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Arabic Simplified."
CONTENTS.
(Full Index will be found at end of Lessen 200).
PART I. Introductoru.
|
I. |
The Arabic Verb, Past Singular. |
12. |
|
4- |
Interrogative and Negative, |
14. |
|
5. |
Triliteralism (3 radicals). |
16. |
|
7- |
Vowels, Figures, etc. \^ |
|
|
8. |
Definite Article, t^ |
17. |
|
9. |
Letters of Prolongation and |
18. |
|
Diphthongs. ^-^ |
19. |
|
|
10. |
Solar and Lunar Letters. ^^ |
20. |
|
II. |
Wasla, etc. ^ |
PART 11.
21. Eye, Voice, and Ear Ex.
22. Type-form J«»
23. Nouns of Agent and of Object.
24. Verb jlT Past Tense.
Omision of copula.
25. Personal Pronouns (for forming
sentences) Exam, paper.
26. Singular of ^j\^\
( Present Future).
27. Dual and Plural of the same.
28. Future Particles. 29. ; Introduction to 3 Moods. 39* Subjunctive ^j^adl'
Examination paper.
33.
41. E. V. & E. Selections
Commandments.
42. Gender.
44. Regular Plural, Masc.
45. Ditto in Construction, etc.
46. Regular Plural, Fem.
47. Dual.
48. , Dual in Construction.
49. Broken Plural J^i
50. Broken Plural JUI
PART III
from
Hamza, Madda, etc. ^^
Pronominal Affixes.
Non-joining letters. Revision of ^^
all characters, vowels,- signs Ta Marbuta & Alif Maqsura. i^^ Verb, past du 1 & plural. Construct-State. Transliteration ; Examination paper.
Tenses, "Moods,'' etc.
31. E.V. & E. Various.
32. ^3jM by J and Negative by ^
{V of Prohibition. Comparative .Table of j.^;5^i^ ^jvdlb i>J^*
34. Pronominal affixes.
35. Passive, Past & Present.
36. Verb TO BE also ^>3
37. Other Tenses.
38. 39. The Six Forms. 40. Conversation Exercise and
Examination Paper.
The Noun.
50. Examination Paper.
51. E. V. & E. God's Attributes.
52. Case.
54. Ancient Declension.
55. Demonstrative.
56. Relative Pronoun.
57. Agreement of Adjs.
58. Assimilated Adjective.
59. Noun of Superiority.
60. Examination Paper.
m
PART IV. Some Derived Nouns with Broken Plurals.
61. E. V, & E. Scripture.
62. Noun of Time and Place.
63. Noun of Instrument.
64. Quadrisyllable Plural JpIa* etc. 65 Broken Plural J-,^^^" etc.
66. Broken Plurals JTU and J^lj*
67. Tri-syllabic Broken Plural.
68. Masdar; its forms and use.
69. HOW TO USE A LEXICON.
Reading Exercise. 70 Examination Paper.
PART V. Derived Conjugal ions.
71. E. V. & E. — Proverbs.
I Conj. II. ^Jii I Conj. III. ^.cU i Conj. IV. J.i \
72. 73- 74- 75-
77-
78 Paradigm of I— IV.
79. Reading Exercise.
So. Exam. Paper.
Si. E. V. & E. "Lord's Prayer."
X } '""'' ^- '^^
«^- } Conj. VI. >U-
g; } Conj. VII. yi\
t. } ^^-^^ ^'"- 3*^1
90. Exam. Paper.
91. E. V. & E. "Ten Commdts."
92. Conj. IX. \il I Conj. X, ^i,i
93- 94.
95. Newspaper Exercise.
96. 1
Q- > Quadriliteral Verbs.
98. Reading Exercise.
99. Popular Story. 100. Exam. Paper.
PART VI. "Weak'' Verbs.
lOI.
102. 103. 104 105- 106. 107. io8. 109. 110. III. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
Intro, to " Weak " Verb. \ Doubled Verb.
Hamzated.
Derived Conj. (Surd).
> Derived (Hamzated).
Exam. Paper. E. V. & E. — Proverbs. Simile Verb — Ya. Simile Verb — H'au. Derived Conjugations.
> Hollow — Wau and Ya.
117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129.
130.
Conj. IV. (Hollow).
Conjs. VII. & VIII. (Hollow.)
Conj, X.( Hollow).
Examination Paper,
E. V. & E. — Salutations.
> Defective Verb.
Defective (Subj. and Juss.) Doubly Weak fLafifJ Doubly Weak (Hnmza). Derived Conjs. (Defective). Nun of Corroboration. Verbs of Wonder;
Ni^mn and lU'sa. Examination Paper
PART VIL All Broken Plurals.
31. E. V. & E. More Proverbs. > All the plural forms.
132 136
138. ^lU and Irregulars.
139. Collectives.
140. Examination Paper.
141. E. V. & E. Sfiras.
142. All Derived Nouns
143. Diminutive.
144. Relative Adjective. 146. Intensive Forms.
PART VIIL Derived Nouns, Particles, etc.
147. Numerals.
148. Syntax of Numerals.
149 150
:}
Preps. Conj. Interjections,
PART IX. Syntax. Lessons 151 — 200. A complete Syntax in Arab style.
PART X. A Reading Book,
Exercises 1—50 (paged from other end, Arabic style).
A NEW ARABIC TEXTBOOK
(Extmcts from a Review by Professor R.S. McClena^han M.A., LL.D., Principal of College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Cairo).
This volume is one of the best, if not the best, published for the use of missionaries, officials, and business men desiring a concise but sufficiently elaborated text, and thoroughly reliable for acquiring a knowledge of usable Arabic.
"The make-up of the book is such as to please the eye and not to leave with the student the sense of weariness which frequently results from the use of poor paper unsuitable type, or a complicated a rangement. The index is a valuable contribution.
