased by the infinite. Vide § 5, Chap. TIT.
49. Participles may follow the construction of the finite verb, so as to govern the following’ noun immediately, or by the interposition of a preposition; as, ‘AM ' VAX * ATA VA" 23 and it was encompassing the whole land, Gen. ii. 11; 3¥232,° 323204 bearing seed, Gen. i. 29; * A344 XBR BMIZ' AARI* AMG dividing light and darkness.
50. They may have the construction of nouns zn regimine ; as, MAT AV’ MSYK knowing good and evil, Gen. iii. 5, WV 'MVA keeping sheep; though, in both cases, it seems preferable to consider mssK and mv as nouns, which have much the same force as the Greek construction of the article with the participle; thus, in the above cases, the former is the same as of ywvdoxovtes, and the latter as of gvracoovres. The latter example may also be explained as in § 15 of the Noun.
51. Many participles of intransitive verbs, as well as passive ones, turn the noun, with which they ought to be connected by a preposition, into the genitive case; as, AATIMA | MPSI having gone out of the ark, Gen. ix. 10; qnKq Amos as captives of the sword, Gen. xxxi. 26; ANAP' AAA MZX2V' 252, to all entering the gate of his city, Gen. xxiii. 10; though, in all these cases, and nume- rous others, the governing participles may be considered as nouns substantive, an assumption which is supported by their peculiar forms. Compare the forms py33 and 2%2V with the substantives AX} a judge, 2XVP a homicide, etc.
4 106 SYNTAX.
THE PARTICLES. PRONOUN.
1, The personal pronouns of the second and third persons, especially the suffixes, are found in the plural masculine referring to nouns in the feminine gender; as, 3x3/-V their
flocks; YF3TSAV drove them away, Exod. ii. 17; 3%2, to them, Exod. i. 21, referring to the midwives.
2. A pronominal suffic singular is sometimes referred, in a collective sense, to a plural noun, comprehending a body of individuals; as, ¥¥3¥mP' ADAM" YMA9d' ZV against thy enemies, and the Lord has delivered him, ete.
3. A personal pronoun, when added to the noun to which it refers, is not redundant, but emphatic; as, Amx, Gen. i. 12; yas: 24M AZ OV SS RUSS AZMV Bex and of the tree of the knowledge of good, etc., thou shalt not eat of it, Gen. ii. 17.
4, An inseparable pronoun is sometimes added to a separable one of the same person, to mark with force and emphasis the person to whom it refers; as, Num. xiv. 32, ANA STAMATIX and your dead bodies, you, I say, ete.
5. The personal pronoun is used to denote an ellipsis of the verb substantive, especially in the present and imperfect tenses; as, IMAI AVR AMT 1139" 93248 all of us, the sons of one man are we, Gen. xii. 11; <x‘ ma Lam he, Deut. xxxii. 39. See Castel’s Gram. Harmon.
6. The demonstrative pronoun, when repeated, has a distributive sense; as, IT2° 39° T9AP ‘42x and they came not near one to the other, Exod. xiv. 20; 392,° 39 '* QAR and they said one to the other.
THE PRONOUN. 107
7. The demonstrative 44 is sometimes coupled with the interrogative 32, in which case the former is apparently redundant; as, YY" ARMA * ST * ¥442, wherefore hath Sarah laughed? Gen. xviii. 13; MSA'K2%* 3S 32, why hast thou sent me? Exod. v. 22.
8. The relative pronoun very frequently includes the noun or antecedent pronoun to which it refers; as, 22°43 that which thou shalt say, Exod. iv. 12; S9V that which he did, etc.
9. The relative pronoun is not put in the genitive case; but if this case be required by the construction, it is expressed by a subsequent pronominal suffix; as, ‘Vue 2S MFT x2, the nation which thou shalt not understand as to the language thereof, Deut. xxviii. 49. It can, of course, stand in the accusative; as, M2," WAIANAS XNA the woman which thou hast brought me, Gen. iii. 12; * a3Amt* SAV XA which the man shall do (them), Lev. xviii. 5, where AzAM is redundant.
10. The relative, when it includes the antecedent noun or pronoun, may take a preposition; as, *2V' 348V"' AM’ ST 42° A228 lead the people to the place which I spake to thee of, Exod. xxxii. 34; AXVPYAX' SSDI F4A get straw from the place which ye can find, Exod. v.11; 237942°3S of that which was our father’s, Gen. xxxi. 1; SAXX42° 3S of that which is Aaron’s, etc.
11. When the relative pronoun is preceded by the noun with a preposition to which it refers, this preposition is omitted before the relative; as, SAV W223 AVA, * BS2V we came to the land to which thou sentest us, Num. xiii. 27; ATAM SATIN MAMYSV' 248 from all the nations whence the Lord has scattered thee, Deut. xxx. 3.
108 SYNTAX.
12. The adverb 344% there, with the relative preceding it, has the force of a relative adverb; as, X9XV* V4AN where there is gold, Gen. ii. 11; »MxXZAX' VAAN where God was; 4A ' SAAS where ye are, Exod. xi. 13; WBA ATX where he is, Gen. xxi. 17; YHA IABAAD whence he was taken, Gen. ili. 23. Vide also, Gen. x. 14, etc.
13. The relative pronoun is frequently omitted; as, XTAM' VAP * wry like as the tents which the Lord hath fixed, Num. xxiv. 6; 373xM° 22% ° “xm on the day in which the Lord spake, Deut. iv. 15; * 42° ISA ° 38% XTAM' XASAA and how shall I afflict whom the Lord hath not afflicted (him), Num. xxiii. 8.
14. The relative 444 usually refers to persons ; it is, how- ever, sometimes used of things which involve the idea of a person; as, AVX HAMA 245° 42°44 what to thee is all this drove? Gen. xxxiii. 8. This interrogative is some- times found in oblique, as well as in direct narration; as, XZVP ‘V8 who slew him, Deut. xxi. 1.
15. It is also used in an indefinite sense, and answers to our whoever, whatever; as, 4M28' JRA" VS whoever is having business, Exod. xxiv. 14. Similarly with the Hebrew ‘) in 20 TN) NM, Judg. vii. 3.
Also with the addition of the prefix ¥; as, *H¥WAXT' D8 m2, whoever hath sinned against me, Exod. xxxii. 33. Com- pare also the corresponding Hebrew b-won WN 1D, and
Syriac SX Lis —: ADVERBS.