, *'The author has been for over 20 years a resident in Cairo. He
ij familiar with the Arabic of the Azhar University, and with that I the official, the man on the street, and the ' fellah,' and is recognized as an authority on the subject".
^'ARABIC SIMPLIFIED"
A Review by the Kev. Prof. James Robertson, D.D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Glasgow.
"Mr. Upson has undertaken a difficult task, as anyone who has attempted to teach Arabic can testify, and he has succeeded. The task is to give the student not only a competent knowledge of the laws of the language, but also tLe power to use the language as a living tongue Avith a literature.
"ARABIC SIMPLIFIED claims to be a 'practical' grammar and it makes good the claim. It is practicable, in the sense that it leads the student on by a smooth path, step by step, in a course of 200 lessons, till the Avhole ground is covered. There are exercises at every stage, with well selected vocabularies. The student is stimulated, by the question and ansAver form of the lessons, to solve difficulties, and he is made to feel sure of himself by revision of work, test questions, and periodical Examination Papers
" The lessons are evidently drawn up by a practical educa- tionist, keenly alive to the difficulties felt by the learner and skilful in overcoming them. They also show an accurate acquaintance Avith the Avhole extensive and somewhat perplexing field of Arabic Grammar. The introduction, from the very first, and constant explanation of the Syntax, and the presentation of the laAVS of the language from the point of vicAV of the native grammarian, are features bej'ond all praise
"And it may Avith confidence be said that, if the student will patiently go through this course, following the prescribed conditions, and submitting his Avork from time to time for examination by the Teacher, he will be no mean Arabic scholar, and fit to acquit himself successfully in any sphere in Avhicli he may be called to use the language."
MICROFORMED BY
PRESERVATION
SERVICES
ARABIC SIMPLIFIED
A PRACTICAL
GRAMMAR of WRITTEN ARABIC
in
200 LESSONS
With Exercises, Test-Papers and Reading"-Book,
BY
ARTHUR T. UPSON ('Abdul-Fady al-Qahirany)
Literary Superintendent Nile Mission Press, Author of "ARABIC AMPLIFIED," etc., Editor of "AL-BAREED AL-MISRY, % and Publisher of over 350 Arabic Books and Pamphlets ;
upon the system of
THE REV. J. C Wilcox, iM.A.,
Author of "Hebrew Simplified."
— 0 — 523168
REVISKD EDITION. 2. S . S- S(
0
School of Simplified Study,
19-21 Ludg-ate Hill, London, E.G. 4.
First Edition 1916
Second Impression (of first nine lessons only) 1917
Third Impression (five lessons only) - - 1919
Second Edition,, revised throughout - - 1921
Printed at The Nile Mission Press, ar Sharia Manakh, Cairo.
Foreword to First Edition.
During the year 1908, the author had the good fortune to be enrolled as a student of the Rev. John C. Wilcox's new and then comparatively unknown course of ''Hebrew Simplified," and the thought passed through the minds of both that possibly sometime in the future this system might be found suitable for the teaching of Arabic. Nothing was, however, done at the time.
Meantime the School of Simplified Study, Ltd., had produced similar courses in other subjects, e.g., "Greek Simplified," "Logic Simplified," "Latin Simplified," etc. For the Hebrew course alone no less than a thousand students had been registered.
In May 1915 the writer was sent to England on medical advice, and was glad to occupy himself by writing a number of these lessons, at the suggestion of the author of the original system.
It should be clearly understood that my collaborator, Mr. Wilcox is only responsible for the Interrogative Method employed, as I take full responsibility for selecting the matter and writing the book.
Friendly critics of this new order of arrangement are invited to examine the Table of Contents, also the Index. A certain amount of repetition will be found in the earlier lessons, for to a practical educationist, as is the author, recapitulation is the chief of the virtues. Some students may turn to the complete table of Alphabet, Vowels, Figures etc, Lesson 16; others should content themselves with what is given out to them.
There are 200 Lessons in this course, which should cover the ground required by students for both Elementary and Advanced Exams, no other grammar being required.
It will be found that after the first few lessons the exercises are more interesting and longer, and the subjects more varied ; while the Reader contains selections from books and newspapers.
Since this course is intended to be a practical one, the subject of our study being "Modern Written Arabic," we leave the differing colloquials to those who have made a special study of spoken dialects, but all words given in the text or in the exercises will be found to be in practical use to-day : this is a strong point. Our aim is to teach the Student, whether missionary, military, educational, or commercial, to read, e.g., a daily newspaper.
This course is absolutely "COPYRIGHT," and may not be used for any person other th^n the original, duly registered student.
'ABDUL-FADY,
FOREWORD
to 2nd edition
Owing to a combination of circumstances (partly political) over which I have had no control, I have now entirely re-written Lessons 151-200 using, for the purpose, many of the illustrations and examples from my "ARABIC AMPLIFIED" written in 1919-20 (in ^r/:z&/c) but not yet published. The order of Lessons 151-200 being similar to that followed in "A A," the present will be a capital introduction to that work, which should be studied (in Arabic) after "ARABIC SIMPLIFIED" A good many other improvements have been introduced.
May, 1921. A, T, U.
ADVICE To The Student :
(1) Answer all exercises in writing, even those intended for "self-correction".
(2) Train "Eye, Voice and Ear" simultaneously : this can be done by reading aloud in the open air. Get your pronunciation corrected by a native sheikh, if possible. Let him give DICTATION from the exercises.
(3) Imitate, to a certain extent, the Oriental custom of memorising aloud. The easiest way to master Arabic Syntax is to learn many illustrative sentences.
(4) Revise back work, and re-revise ! Most important.
Lesson 1. ^
1. What are these signs ?
They form the Arabic word He-struck, which is pronounced f dha-ia-ba ^with the accent on the first syllable. The pronoun "he" is "understood," not written, in the Arabic verb.
2. How is this word built up ?
Of three different consonants and one vowel. The vowel corresponds to the letter a. Its sign is ..... "T.... and is written above its consonant, which it always /o//o?^;s in pronunciation. It here occurs three times.
3. What is the name of this vowel ?
Fatha (to be pronounced with a roughly aspirated h, which we have indicated by a dot under it, and which is somewhat like hh or doubly strong h. It is also somewhat like a deep sigh. Be sure you do not run the / and h together, making th: note Fat is the first syllable and ha the second.
4. What is the power of this Fat-ha ?
It is like a in bad, and is one of the three short vowels.
In some countries it is a little heavier, like a in father : in
India more like u in cut.
5. How many consonants are there in thts word } Three.
Name power
jO Dad d
^ Ra r
C^ Ba b
6. What is the approximate sound of the Dad 1
It is like the* d in hand and good, only it is stronger, and this we have indicated bya dot under the d. It is an aspirated o?, a little like the th in thee, but more strongly pronounced by rolling the tongue against the palate. It is so hard that it affects the Fat-ha after it, giving to it almost the sound of AW or O. (In India it is a hard z, as in "Ramazan").
7. Do these three consonants always preserve the forms here given ? No. Arabic letters change their form with their
— 6 —
position in a word, because even printed books are, so to speak, in "script" character, and most of the letters joined and "running on". But
when it begins a word; that is, when it is an Initial letter.
Dad is always ^ <
/ when it is with in aword ; i.e., when Ra „ „ \ \
when it is separated from others; i.e., when it is an Isolated letter.
^ \ it is a Medial lettet.
Ba ,. „ e^ { N.B.— When Ba at the end of a word can be joined to the previous letter it takes the final form L^-^ The ra is of such a shape that it cannot ever join the letter which follows it, so that letter does not have a special final form.
8. What is the order of the consonants in v^^
Dad, Ra, Ba : because Arabic, like other Semitic languages is read from right to left. He-struck Da-ra ba w>^^
9. Why have we put the first vowel in Italic .'*
To show that it has the accent, which is but very slight. 10. What are the dots used for, one over Dad and one under Ba ? They are the distinguishing marks of these consonants, which cannot, therefore, be read without them. In Arabic letter- writing, the scribe, when in haste, often obscures the shapes of the individual letters; these can, however, always be identified by means of the dots.
Vowels are hardly ever written, except in the two books, Qur'an and Bible, but the dots are indispensable. There are no capitals in Arabic.
•o-
Self-Test Paper 1.
1. What is a Fat-ha (l : 3) Where is it placed } (l : 2).
2. What is its power ? (l : 4).
(Compare your written reply with the section in which the correct answer is to be found. Revise it and, if necessary, learn more thoroughly. Do not send exercises for correction except the replies to Test Papers, which we have marked "To be returned for correction". So in all future lessons.) N.B. Students must vowel their exercises for the first year.
— 7 —
Lesson 2.
1. If the verb-form for "He-struck" is v'p' how can it be changed into "She-struck" ?
By placing the letter O ta (t) after it.
He-struck da-ra-ba ^j-^
She-struck da-ra-bat ^I^y^
2. But why has the ha been shortened form ^ to -> ?
Because ^ is ha when isolated ;
and -J is ha in its initial form.
The isolated and final forms are usually elongated ones.
3. What is-fhe new sign ....?..... over the ta ?
It is the Sukun, and is very occasionally written ....v.....
4. What is the use of su-kun (pronounced su-koon, i.e , with the Italian u ? )
I It denotes that the letter over which it is placed has no vowel and therefore closes that syllahle. Two sukuvs on adjacent letters would not ordinarily he allowed to occur in Arahic.
5. What is this sign i) ?
Its name is Kaf and it represents our letter K, as in keep. But its initial form is j
6. We have seen (in item 2 above) that the separate form for ha becomes .> as an initial letter. Can the isolated form for
ta be shortened to ->" as an initial ?
Yes, certainly, and several others act similarly.
{He wrote Ka-ta-ba ^zS {a) She wrote Ka-ta-bat ^xI-S {hj In fh) we have Ta as a Final, and also as a Medial.
7. The short connecting link which unites a Medial form to its predecessor should be noticed.
We may represent it thus : ^J^ X, 2, ^
— 8 —
8. But are not medial ta and ba confusing ? No : since ta has two dots over it and ha has one under it.
9. Is there any English word or name which will give us the pronunciation of Ka-ta-ba?
Yes ; take the word Canada. There is a slight . stress upon the first syllable, but not enough to make ii a long vowel. We do not say Ca-nada, still less Canada. Simply Canada.
10. Are other three-letter verbs stressed in the same way .?
Yes : da-ra-ba is pronounced liiie Ca-na-da; there is, however, one point about the fat-ha, when it is sounded with such a strong consonant as the dad ; that is, that the fat-ha is sounded like a short o (though we write it a) and thus ^^^ is pronounced like doraba. (Do not mix d with d).
Exercise 2a. — Read aloud from the right, and turn into English :
<.r ^^- ' v«^^
Exercise 2b. — Translate to Arabic (from memory) :
(i) He-struck. (2) She-struck. (3) He-wrote. (4) She-wrote. Self Test 2.
1. What is a Sukun ? And what does it denote ? (2 : 4).
2. What sign represents a Sukun ? (2 : 3).
3. Write the names of these letters :
4. What combinations are these ? :
(il j.^ <2S ^ L^- C-o <^
N.B. — After doing Exercise 2a from memory, do 2b from memory and then, by comparing the results, it will be seen that one corrects the other. The answers to Self -Test papers are in the text of the lesson, in the section whose number is given. Exam, paper 7 is to be sent up for correction. There will be similar exam, papers at the end of Lessons 13, 20, 25, 30, 40, etc.