1, Adverbs are, for the most part, construed with verbs. They are sometimes placed absolutely, at other times governed by a preposition; as, m2, myself alone, Num. xi. 14;
THE ADVERB. 109
but, XV%2% besedes himself alone, Deut. iv. 35; ama very, Gen. iv. 5; amas mag exceedingly, Gen. xvii. 2; y4v there, Gen. il. 12; 34 A4 thence, Gen. xi. 8.
2. Nouns are also used adverbially, either absolutely or when governed by a preposition; as, x“ to-day, Gen. iv. 14; ssxms this day, Gen. xxv. 31; m2m2%° 4usint~ day and night, Lev. viii. 35; XA4S~ first, Gen. xxxviii. 28; xXA4TP9, Num. x. 13.
3. Certain adverbs are also joined to nouns, or separable pronouns, in the same way as to verbs; as, AMA’ 9W very good, Gen. 1. 31; SSX * SAAN MAND 3X4 how dreadful is this place! Gen. xxviii. 17; *maV' 3% how good! Num. xxiv. 5; in the two latter cases 344 is properly the relative. See Syntax of the Verb, § 27.
4, The particle 42, is sometimes joined to nouns sub- stantive and adjective, as will appear from the following examples: 44% 'A2% and not wise, Deut. xxxii. 6; * 429 AASV" 39Ay at no period of her separation, Lev. xv. 25, Hebrew AnI-ny N23; LALA, by no God, Deut. xxxii. 21. Similarly “4v'‘-29. Compare the Greek construction, 4 od mepitelyious, 4 ov« arrddocts, in Thucydides and Lucian.
5. The particle Am2, is similarly used to the Latin ‘nihil’, ‘ parum’, ete.; thus, mAm3* AMm2, nihil ad servan- dum, Deut. xxii. 27; mms' AM2%° SR2° AMZ, parum panis et parum aque, Num. xxi. 5; Gen. xlvii. 13, ete.
(a) It is also found like ne in ‘nemo’, and ‘nie’ in the German ‘ nie-mand’; as, “3A%-' AM2, no man; 22°44" Ant, nothing, or it might be rendered, in conformity with the preceding, nihil ret, Gen. xxxi. 50, Exod. v. 11.
(8) It is used to deny a quality predicated by an adjec- tive, and has a suffix referring to the subject of the predicate:
110 SYNTAX.
as, XAMYS'AXAMLZY which (it) is not clean, Gen. vil. 8; 3208 TAM2° XIZVX but the hoof (it) is not dividing, Lev. x14; M9’ 2P9' V8’ ZAM, he that hearkeneth not unto the voice of his father, Deut.xxi.18; 244A ' FAM2" XMIA the bush (it) was not burning, Exod. iii. 2.
6. The particle 29 or 429 is used, like 42, with a substantive; as, Deut. iv.42, 44K '°3X299 with no knowledge; but in Deut. xix. 4, without a mark, i.e. not knowingly.
7. Some adverbs, besides a preposition, take also a prono- minal suffix; as, mMS%2° 334% I myself alone; where S%2, is for S¥{2, Syriac ae from 2, and NK one, alone; 3372, it alone, Num. xxin. 9; M3%Z° 28%" 42 I myself am not able alone, Deut. i. 9. Also without prepositions, * 8/+ K24y MAINZ if thou thyself art not sending, Exod.viii. 21.
8. Two particles of negation are sometimes joined, as in Greek, to strengthen the negation; thus, * Am2 ° 729%% wmagp truly were there no, no sepulchres? Exod. xiv. 11; Hebrew [8 ann,
9. A negative particle is also construed with the word 2 all, so that the negation is not merely confined to this word, but extends also to the verb; as, ‘2¥Pp4s* 3292, APs 24 ax lest finding him every one might be killing him, Gen. iv. 15. The negation is, however, some- times special; as, Num. xxii. 13, MAK * Ae 328% but all of it thou shalt not see, i.e. you shall see a part.
10. The repetition of the adverb, besides giving the usual intensive force, sometimes denotes a progressive action; as, AATAVA AVM AVAMN LT will expel him little by little, Exod. xxii. 30; 2V2°2V2° sm2V° pAnt he shall mount above thee higher and higher, Deut. xxviii. 43.
11. Comparative particles are sometimes redundant; as,
THE PREPOSITION. 111
MYTMS' M2 VIAN sware to me to-day, Gen. xxv. 33, where 4 is redundant; “4msiasy ' 4V XXX and the people were complaining, Num. xi. 1, which is rendered by the LXX., Kal fw 6 rads yoyybfwv. Compare Exod. i. 12.
12. The particle 342, is principally used to point out an event as the consequence of one previously stated; thus, MSZANV A222, therefore ye shall not lead, Num. xx.12; ZAMMIT MAG WA 382, therefore say to the children of Israel, Exod. vi. 6; Sarp' 2XVP ‘24° 382, therefore who- soever slayeth Cain, Gen. iv. 15.
13. The compound particle 44° 2m%9 therefore, differs somewhat from the preceding one, for while the latter marks the relation of two events as that of direct cause and effect, the former generally indicates an event resulting indirectly from a preceding one; thus, AST’ Pam’ 38° 2s on this account shall a man leave, Gen. ii. 24; "PV Ay’ 4 °2TS9 sya therefore he called the name, Gen. xix. 22; instead of this, we find 44°2.V, Gen. xx. 6; 2mrs92, Gen. x. 9; and the simple 2mrv9, Gen. xvi. 14.
14. Many particles which are included in the conjunctions by some, are referred to the adverbs by others. On this account, the student will probably find, under conjunctions, particles which, from their force and use, he has led to con- sider as adverbs, and vice versa.
PREPOSITION.
1. The separable prepositions are properly nouns in the constructive state, governing the word before which they are placed in the genitive case; as, XVA-'2V upon the earth ; MAAK SV with my wife; SzSM2, unto them; * mama Bamax between me and between thee, etc.
112 SYNTAX.
2. The separable prepositions are also preceded by other separables and inseparables, so as to form words whose signi- fication is compounded of both; as, SVA9 and SVA2, from SVA; 4924 from 449, with a double prefix; mvv'2v, etc.