/
— 9 —
Lesson 3.
PAST SING : of VERB.
1. How did we turn the form for he-struck into one meaning she-struck ?
By adding the letter ta (2 :l) O
2. How can we readily turn he-struck into
Thou (m) didst strike \ By adding the same letter ta in Thou (f) „ „ > each case and by changing the
I (m & f) struck) ? ) vowels.
^*-1 o^l ^o^'I '/'^l ^^'^
y
da-rab-tu da-rab-ti da-rab-ta da-ra-bat da-raba
I struck. Thoustrikedst. (fern.) Thou strikedst. She struck. He struck.
N.B.— Read from right to left. This is essential. Note that the Past Tense of the Arabic verb may often be represented in English by either the Past or the Perfect Tense. (Details in L. 1 53).
3. Accent. What is the Rule for Arabic Accent ? The following rules must be memorised just here :
(a) The Arabic accent falls principally upon the long voweL of the word, viz., the letter of prolongation (which will be ex- plained later) thus «— ^u5 kitab has the accented ta shown by .....".... thus, ta. If^_more than one long vowqU the la^cm^ receives the greatest accent. Thetwo_Diphthongs (q : 5) are accented like long vowels.
(b) The fact of the consonant under the sukun having no vowel causes that consonant to be accented; e.g., C^jy^ is pronounced dara^tu, and the student must necer say da.r^b-tu because, when the final vowel is omitted he will say (like a newspaper reader-aloud) darabt^
(c) The Shadda is also accented (8 : 4, 5).
(d) If all the vowels are short, as in kntaba, the first one is slightly accented.
If we examine forms 3, 4 and 5 we shall find two new features presented. What are ihey "i
/
— 10 —
1st. We see a — ■;—■ (a fat-ha in shape) below the line.
2nd. We see -- (almost a comma in shape) above the line.
5. What is this Fat-ha shaped sign written below the line }
It is the short vowel i like i in tin. Its name is Kasra. Since it is always placed beloiv the line it cannot be confused with Fat-ha (the short a) which always stands above the line.
6. What is the sign .....^.... placed above the line ?
It is the short vowel u (00) called Damma, and pronounced as in bush.
7. After reminding ourselves that the Sukun — ^ — has no sound, we can now read the whole of the verb-forms which con- stitute the Active Voice, Past Tense. Singular Number of the Regular Verb. (See item 2 above for the forms). N.B. — As the vowels of each verb remain constant for each of its persons (singular), we must learn these five forms by heart. This is a very important as well as a very easy matter. Take care to accent the proper syllable by noting it in item 2 above. Learn FROM THE RIGHT ; He-struck, etc.
8. What verb is this ^ j
It is pronounced rakiba, and means "he rode, or mounted."
9. But why the kasra in the centre ? Because this verb takes two fathas and a kasra. Some verbs take a damma as the centre vowel for the past tense. Every past verb takes fat-ha as first and last vowel, _anyhpw.
10 Write out all the (singular) persons of ^ j
^
|
rakib-tu |
rakib-ti |
rakib-ta |
rakibat |
rakiba |
|
I rode |
thou (fem.) didst r : |
thou didst r : |
she-rode |
he-rode |
II. In what order are the signs written in Exercise 3a ?
The body of the K, then t,"^ then b, after that go back and stroke the headpiece of the k, (downwards), then the dott, then add all the voweZ-marks from right to left,
— li —
Exercise Sa, Read aloud, transliterate* and translate, covering (3b). (J1»«a!L3 i^i^C^ (Jl^AlIJ; O-X-J) v_^--J
c^j o-j J Li^j o53
V«-J j^^ t^ y-^ C^l ^W
r J
Exercise 3b. Translate to Arabic (covering 3a.) Then correct.
(l) He wrote. (2) She wrote. (3) Thou (m) hast written. (4) Thou (fern.) hast written. (5) I have written (wrote). (6) (Second line) Thou (fern), hast ridden. (7) I rode, (or have ridden). (8) He rode (has ridden). (9) Thou hast ridden (didst ride). (10) She rode (has ridden). (ll) (Third line) Thou ffem). didst strike. (12) He struck. (13) I struck. (14) Thou (masr), didst strike. (15) She struck.
Self Test 3.
1. What letter concludes all but one of the forms of the Past Tense, Singular of the Active Voice } (3 : 2).
2. Write out the rules for Accent (3 : 3).
3. What is the sign for a Damma 1 What is it } How is it pro- nounced } (3 : 6).
* Note on Transliteration, (i.e., writing Arabic in Roman cha- racters). The student should only transliterate for a short time if really needed. But in translating from English to Arabic it is essential that he write in the proper Arabic character. A "Relief Nib" is the best for this purpose in England, but an "Arabic nib" (not the native reed) should be used in the Orient. After a few more lessons he should try to abstain from transliteration altogether, as it is a weak reed to lean upon. He will very soon become ac- customed to the Arabic character, and should use nothing else. It is difficult, in Egypt, where these lessons are printed, to obtain sufficient specially marked types with which to trans- literate; the only reason for attempting it at all is to partially supply the place of the teacher of pronunciation. If you can get a sheikh with whom to practise reading (and DICTATION) never use anything but the Arabic character.
*— 12 —
Lesson 4.
IJSlTERROaATIVE, etc.
1. What is the first letter of the Arabic Alphabet ?
The ^4/^/. (This generality will be modified in I2 : 3).
2. What is its form ? i
This is its form in all cases save where it is linked to a preceding letter, when its form is I (see § 5 below). In that case it lengthens the preceding fat-ha to a long vowel, a.
3. What special use has this Alif? With a hamza and fat-ha it is one of the signs for Interrogation and it then always commences the sentence. The hamza will be explained fully in Lesson 13. It is written over the alif, thus '
did he strike ) - - . j he struck 1 - - ".
a-da-ra-ba / • ^ da-ra-ba J • ^
With the hamza (not otherwise) it may be the initial letter of a word (see 10 below).