3. Many prepositions are not immediately connected with the noun they govern, but are followed by other particles, especially the inseparables 2 and %§; as, ¥ANAI2° 312823 within the veil, Heb. npos> mandy, Lev. xvi. 15; °992 AX2IV44 beside the family, Exod. xii. 37.
4, The preposition Am between, is construed in the two following ways: the preposition is repeated with both the objects which form the limit of the space implied in Avm19; as, SYK MTAT' AARD' M9 between the light and dark- ness. In the place of the second “rma, the suffix 2, is read; as, X32, xm’ ‘3M9 between the water and water, Gen. 1.6; 4xz4P432,° 9xApe4s* 3mrax and between contact and contact, Deut. xvii. 8.
5. This section contains an account of the principal senses of the separable prepositions 9, 4, 2, %.
The preposition 9 ,—
(a) Denotes place ; as, ¥/AM99 in the house, Gen. xxxix. 5, and is sometimes employed with substantives, so as to form with them adverbs; as, ¥4A%9 deceitfully, Gen. xxxiv. 13.
(8) Expresses motion towards; as, 322°%9 towards hea- ven, Gen. xi. 4.
(y) In the sense of against; as, ¥249 against all, Gen. xvi. 12; “4mrawmM4sa against Egypt, Exod. xiv. 25.
(8) It expresses also the material; as, *¥IAN9%° X9XN9 VwGII of gold, and of silver, and of brass, Exod. xxxv. 32; also the subject of an action; as, ¥9° 23mm he shall
THE PREPOSITION. 113
eat thereof, Exod. xii. 43, 44; also the manner of an action ; as, $92,°289 with all thy heart, Deut. vi. 5, etc.
(e) In the sense of for, on account of; as, AA¥9 for money, Deut. 11.6; 349919 for his theft, Exod. xxii. 3; PAYA on account of five, Gen. xviii. 28.
(f) With the force of by, through; as, x89 by Moses, Num. xii. 2; also in the sense of with, denoting the instru- ment; as, MIN%9 with my sword, Gen. xlvili. 22; also with, in the sense of together with ; as, MAVA-9 with my rod, Gen, xxxi. 10.
(n) It has frequently the senses of when, after that, etc., especially with the infinitive mood. Moreover, this prepo- sition is frequently wanting, and sometimes redundant.
6. The preposition 4,—
(a) Primarily signifies like as, as if; thus, \VMoA4 according to our likeness, Gen. i. 26. When it is doubled, the former is so, the latter as; thus, 39M ' ISAS so the righteous as the wicked, Gen. xviii. 25; XVAAN' SATS so thou as Pharaoh, Gen. xliv. 18.
(8) In the sense of about, nearly; of number, IVT NS about six hundred, Exod. xii. 37; of time, SSTMP* ADAGS about the time of life, Gen. xviii. 10.
(y) Like 49, it is used in the sense of when, after that ; as, TV yep and when Esau heard, Gen. xxvii. 34; ATS AN after he had made an end, Deut. xx. 9.
(8) It is deficient in Gen. xlix. 9, XM'S as a Lion's whelp. Sometimes it is redundant, like 4.
7. The preposition 2,,—
(a) Is used in the sense of at, to, or in, expressing motion; as, X2*AMAS 225 all which there is to him, Gen. xxxix. 8;. X4A42, to go, Deut. xxix. 18.
114 SYNTAX.
(8) It expresses the essence, condition, or state of a thing; as, SYMVP' 342 4A AXTAXX and man was in the state of a living soul, Gen. ii. 7; 4AA2,° 12° AXXX and she was to me for a wife, Gen. xx. 12.
(y) It denotes the instrument, and is used for 9; as, 9N82 by the sword, Lev. xxvi. 7.
(6) In the senses of according to ; as, S3XMAZY12, accord- ing to their species :—concerning ; as, M2,' MVS. say con- cerning me, Gen. xx. 13:—on account of; as, 33ZP2 on account of their noise, Num. xvi. 34.
(e) Expressing advantage, in the sense of for; as, 432, for them, Exod. xiv. 25; m2'xxx had been with me, Gen. xxxi. 42: also in the sense of exchange ; as, XAMH2Z'XNIVNVA brick for stone, Gen. xi. 3.
(€) The construction of 2, with the infinitive has been previously explained. It is sometimes redundant and defi- cient.
8. The preposition 4 ,—
(a) The original force of this cy like that of the full form 334, is from ; it denotes the cause; as, * V4 STO ' LA from the God of thy father, Gen. xlix. 24; here I have read 24-°4Vv~% for Walton’s 2mvs, according to Castel’s emendation in the Heptag. under by. Hence arises its negative force; as, 4PVM' *8V*224 not to say unto Jacob, Gen. xxxi. 29, instead of which the complete form 3 is found.
(8) With the sense of on account of, because; as, ‘VTS KAY AzSAM' xTAM because God loved you, Deut. vii. 8.
(y) In the sense of after; as, SAmsxm* 4M after some days, Gen. iv. 3.
(6) This preposition has other senses, which are, however,
CONJUNCTIONS. 115
of rare occurrence. Like the rest, it is sometimes deficient and redundant.
CONJUNCTIONS.
1. The separable conjunctions agree in construction, for the most part, with the adverbs, except that they are always put before sentences, for the purpose of connecting them. Some, like nouns and adverbs, are preceded by prepositions; as, X23 ° SV so as not, Deut. ii. 3.
2. The relative prefix ¥ is sometimes used with the perfect tense, expressing the reason for a thing done; as, *342V MAAXLT' AVA, we went to the land because thou sentest us, Num. xiii. 28; “4Ma2AX'Y4A9 because God was there, Exod. xx. 21. It is also found with the future, expressing the purpose or consequence of any thing; as, 42° SVMs that it may be well with thee, Deut. iv.40. The relative is similarly used with prepositions.
3. A conjunction is sometimes found where, in Hebrew, there is an ellipsis of Wx after a preposition; as, * 2ma<x9 MIS" SAYAG/ that my soul may bless thee, Gen. xxvii. 4; ATBAM ' 28492, that you may live, Deut. iv. 1.
4. Sometimes a sentence upon which another depends seems to be wholly omitted; to complete the sense, there- fore, and construction, it must be supplied; as, ‘AAA 423 SNAKAD' AM MmMMVA' xXZN because I said, I will take care, lest thou take thy daughters, Gen. xxxi. 31, where there is an ellipsis of the Latin ‘ cavebo’.
5. The inseparable conjunction ¥ is variously used in con- necting the members of a sentence; it usually has the sense of ‘and’ or ‘ also’.
(a) It is found in Gen. xii. 12, in the sense of ‘ but’; as,
1LI6 SYNTAX.
TMAM ' SMAMSMAZveMs and they will kill me, but thee will they save alive.
(8) In the sense of ‘ however’, ‘since’; as, * X44 MAM STAM IAAT MSM: AMAA wherefore have you come to me, since ye hate me, Gen. xxvi. 27; 2V9' ADEA AMA because she is the possession of a master, Gen, xx. 3.
(y) It is also found in the sense of ‘ either’, ‘ therefore’.
(6) In the sense of ‘so that’, ‘in order that’; as, * 2 SAQA SM At ZANT APH AYA JTVIAM NN ye shall not swear by my name falsely, that ye profane not the name of your God, Lev. xix. 2; AAYS* that he may die, Exod. xxi. 12.
(e) In the sense of ‘when’ or ‘while’; as, *22V' Wx2% AVN2, when Lot entered Zoar, Gen. xix. 23.
(£) The particle ¥ is used in a sentence to which it gives a retributive sense, arising from the expression of a condition or cause in a preceding one; as, *X3A/e* MOSMZA * ATX STS MYMyer AX whether because thou art my brother, there- fore wilt thou serve me Sreely, Gen. xxix. 15; ‘333M AVM SAMP* Amt’ 42, therefore the Lord will keep for thee the covenant, Deut. vil. 12. Similarly, ‘3349 358280443019 ATSMAMV' MZINAS in the day of your eating of it, then shall your eyes be opened, Gen. iii. 5.
(7) The conjunction ¥ is sometimes apparently redundant; as, AMX LY IV APVAANT MSR 244° 24 every one who eateth bread leavened, that soul shall be cut off, Exod. xii. 15, 19.
There are various other senses, too numerous to mention here.
6. When the conjunction ‘4’ is repeated, the former
INTERJECTIONS. 117
signifies ‘ either’, the latter ‘or’; as, MPS°SR' ATA 4 whether ox or sheep, Deut. xviii. 3. This is similar to the Greek usage of ef and ei.
7. The particle 3%, when repeated, is used in the sense of so’ ‘as’; thus, VANTIN AA AYA A so we, as our fathers, Gen. xlvii. 3.
8. Conjunctions expressing doubt are not always found with this force, but are sometimes used to denote the difficulty of accomplishing the object in question, or to bring forward prominently other similar circumstances connected with it; as, ITAMITV'2ZMTI" RANA MTA ATA’ TMZ" PAM T will ascend unto God, peradventure I shall make an atonement for your sins, Exod. xxxii. 30; Heb. ‘bi. It is rendered by the LXX., wa é&iAdowpat. In this case, the peculiar force of the conjunction is well marked by the English “ perad- venture”. SXMMA*A IAI AD’ ATIAPA' AX and ye shall not touch of it, lest ye be destroyed, Gen. iii. 3, ren- dered by the LXX., iva yu) drroOdvnre, where the stress lies upon the necessary consequence of their so doing, and conveys no doubt; 4Ag92.° 13° A202 9A let her re- ceive it to herself, lest we may be for contempt, i. e. may be mocked, Gen. XXXViii. 23, which is expressed by the LXX., GANG ny Tote KaTayeAacOapev. In all these cases, though adverbs of doubt are used, they appear to carry but little of their usual force, but prominently introduce certain points arising from the previous sentence.
INTERJECTIONS.
1. The interjections, properly speaking, are placed abso- lutely in a sentence; that is, do not depend in construction upon any word or words therein.
*
118 SYNTAX.
2. As in Latin and Greek, some verbs are used as inter- jections; thus, AVM MA dye, cataBaivopev; or, age, descendamus. So, m2 a 3 AqS mae BAM AX st iter mihi ineundum, queso, ex sententid fucere liceat, Gen. xxiv. 42; VAAq* IXS72° AX Behold! here is seed for you, Gen. xlvii. 23; “SAmP'VVPS' AA Come! let us make a treaty, Gen. xxxi. 44.
3. Some nouns have the force of interjections when, on account of a vehement affection of the mind, they are abruptly expressed, and are entirely independent of the rest of the sentence; as, 4mV9V2Z° 2A%K profanum servis tuis ! i. e. absit & servis tuis, Gen. xliv. 7.
4, Few remarks are required on the Syntax of the Inter- jection for practical purposes, inasmuch as that part of speech is independent of the rest of the sentence. The force of the Interjections, which may be derived from the Lexicon, is all that is required.
On the Syntax generally it may be observed, that, for the most part, it agrees with the Hebrew and the other Shemitic languages.
EXTRACTS,
THE following remarks upon the text and construction of some passages in the Extracts will be read with advantage by the student.*-
GENESIS, IL
Ver. 2.— mars should probably be read xpm or xmraemts ; compare the rendering 32%) in the Targum with the latter. Cellarius explains the form in the text as, “ factum Kar’ dmroKxomy ex Idara.s inanitas ;” to this con- jecture the use of the preceding 74/4 as an adjective is somewhat opposed.
Ver. 9.—There is an apparent ellipsis of 2, before xs z™.
Ver. 11—am~” is for 444, from 4AM. The suc- ceeding \/-nt in the text, may be taken as an emphatic infinitive ; so we may render, let the earth (fem.) abundantly bring forth herbage sowing (i. e. the earth) seed, + inasmuch as XVAAq% is Pahel or Aphel participle fem., as may be inferred from v. 12, 29.
* * The author would remind such of his readers as are disposed to be Sebaldi Ravii, that his conjectures are not made in the spirit or on the principles of Houbigant.
f That is, by the agency of wind and water, as in the case of the seeds of the Anastatica Hierochuntica, or Rose of Jericho. ©
120 EXTRACTS.
Ver. 14.—38zmt would lead us to expect xm2m2 for m2m2, ; so in vers. 16, 18.