4. How can a verb in the past tense be negatived ? How can she wrote become she -did -not -write ?
By putting the negative panicle ma before it U
5. What is this negative particle 1
It is composed of a new letter, Mim (meem) joined to an alif, (without hamza) written from below (see 2 above). This negative is always placed before its verb form : it is used with
the Past Tense injvjilhig- (!« coll. with the Present also).
6. Give the Arabic for she-wrote and she -did -not -write.
Ma-ka-ta-bat 1 '^\{<^^^ Ka~ta-bat l^-'j^^
She did not write J *^''" She wrote / ^^'
7. We have seen that the Interrogative 1 can be placed before
a positive sentence without disturbing the order of its words.
Can it also be placed before a negative sentence without
causing any alteration ? Yes.
I have not written ) '-V-^ l" Ma ka-tab-tu J ^^* *"
Have I not written 1 ''-VVf I Ama ka-tab-tu J ^"^^ '
Did I not4=td^ .? ^ C^xI-^Cil
Kj(L\r^
^
- 13 -
8. Wliat letter looks very much like an Alif ?
the Lam, or L. Its form when an Initial letter, is ^)
9. How do they differ ?
The lam can be joined to its following letter as well as its preceding one ; whereas an alif can only be joined to its preceding. The lam is alw^ays written downwards with a thick stroke; also, when a final letter, it lengthens its form. Thus in this combination \B we get three possible forms of a lam : initial,medial and final. But this combination does not occur in any actual word.
10. Give a word containing an alif-hamza and a lam.
He ate (a-ka-la) Jf I
11. Now a word containing a lam before the alif. 3 la = No, or not. This is the Negative which is generally used with the Present Tense though U is sometimes so used in the Qur'an etc. (The lam, i.e. the down-stroke, is written first, then the alif is written athwart).
Exercise 4a. Read aloud and translate : then correct by 4b.
|
0. i ^t |
^ 0^ U |
u^l C\ |
J<ll |
|
'^<\ C V |
0 \ % |
ocfCV |
•c^rrJ |
Exercise 4b. Turn into Arabic, correcting by 4a.
(l) Has he eaten.? (2) Has she not eaten? (3) Hast thou (m) eaten t (4) Hast thou (f) not eaten .? (5) Didst thou (f) not ride ? (6) I did not ride. (7) Did she strike ? (8) Thou (m) didst not strike. (9) Did she not write.? (lo) No; she did not write. (11) Didst thou (f) not eat.? (12) No; I did not eat.
Self Test Paper 4.
(1) Give an Arabic Interrogative sign. What is its position?(4:I-3)
(2) What particles negative Arabic sentences? (4:46,11).
(3) How does an alif differ from a lam? (4: 8,9).
- 14 -
Lesson 5.
TRILITERALISM. 1. What is one of the chief characteristics of the Semitic group of languages — (Hebrew, Arabic, etc.) ?
Tri -literalism. This signifies that the words are built up around three* Root letters or Radicals, by prefixing, affixing and inserting other letters, and by changing the vowels so as to express variations of meaning all arising out of the idea * conveyed by the Root letters. This we have seen in the Past Tense of a verb of Active Voice. (3 : 2).
2. What Past Tense verb form in the Active Voice always contains these three Root letters and no other letters ? The form for the 3rd Person, Singular, Masculine. Thus :
Ka-ta-ba 1 - ^/^
He wrote, or, has written J ^
Aka-la 1 -^\
He ate, or, has eaten / ^
3. And are the Nouns also built up from these three Root letters? Yes: by vowels alone, or by vowels and additional letters (of which Alifis, a frequent one). This is why we teach the verb before the noun.
S-lun } y^ He ate '^
Battle, or fighting | ^j^^^ ^^ ^.,j^^ y.
qita-lun
a book, a writing l^i:<^ tt ^ ^^-<^
, .^^ , r s— >U_b He wrote ^.^-.J)
kita-bun J • -
( ^^rlS"*^ (For the lengthening of this a see Lesson 6). i-bun (
kita-bun
a writer
kati
We see here some new signs and letters. What is this new first Root letter }
It is the letter Qdf and represents our Q. This guttural conso- nant is pronounced with a vowel by contracting the throat. Say Kaf first naturally, then with a short a sound and con- tracted throat, like the cawing of a crow. Qaf is pronounced Qof or Qawf because the letter Q is one of those strong letters which alter the sound of the fat-ha (Compare 2 : lo).
* Occasionally there are four root letters and the root-verb is tlien called a Quadriliteral one. See later.
— 15 -
What is the new sign ? or
It is the short vowel Pamma written double, which can only
occur at the end of a noun.
How is it pronounced ?
Un, shorter than Oon. Like u in push.
But where does the N sound come from ?
This practice of adding an N sound when the last vowel is
thus doubled is called ISun-ation (noon-ation) from the Arabic
name for N, Nun. Nun aiion is confined to reading the Qur'an
and poetry. It is never pronounced in reading the newspaper
or in conversation. (Practise naming the word without wn.'
What is this double-u sign called 1
The Tanwin rjamma (meaning 'A Damma with nun sound").
It is never used with the Definite Aiticle, and every word
which has it is in the Nominative Case (as also those having
the single damma). (See 6 : 6 for the other two cases with tanwin).
Give another verb containing alif with hamza.
' j5 Qara'a he read. (Here it is third radical).
10.
Write out the five person forms of \j
Sao
w.^.
J
Cj\ji
J
Exercise 5a. Read aloud and translate to English :
Exercise oh. To Arabic (afterwards correcting by 5a).
(1) Hast thou (f) read? (2) I ate (have eaten). (3) Food. (4) Has she not killed ? (5) Did I kill ? (6) Fighting. (7) A book. (8) She read.
Self Test Paper 5.
(i) What is the Tanwin Pamma ? (5 : 8).
(2) How and when is it pronounced ? (5 : 6).
(3) What is ndn-ation and when is it employed ? (5 ; 7).
— i6 —
Lesson 6.
TANIVIN.
\l^_TransJJleraifiU:Jie^_r^^ Ki-ta-bun tjiljT I
2. Why have we put a mark over the a here ?
To show it is the long a, and not the short one in kataha.
3. How are we to know when it is long and not short, since it is fat-ha in each case ?
)CThe " when followed by a "prolonging" alif is a/w;a2/s /o/ig ; Ex : gate = hd-hun ^^{ but distinguish this from ^ 0 ra'sun, head, in which alif carries hamza jukun, and is 7iot Ihng alif.
4. What is a Tanwm Damma, once more ?
It is a Damma (or short vowel u) written twice, placed over the last letter of a word (as in this word gate), and in hook § l). The name means "A Damma with ^ nun sound." (5:3).
5. Are there any other tanwins ? Yes : the two other short vowels can be used in the same way, i.e., doubled over the last letter. Thus we get :
Tan win Damma v>U-^ Ki-f^-bun
Tan win Fat-ha ^'J^^-f Ki-if^7-ban (Note the added alif here).
Tanwin Kasra V^*-5^ Ki-^^-bin.
Have these three tanwins any practical use ? Yes. The presence of either of the tanwins denotes that the noun is indefinite ; e.g., a man, a book. Also that it [is a de- clinable noun, i.e. capable of taking all three cases.
(1) The " denotes that a noun is the Subject of the
sentence=^The Nominative Case.
(2) The "^ ( over an I for a Masculine noun)
denotes that a noun is the Direct Object of a verb = The Accusative Case. (See 9 below).
(3) The denotes the Indirect Object (governed by a
Preposition, for example).
N.B.— A single damma, fat-ha or kasra indicates the Nomi- native, Accusative, or Genitive, case of the Definite Noun, as the tanwin vowel does of the Indefinite Noun.
- 17 -
What is this sign 77 ? It is the letter Jim (jeem), which is the
English J, but pronounced hard G in Egypt. The initial form
of it >. is found in man, ra-ju-lun J>- j and its final form is re
y-> 8. When will a noun take the tanwin cjamma ?
When it is the subject of a sentence, as man in the sentence "A man wrote a letter". Man is in the Nominative Case. Its
form therefore is "^^^-j
9. When will a noun take the tanwin fatha (over an alif) ? When it is the Direct Object of the action of a verb, that is, in the Accusative Case, as, for example, "a book" in the following
sentence, "A man wrote a book" \XlS ^\>-j ,^lS
ki-ta-ban (3) ra-ju-lun (2) kataba (1)
10. N.B. — The order is usually that of the Verb first, but the Noun may be placed first, for emphasis. (The verb is put in the Singular when it precedes its subject).
Exercise 6a. Read aloud and translate ; correct by 6b.
Exercise 6b. To Arabic, afterwards correcting by 6a. (i) I wrote a book. (2) She wrote a book.
(3) Has he written a book ? (4) He has not struck a man. (5) Did a man write a book ? (6) A man read a book. (7) She did not read a book (8) Didst thou not strike a man ?
Self Test 6.
1. How can the Fat-ha become a long vowel } (6 : 3).
2. What is a Tanwin Fat-ha, and what letter always ac- companies it with the Masculine noun .? (6: 6).
3. In what case is a noun which has a Tanwin Fat-ha } (6 : 6),
— i8 -
Lesson 7.
1. Let us classify the characters met with, and a few others.
Power Separate Final Medial Initial Name
a ) I I I Alif
b (^ 4^ <^ i Ba
t C^ L-^ ^ ^ Ta
j C G^ ^ ^ ^^"^ "" C C ^ "" ^^
kh CI r^ ^^ ^ ^^^ J J J J ^^
■<J O^ (^_^ ^ ^ Pad
q ^ (3 ^ 3 Qif
k tfj td r r Kaf
1 tJ (JL i J Lam
m (^ - (^ "^ ^ ^^"^
Ha (or Hha) is a heavy h from the back of the mouth. Kh is the ch in loch\ it may be practised with an educated Scotchman.
2. What vowels have we used .?
(a) We have used the only three short vowels there are : ....r..... Fat-ha with a sound as in patch "■■■;,■■■■■ Kasra „ i „ as in tin
? Damma „ u „ as in bush
(b) We have only used one of the three long vowels, viz,, the
fat-ha lengthened by an alif as in a book (kitdh) V^*4
3. We have used the only three tanwins there are : Tanwin pamma the un sound
— 19 -
Tanwin Fat-ha \ the an sound (Note the alif here).
TanwinKasra ;"" the in sound.
4. The Arabic numerals (from I to 12) may be easily learnt :
>T u ^- ^ A V 1 0 1 r r >
Observe that the "tens" figure is placed to the left of the unit figure, as in English! Vocabulary 7.
(1) qi-ta-lun— battle, or fighting tJ^^
(2) ki-ta-bun— book ^^[iS hook (accus :)\i[:>S
(3) a-ka-la— to eat (he-ate) ^^ ' ma-li-kun— king dll^
(4) uk-lun— food ^1 qa-la-mun— pen U
(5) qa-ta-la— to kill (he killed) ^jl5 ja-ma-lun— camel J*V
> *^ > ^
(6) ra-ju-lun— a man J>.j a man (accus-.) "^o^j
(7) da-ra-ba — to strike (he struck) <— »^
(8) ka-ta-ba — to write (he wrote) y^tS
(9) ra-ki-ba — to ride (he rode) L*5^j
(10) qa-ra-a— to read (he read) \j
Exercise 7 A — A Test Paper to be returned. Translate : —
1. He struck a camel. 7. Did she kill a man ?
2. Did she read a book ? 8. Didst thou (m) ride ?
3 Hast thou (m) written a book 1 9. Thou (f) hast struck a man.
4. Thou (f ) hast not written a book. 10. Have I not eaten 1
5. Have I not written .? 11. Have you ridden a camel?
6. A man read a book. 12. I have not ridden a camel.
-S.— Practise writing, transliterate, and then translate:
^♦V Jr'j v> — ^J °^^*» — jr'j 3^'
— 20 —
Lesson 8.