As regards 3‘3%nr in this verse, and yx in the suc- ceeding, both are evidently misread for 3¥3xM, as Cellarius would seem to insinuate in a note upon this place; ‘ 3xMm eliso ¥ pro ¥3¥xMf quod per paragogen est pro J<3Mr.”
Ver. 16.—I doubt whether m%2% should form part of the text; and this doubt is confirmed by the succeeding parallel passage, SATS" AM XAVZAy, where no such circumlocution occurs, although it appears perfectly antithe- tical.
Ver. 17.444 may be Aphel for x4#Ams, from Az; or, by metathesis, for ¥\A8, regularly xymrvs, Pahel. The latter supposition receives confirmation from 02% in the succeeding verse.
Ver. 20.—23x~2, may be an emphatic infinitive after axap2Am, as well as a substantive. The former sup- position is perhaps preferable.
Ver. 25.—As regards the expression ***33'2.V9'24' AMZ XAT, there can be little doubt of its inaccuracy as it now stands; it is incompatible with the Hebrew, Targum, and Syriac version. It might be read with a slight altera- tion, SMBS 2VT °F 24° AMX, which is tolerable: On the other hand, it may be corrupted from a gloss, AASV *2V49, in explanation of the term “43% in the succeeding verse, and carelessly transferred into the text. In the latter case, the phrase ANT 2V9 should be omitted from Walton’s text. It is difficult to explain it as it now stands.
Ver. 26.—aAnmgz4 is somewhat anomalous ; probably imitated from the Hebrew participle #7 or WHI, the Tsere
EXTRACTS. 121
being represented by mt. Should it be read ¥Ampsa Pehil? Vide also ver. 30.
Ver. 28.—All the versions tend to render the reading xMAMa3V suspicious. Should it be ¥Amrav, as in ver. 24, 25, etc.? The compound AAmszAsd immediately succeeding answers to the Hebrew nvp13, whence it is probably derived. Here again, I apprehend, the true reading may be obtained by expelling +, when we may render, which hath crept, Pahel; at least, such an elision would produce a form consistent with the general principles
of the language.
EXODUS, XX.
Ver. 5.—Smvimay' 2VX' MIMAAMZA * 2V% is literally rendered from the Hebrew. Of course there is an ellipsis of a substantive, and in all probability this substantive is 4m in the extended sense of descendants ; hence we may render, visiting the sin of fathers upon the immediate descendants (i.e. children and grand-children), and upon the third and fourth descendants (generations). In the Targum we have, way ITN Moy y.
Ver. 10.—Upon the hiatus after $A4/% Cellarius re- marks, “‘ hiatus arguit vocem $A*4X9 jumentum tuum, quam codex Ebrzo-Sam. habet; in versione autem non apparet.”
Ver. 11.—The reading A°~™ for A.A” is to be remarked.
Ver. 16.—mtaA./% is apocopated for the full form sara dv Pahel, from TxA.
Ver. 17.—The latter part of this verse is interpolated from Deut. xxvii. 2, etc.; xi, 30. The apocopate xmx for xmxm_ should also be noted.
122 EXTRACTS.
I have retained 347% in the text, in deference to the opinion of Castel, who says, ‘4A°33%°%/% idem quod n\n,” although I am convinced we ought to read ¥43XA/% in- stead. ,
Ver. 19.—This verse is chiefly derived from Deut. v. 24—27. In it mx for xm must be observed; as also ssmvpr Aphel imperative, formed regularly like the Chal- dee from *8vVp, the vowel Tsere being represented by the mater lectionis Mf.
Ver. 20.—In the phrase A73¥A'3° 2392, the infinitive is governed by the ellipsis of 2, or by the 2, in the adverb. »
Ver. 22.—This verse is interpolated from Deut. v. 28, xviii. 18, and succeeding verses. Perhaps yaVmMx should be read 9m.
As regards the expression maz’axmAim'm%2, something is clearly wrong. It perhaps should be either mx'x2, as in Gen. xxx. 34, or m3xx°axMAMr my ; the latter is preferable. The reading in the text is evidently a compound of the two conjectures just given; for, m%2 is for ms%2, or ms' x2. The latter conjecture may even be an incorporated gloss on the former, or vice versd.
Some little difficulty attaches to the word 4A7ym4 in the latter part of the verse. I propose to derive it from AZM to bear, to attend, the compound Amis being found in Gen. xlii. 23, in the sense of interpreter. If this be the case, we ought to read ¥/A-Mtym as a participle, and render, Iwill tell all that pertaineth to the decrees and judgments, etc. I have simply rendered it by ‘‘ precepts” in the Lexicon,
Ver. 25.— Mt Ay is perhaps Pehil with a suffix; so that we may render, thou shalt not build them (fem.), having hewn them (masc.); i. e. thou shalt not build them of hewn,
EXTRACTS. 123
etc. The word may also be an infinitive, with the omission of the prefix "4; in this case, render, after hewing them. The discrepancy in gender between ‘sm and 3x should be noted.
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
Ver. 1.—The student will see that the greater part of the first and the two succeeding verses of the Hebrew, pro- bably containing a complete account of the extent of the panorama exhibited by God to Moses, are rendered in the version by a vague expression of the limits of Moses’ obser- vation, without specifying the individual occupants between those limits.
The proper reading of xmaant should be 7'A>M1, as in Num. xxii. 1, xxvi. 3, 63, ete. . .
Ver. 6.—After 447, the suffix 3 is manifestly omitted.
Ver. 8.—Upon the somewhat confused phrase SVT MTHS x4ug, Cellarius remarks, ‘‘ forte quod dedecus, neminem }, morte eximi; vel fletus nimius, quod indecorum dolori in- dulgere.” I have doubts about the genuineness of this pas- sage, which it would be superfluous to give here.
GENESIS, L.