DEFIISITE ARTICLE.
1. Has Arabic an Article ?
Yes : the Definite Article only, which has no number, gender or case in itself, because it is a part of the noun to which it is prefixed. It is a particle composed of an alif and a lam Jl
2. Give an example :
ra-ju-lun, a man ar-ra-ju-Iu, the man
3. But the Article has introdaced three changes. What are they ? 1st. The Tanwin Damma has disappeared. It always does, for it cannot exist with the Article prefixed, since the tanwin marks the indefinite.
2nd. The lam has dropped its sound, but not its form.
3rd. It has introduced a new sign '"■-. like a small W only
written obliquely. It is the sign of Tashdid called Shadda-
4 What is Tashdid ?
It is the act of doubling the pronunciation of the letter over which this sign is placed, whether in_a verb or_a^ioun. The act of doubling (or intensifying) is called tashdid, but the sign is called a shadda.
How does this happen ?
In this way : - the shadda = a sukun -J- a vowel, that is, the suktin of the first of the two letters and the vowel of the second coalesce together.
In 5>-^ ^ the Zam of Jl assimilates itself, first of all, to the
ra, and then, secondly we think of it and pronounce it as
I^J — j' finally the two r's coalesce and we write it ^>- }^
1 1 leaving the lam standing in writing, but marking the pronun- ciation by --T..... (Be sure to grasp this point).
6.J Do these S changes always take place when the Article is prefixed, viz., 1st. The dropping of the tanwin ; 2nd. The dropping of the sound of the lam, and 3rd. Writing of the shadda }
I
7^\
8.
— 21 —
No : only the 1st always takes place, whilst the 2nd and 3rd
only occur before one-half of the Arabic letters.
How many letters has the Arabic Alphabet ?
It has 28, so that the doubling shadda will be required over 14
of them when prefixing the Article. The other 14 have a
sukiin upon the /aw, thus ^llSJ I al-kitdp, the book.
What are the 14, which receive a shadda but no suiiiin, called ? Solar letters. (The remaining 14 are called Lunar letters. Their names will be given later).
9. What Solar letters do we already know ?
Lam Dad Ra Ta
10. What new word is this?
sham-sun ^j*»*-i
It is the Arabic for sun, and contains two new letters and three new forms. It gives its name to the solar letters for the curious reason that the first letter of shams happens to be of that class.
11. What are the first and last letters in fj>>^ sun ? Sh, and S, of which the full forms are :
Power Separate Final Medial Initial Name
S i^^^ (_j-u A4* ^Vi» Sin
A A A A
Sh (^^ (_^ ^^ "^ Shin
12. What is the middle letter in this word sun ? Recapitulate the various forms of the * (Lesson 7).
M # ^ ^ ^ Mim
13. Give examples of words containing the Mim.
JJ Qa-la-mun, a pen. 'i^l^* an office, study Li^ camel.
22
14. Learn the word for ''hea.d"ra'sun (j- \j The hamza is "silenced" by sukftn but that does not make the vowel long as in \j ra. Also learn the verb "to break" 'jS he broke.
Exercise 8a. Read aloud and translate, covering up the English :
o> t^-:>) I (o) ^^1 J I {i)o'h (r) er*-^ ' (^) u-*^ (0 i,:4"l (a) U: c:>y. C V (v) Uj o^>l (a) SUj
;i.;;.rc V {\ Y^'i :i.y-ri (\ .) s^i jV: jH (^) Cr? S^• fe vir^ (^o 'H^TcSf (u) j<j\
Exercise 8b. Translate to Arabic :
(l) A sun (2) the sun (3) a head (4) the head; (5) the sun (femj struck a man. (6) Did it ffemj strike a head? (7) No ; it did not strike a head. (8) Hast thou broken a pen ? (9) A man ate food, (or an eating, i. e. much) do) Have I broken the pen? (ll) No; thou hast not broken the pen. (12) The man struck a head. (13) Did the man break a pen at (in) the office ? (14) No ; he did not break the pen (15) A man struck a camel.
Self Test 8.
(1) What is a Shadda ? (8:4).
(2) What change invariably accompanies the prefixing of the
Article to any noun (8 : 3).
(3) How is the Article prefixed to a word begining with a Solar letter? (8: 6-8).
(4) Where is the tens figure in Nt In what language is there a similar practice ? (7 : 4).
N.B.-^Please observe the following rules : Cl) Answer all home exercises in writing. (2) Constantly revise.
— 23 —
Lesson 9.
How many letters are there in the Arabic Alphabet ? 28. How many of them are Consonants (that is letters which must be accompanied by a vowel in order to be pronounced ? All of them : three of them, however, are sometimes used as "Letters of Prolongation". 3. Which are the three "Letters of Prolongation" (that is, which prolong vowels, making a short vowel into a long one ? The first one and the last two of the Alphabet. Separate Final Medial Initial Mama
III)
Wau Ya
4. Why are these two letters Wau and Ya, easy ones to remember and to distinguish ?
Because the wau has practically one form only j it is like a large damma ; whilst the ya is the only letter with two diacritic points written below it. Pronounce the name wau like ou in house.