AVOCA S SIESTA RAZA QZ AA TAPS 1 + MA LV SSK T SPITZ BAY ATX AVS 2 SSM aA ZV XO AAA AMAT! STA
"OMN AAT AXA ATA RAZA UAT 3 "MAINT AV ALK ARI * AM * HALA TAQ AT 4 SAA BMAX XARA AMS HALA "PV Ay SA ALX SES * ARIZ | TAZA * PVAQT 5 H< XN RK WIM AD ATAT MS ASAT AML ‘oom SeA0eso | MMAR ATH | HAZ SAX 6 * XMS. XS AMS MAY ATAT SIMS MND ADA ONMAAP AIM X82 ° SIVI 7 *xMADP2 ZV289 * XS ANTST * XATAAPZ,* TASS LAMY XTX MMO STAT | AMT AMAIPL * SAL * PVAGT 8 —<: x32 2S8xM Adv ATAT MASS * XMS °° AMAA ¢ RAZA * AMAT DO AAT RAMON FAQ RAAT ASR AA * TS "AST "IPMINWAT AVA AA OM | TAZA * PV Age 10 DSW A248 * SADA TAQ ATS ATASAT* PV Ay * TS AVA AS SAV AAMC AVA AMA SALA MAT 11 "AVANT * XAVIZ MAI’ SAV’? MAI: AMAT: AT [OMT AAT AVA 20° x9
.GENESIS, I. 125
* 37232 ° 3232 ° OAV * AAI AVA APIS “X94 ° XATIMVPS MAD Mav § ATs XATII, 29W' A2X NIZA LIVE ATI,
— <1 SAMA OSS AT AAT A TAT SMSO * PF299° MTAMAD * MxM AAA ASAT “ego * AMG PADSZT AVA * O2Y ° XQ, * AmASV2s * Amasmd2 ° Taxmx * m2 ° smax oS Mmraees geesxm2.<
‘ SIPS * PF23 ° 85239 * AMAT *° FATAMT DATS AYRE AVA ZV XQK32,
“SXMIASA * AMAZAMS *OMNA * At * AZ * S9VX TT AW 222, X9N * MATA OX 28° Avie "AMS" M2172, *° AV2Y82, * FAVTAy HATA * AMX * XM94T4
"HAZ XS MIT 9 ADA NTA XT 2aVAA' 2V
AAT AMS PAD MZMZ9% * HIM * W244 2.5 SOV ° A2N ALA * LIVI ABH © AMIE
— <P XVMSN STMT AA ATR YQ AAT XM MDD IeP2 °° es | ASAP ALA AZ SA22K PX29° ota 2V AVA 2° ASN SPX ‘AM AMINA : AMA APL * AM XA AIT oS AAPZX NAAN XARA 24 HX ATIIZ * ADDI ese? 28° Airs * BexMAs II, °9V' A224 AZ LIVE
S28x STATS PTI Qs ZA ORT BA9y SAV MTAn * XMsPs SxS * XMS * —— <5 EK OST ADIT ASAT yy AAT SR AVIZ SAMRK OMID AVAA PIA ADA OAS ASAT AADVIZ AVA AAMIVT: AMAT TATA HANS!
12:
13 14
15
16
17
18
19 20
21
22
23 24
126 EXODUS, XX.
"AMS AAIIZ AVA AAMAV ' Amt X24 SAVX 25 AAMT METI 2V9O 2H AMS XADIZ * TASTE [OV ' A249 AZ * JIVE + AXATIIZ
* SAMIMAST * SAAT ST * TAVI AZA VAX 26 ‘x22V ° spax * Mor * AMATI + Ax02“~Mx Se Ammyxa SAA 2897 AVA 2495 FAAS 99T TAVAA * 2V
XDA ANSIND MSAK AM AA SEBX AADX 27 AAMT AES XSOPIAT AMT AAMT ATH
"PT ADA VID AA OAZA SeAN 4Agy 28 “AMZ * TVSVE AVA ° AM? 38x TAX “X22 ° seat 3s Mt ¢ AMASAD * AXVLYNT SAVAA 20° AAMSZAN * XMAMIV * 2%249%
* SAV 24° Ait! 582° AAMT AX ALA AMA 29 * 24° AMZ AVIA 28. MAA 2V9 35202, ° 3292 *95832,° 35292 ° 92928 AZMV’ MAI: FAT! Sz2MV > X2M0e82,* oir
2 2825 ° 322K ese 2825 °° AVA A AMV : 242 30 Am? XANMRK -° wD XAT AVA 2V 0° FAIA <2 SUH eFax A282 GAV: PIZA: 23
"AMV AV AAT TAVT' 28° AM x2 ZIVE 31 — <1 ANMA™ * STM AT AEX MEQ ATAT
EXODUS, XX.
> Qegmes2.* Amt2Ae* X28 * 28° At sas * 22a87 1 "VA * MS MAPA * MAZDA ONAN MA 2 MMTV * AMOS * SATAY
EXODUS, XX. 127
‘TOSSP 20S SMSATV * uMAZA 2 XMXM' AZ 3
amszeagy Tey 2x 2AD 42 SaVA AZ, 4 *VA2S * XIMMIST * VAS ° XVANAST *° 2V245 2 XVAA2,
‘MSA AZM Dey AE 2 STAN AD, 5 ‘2N DASA STV SPI AP! 2A M2 XTX * MASAZ° smvman’ ZV SMAAMZA LVF sms
"HAWILZT © MSAaAZ § ~wMdaZAA2 ° TAK ' TAVT 6 * moPz3
* A2K VPM BIZ STAM eA! 29d! 2, 7 + yuyu + a Z9AMS * AM * ARAM ' MtSAgit * M2, —<! STH2,
"MP. XAG sex AM AV 8
* SASMaV ' 258° SIVA STS OT AAO 9
AQ SIDA AEAMZ * XN XAVMI™ * XyxMx 10 "MNAST MAST HAA XOMIV' 24 '°HX9 | SAV *MMATPIT * SASMIZ 8 SAMSAT | TOV
SNPS AM ARM SOV SIT Ae 2 11 ANAT STIS! 24° AMX ASM AMX AVA Ao ero AM XXAM BA9 AM" xVM * 48xM9 Pests + ee
eee pie uaiene Bx9M' Amt APTA 12 £42.° xm BIZ XSAN AVA 20° Sesser
*2VPN' 2, 13
"ATTN AZ, 14
‘ONIN 2, 15
‘apy eavA yVag' sma’ 42, 16
“NANI SYK INE SADR AMI! TSR 2, 17 “FOMA TXT A KAMA TOV AZPV ' MAgY —<! HA9R2Z5 * 24x "VAN2 ° MXZA ¢ XENM * MOZAVO AX * RON
128 EXODUS, XX.
“ MOTPAS XSAN VAA2' 22V ANAS AAV "STA TAM | SMA AINA TTA * 42, ASSN 2 248° AM! XNA * 2V ° SANSA “SUSMPA * SATAN AM 3899V489 * MAT ASH "ASSAM SPI * MSA * AMZAM * AOA * AMT WITS MSA MIAT * SMTAQMAT * O89 * M80 AGM * 2° SMS WITS SALA TEAM AM * X39 * V2 SMTA SLA * ORM “SA2V ¢ SM2V ° PAAT * MAL ° XIAO KIT 8A QTAS ¢ SITS 20 AOSTA SADA ATA, "ATAX XAT MAZDA ATANT STP2 ° MTAANT Ten ATES VATA MAK XSAN AAV9 "32721 * 29P ° XVP99 * SANS * XA3VIS * VALS — <1 8 29P TDA AMIS * AWTOe
"RQ ZR AM AMZP AM Vs HV 247 18 "932° XATV S AMTX * XMSMAL © AM + SMtAy AX “| PMA! TVS | T2920 ° HV 24° FLAS
1 YNALAe ASANTE SIAM AGH °K IZ TAWAT 19 “a2p° AMX * XSAMON * AM * XAsameMm ° At SOM AQK 6 ASA SIM AA RTS Dv “TUSTMA TPA SV sma 2240 At "ANSA MAPA DAMA A2X DAS 42, * ZR AMT! VSS2 SYA SMT AG TS * SES ATH "2° M8 2X DIAS T OMARV DAA ATR * ST9s * 228 emi SMa 2P Vesey akg Up TAA SAP *OMMVPAT o ONATY ORAM '2DOSA AAAS MAZA ATA Ass + 245° A “av BAZAR OTRO: 2Z28mrs° 28° Am 38V "MAAS * Mesv: 228m 2K SAVIO Veeay [ATS X2S
* 2MS92' ALK MLV A O8V2 AMY QA 20
EXODUS, XX. 129
"MAA ZMSIT* ASMAZAA MAMA OSEAN! AKAD ‘MAVEN A292, ° SSM 2V SALAS
VENT AZIAV2 SSP! Ss PIP KAS ASV USVPT — <<) SMaZ Ax
POAT AVIS * ST? | yg ay ATA 2285 S289" 235° FAVA AOSV F224 SOE SV TZ * MS 27K T242,° 95A2° DENA MAT AMA MZ, * 4v ati * 2392, XS TM 225° MSTPA AM VWF "STDS AZZ SPA ATS * 82.V2' SzMA925* 352, NEA 2288 Ae MID SAAS MATS OSI A TMS VSM ALS MDA MAT | XBTPIAG 24 AT "AMID BAD WS MS MIVA AA 9 2294S ATP V ALS AMT TP 2.2285 52.224" WAVES MMPAATV * SIMA A eg 22a Ae 2290447, * ATES STA S929 OSTA LAS STAN AMIS ZVPMS magn PQA 2 2S ATA MAZZA ZS 2240s Ae 22308 ATK OAM ALS XZ 2298 * OS A" XSAN AA AZ AMID T2288 ITM AyD ATAM A228 ADS * VESTS MS2 STSTZ 0 TAAGV TZ OS Age: SS ‘235A SV S229 3° OSV OSVP AST AAA " SETAVMT SAIZNG AMT AT AMA AGT’ XNTIS <1 FAAS 2,° 52 SAM SAAT AV AAS
"MAS BV 2285 MTZ ey ay rao 229% ALS ATES MS ALE STATA RE STA Lt |, (AISTYV
"NQ°OXS MALS AA MAZA ESV ASTI A AD, ‘MINTZ ATIVAN
‘AM? 32° ABSA * 2° SIVA VITA KISS "MMATAMST OO MMSV BS M2 AIS) SAV MATA BSA TE ASV NANT AD XUAN QE *MASAVIAT ‘asm
21
22
23
24
130 DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
SPA MA Ae 22!) SIVA SMAI KISS SAT * SM AyT
. W's ALS MIN AT" IMZV ° ANIA * SINK ‘Nl “MATVT MINA ALS MAKITA * 2V° amarrg —<:3x9mM2
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV.
MARV AV ATH 2A WATS AVPS DS SS PLAT * AM ATAM AM Ay AA SM CAM MI ZVS SATA NAVAN Y AIAN AAS TV SMT OATES SATUS TV AA 2S “TIAT A SMT SVT
MAVIN PAS AVA AAS MLA ATA ASAT * mgs? * SPVINZS * PATI * SXAIAN2* BANAL * 2° MYAT SMramvsa' SAM AAS Me NSE Oh SVAAq2 —<: A9VY
MYLZV IANS VAD STAM TIVES VA AST EC Tis
"MLZ ATVI’ AMI 29P* ATS VALS APIS * ASPT TASH STM TVA AAASP ATE MA
AVES AL ANTS DAA STAVAV TAA AD FPS —<LXSTWA' PAV! A253 XV
* SATS ' AVES Shs Am 2AM MAD! THOT SM VT MTS STMT S20 so TAA + A AGAR Ae 2. SY TOA yea g: Ye My * ZAMMIT MAD’ TMZ TV BMT TMZV ATA AT <P AIM ATA SPA SS TTAVT
26
4
8
DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV. 131
+ Oar ages 2 OTS AMON MAXV' SxPM ALS 10 SIMNIA2, Ste XFAM AVM
TOVYZATAM AAT A AM ZIV AMY SIA’ 242, 11 AVA 2ZSL 2 SMSIV 2822 AVA, 2 SMAPS VAD
SAV AME ASN AIAG 2825 SA AMTPAY SMTA 2425 12 —<: 2A yma! 23° MISA FY
LEXICON.
*," The Student will remember, that the words which have been previously discussed in the Grammar, are not contained in the Lexicon.
i 9”. a father 39% a stone 4x49% Abraham Sf a hand SV a man IATA. earth, land Ax toshine; asasubs., light VAX way, path px” to honour; Aphel, Chald. 1p! 2Ay* to go away, depart KA a brother
sm how? Chald. 78 |
AZM a tree susmr’. day; Syr. Mx] AVM. sameas awn * 24% to eat, devour X24 God SMALA same as preceding
“4. a mother x4. a female domestic 4A to say, speak A to rest, cease from; Aphel of ‘%%3 ‘x9p4/ female; also X9P4 wAA a man 46smar face; Heb. O25 XATXAVA- a law; also ANTAATA SA to prolong VA” earth, land WA. fire ave who, which XA a wife AN a place
4
X°8X9 a beast of burden, cattle
AvM4 a house
LEXICON.
344 to weep, lament m9 grief, lamentation 49 a son, child ¥39 to build A\A9 flesh V4 to seek, enquire after 29 2 lord, master i a plain, valley 9 son; fem. X\9 EA) to create 2Ag%9 iron 49 to bless
1 1 a body; from xz'7 Agz7 to lift over, pass over AT to commit adultery XAyT to hew, cut, circum- cise SAqT a decree, command AM] a valley, recess AM] astranger 2121 Galgal X2/1 to discover m21 generation, age; for 201 9471 to steal <1 baseness, disgrace NZI same as ZT
133
AT kind, genus; for AIT. Comp. Greek ryévos AIST winged SMAQMAT Gerizim
iY
‘AIS to sacrifice
9x9 gold
ZK to fear; also2vs
X2.K dread, fear
ANN to remember, to make mention of; as a subs., a male
449 a likeness
x
SX a mountain X3xX this, that XXX to be
3Ayx% to add; Syntax
Ay AVI Ay less ATMtAq presumption 34Aq to hold innocent PVAq to call, name VAAy to plant, sow; as a subs., seed XVAAy seed
vide
134 LEXICON.
a A\9% neighbour AK to rejoice SA7K distant, last 9AV% a vision, sight Ay% to see, behold VK to sin xm’ to live “mm eK life 44% to know mK knowledge, wisdom 22°% to pollute 322°% heaven s447%K to desire \4K an ass; for VeSK sAq mercy 9\°% an axe, a sword su a tree, shrub 4x to be dark x4eq darkness
Vv 4Vv good, well AzV a mountain 2¥2,V to move away, to pervert 242, to create, make
ing AA to flower, bring forth; as a subs.,
a herb
x9 dry earth sm a hand vam to know, discern xm to give xz3xM ‘the Lord v@éxxm Joshua “<I a day wx to-day gym to be well x“smr sea; Chald. 89 gpvir Jacob pamm Isaac Axampm glory, greatness sam Jordan
s<mKxam Jericho AM to occupy, inhabit.
2A. Israel 4”mf to remain, occupy
3 94% a star 4x4 to dispose, pre- pare; also 498 235 all, any 2324 all, the whole vs to darken, to be- come dim MASV34 Canaanite s444 to collect JAS silver 943 to write
LEXICON. 135
4 92, the heart 932, to be in a flame; as a subs., a flame m2m2, darkness, night M32, a lamp, torch 37232, a bud, germ 3232, to bud, flourish 332, to teach AxPZ, a reptile Jr2, to cast forth
Ss as) x44 a hundred; Heb. ATS a luminary 3ST gratis, in vain AIT an altar
94345 Moab AX to fear, dread “44 water [ip
3x the middle; Chald. ums a plane, valley 5744444 9 collection 225 to fill up mx245 fullness 224 to speak, say 2.24445 a word; also 2,%24; Plural, “sm223 XATMY precepts wMoims Egypt 34 Moses
3444 tabernacle, tent
ay 49 Nebo AeM9'3 a prophet; Chald. N22; also xmas mx. a luminary x4 to be light; as a subs., light; also a river X44 a fish; prop. name, Nun 3x3 to raise, lift up; as a subs., seed AW to keep A4 to sacrifice X43 to explore, try 494 to fly 34 an animal 94 to breathe 4A to give, bestow
a
24 to take, or receive
ATA to create, multiply
STA to adore
3x, to bear witness Msi a sign
<4A an eye pm2A pot-herb
PZ to mount, ascend
136
XAMA a hill, beacon; for SAMBA 444 to place, support AeA to hate T3VA testimony
Vv
2A-V same as 2.2 or 2V S49vV to make; as a subs., a servant ENMgV work \9V to pass over 21V to see, behold ATV time 9xV asin 7 same as 42.V AA%V another, strange “\AqV to return Ax2MvV a tree; also 42.0V amv an eye 342V burnt offering 22V to enter; also 2V X22V for 322% 42V age, eternity “wmA2V holocaust XV a people \8V to occupy, inhabit AV a flock of sheep; also 3A4-V SAV to flourish ; adj., grassy
LEXICON.
XAmav an animal 2°v land 23A4V_ darkness PAV to depart; also APV AAV to acquire, seek
3 [also SxP3 SPrA a command, precept; 3) to multiply, increase ma a word 323 a sphere, an arch ~x23 the firmament xM23 prodigy, wonder “J a mouth 2AJ a graven image AzV3 Phogor SPI to visit, command XVPI precept mad fruit, fruitful XV Pharaoh 2) to separate, divide; also PA & JAI AAJ Euphrates ATA] judgment
wm XAxu form, image AV side, coast \AM morning; opposed to MANGO,
LEXICON.
P 249” a district, region \qP to bury 3X\9~P a sepulchre “4S~ to approach, touch as a subs., a face “TP to justify, sanctify MAP a state, city; also xQP and AMAP AATAMVP seed 2° to kill 2” a voice 4m2" thunder (fonttrua) 3ATASP a beginning gry a bird, fowl #eAYP to envy, be jealous of “sity firmament SP to approach, touch
4 AQ head, top; also ATA 40 great, mighty I/M9\ greatness FASA same as AN
ATA same as KMA PKA remote, distant
47x to love 4zV4 strength, vigour ‘KM breath, smell
137
‘spa void’; fem., XMTAPMA, Chald. 8132") A'S to creep; asa subs., a creeping thing VA a neighbour waaay evening
sn
“4/2 desolate, mis-shapen x9” a sabbath va to swear v7? to send maz the firmament Sx to cover over, to plaster Xx to place, put 873% the heavens Adz trumpet 3xme plaster wus Sichem w2™ to rule 442% to finish, fill up; as an adj., complete 34420 a finishing 4142.44 peace offerings weer a name vg to hear suger to serve, obey uy the sun
xy» a year 11
138 LEXICON.
Ap a step; as a verb, ATA an ox to mock, prevaricate | AM<AP2/¥ a crocodile XAM* same as XS% amp” brave, apt, % strong
xAmMo~/ likeness “<4 an abyss
A \