5. Are there only 3 vowels in Arabic ?
There are also two diphthongs, one being ay, formed by fat-ha and ya, and the other au, formed by fat-ha and wau.
Thus ^ I ay like ai in paid ; and jl au, like ou in house.
A diphthong requires a sukun over the "letter of prolongation."
6. Give examples of these Diphthongs.
A> .*' f sai-fun \ . follows the
<uu^ \ J f since fC , ^
I a sword J ^ heterogeneous
<^>«A r thau-run ) . follows the
^^* \ a bull / ^ heterogeneous
7. Which are the only three short vowel sounds possible in Arabic ? What letters may they accompany 1
Fat-ha (a) may accompany alif to make long a ; Damma (u) may accompany wau to make long u ; and Kasra (i) may accompany ya to make long i (= ee). Then there are the two diphthongs mentioned.
— 24 —
8. Why are these three letters sometimes called letters of prolongation? Because they are used to prolong the sound of the vowel attached to the immediately preceding consonant.
9. Examples : ^-^ = ba ; while u = ba
^ = bu ; while j» = bu
v--» = bi; while ^j = bi
and the two diphthongs :
iai* f^ = bay ; and ^> = bau
10. Do these three letters of prolongation lengthen any preceding vowel ? No ; each prolongs (only) the vowel that is homo- geneous (akin) to it.
I only lengthens (is homogeneous to) .—-■'.
^ )• >> >) >> ".'
{S '» " '» " ^
11. Learn these words: uy*'j rasu-lun, apostle or messenggr, ^^y» mwrsa^/wTi missionary. J li (joined to the next word) to,
-> U by, (J bi, by me, J li, to me.
Exercise 9a. To English :
li. aisurjuui- i (1) '^;J)v^') i'.(o) 'j^s*' -^j' (o
Exercise 9b. To Arabic :
(i) A man wrote to me. (2) An apostle rode. (3) A missionary wrote a book. (4) Did the apostle (messenger) ride.? (5) The apostle (messenger) did not ride. (6) Didst thou (fern.) write the bool^ with a pen ?
- 25 - Leseon 10.
SOLAR & LUNAR LETTERS.
1. Into what two equal classes are Arabic letters divided ? The Solars and the Lunars. (Revise 8 : 8— lo).
2. Why are they so named ? (see 8 : 10).
Only because the first letter in ^^^ sun happens to be a solar letter whilst in the other class falls the first letter for 7noon ( Qamar-un ) j^9
In what way is the Article prefixed to words beginning with
a Solar letter ?
The sound of the Lam of the al coalesces into the sound of
the solar letter (see 8 : 5).
The sun > ''*^\\ sun ^ •^a
ash-sham-su ^-^* sham-sun LT*'^
4. How do we prefix the article to words beginning with a Lunar letter? By giving the article its full value (i.e. the lam takes a sukun).
The moon -'^ -11 moon ■>> \
al qa-ma-ru ^ qa-ma-run ^
5. Is there any reason for this different way of prefixing the article to the Lunar letter ? lu/v4 Yes : the Lunar letters are of such a nature, that is to say they '/T ^ require such a shaping of the channel of utterance, that the * t*^ enunciation of the Lam in the article is helpful in re-adjusting .^A^i the organs of utterance in preparation for the lunar letters. ^ '^
al-qa-ma-ru 1 >^ «|
is easy / -^
3\-shani-s\i 1 > «
But -o„„„.-.. I
IS never found J "-^
While ash-sAam-su | . .*^'^
is easier to pronounce > ^^
6. What is the other reason for this difference in prefixing the Article to Solars and Lunars ; i.e. what about the (lingual) solars? The Lam is a Lingual, and therefore it easily coalesces with \t^ fellow tongue-forme(J letters ;
- 26 -
dad (j^ §ad ^ shin {J^ sin (j^ etc.,
and with its allied Dental (or teeth-formed) letters :
tha JIj ta O (t, th) etc.
(Note that this /// is the sharp th of the word "think", or "thousand", which is sometimes lisped making it more like s» The sad is a very strong 5 almost like ss ; it gives a broad sound to its vowel, as dM does).
On the other hand the lingual Lam cannot coalesce with Lunars, for they consist of Gutturals, Labials and Palatals, and the shaping of the channel of utterance by throat, lips and palate forbids such coalescence.
7. What is the new letter in <^^ saif = sword ? It is the Fa and corresponds to our F.
8. What letter is the Fa like in form ?
Somewhat like the Qaf, which however, is more curved.
CJ CJl A 3 Fa f
9. In how many ways can the letter (^ be used ? 1st. As a Letter of Prolongation following its homogeneous vowel kasra ^^ bi = by me (J li = to me. 2nd. To form a Diphthong after a heterogeneous vowel
when the (^ takes a Sukiin
saif-un = a sword
10. What is another way in which a Ya is used ?
3rd. At the end of a word, if it is preceded by a fatha, it is without dots and, being pronounced exactly like an Alif, is called Alifrhaqsura which means ''shortened alif." To be explained
in Lesson 17, J i ila = to, ui^tq
27 -
Learn the verb Jl* he-l
d and conjugate it like qlaraba. Exercise 10a. Transliterate, translate and read aloud :
|
(I) |
* |
ash-sham-su |
The sun |
|
(2) |
u>-:ii |
ar-ra-su-lu |
The apostle |
|
(3) |
ar-ra-ju-lu |
The man |
|
|
(4) |
L>u\ |
al-ba-bu |
The gate |
|
(S) |
f: |
al-qa-la-mu |
The pen |
|
(6) |
o';,i ' |
al-wa-ra-qu |
The paper |
|
(7) |
CH:;i'i |
al-qi-ta-lu |
The fighting |
|
(8) |
v> |
al-mur-sa-lu |
The missionary |
|
(9) |
'^\x\\ |
at-ta-gi-ru |
The trader, merchant |
|
(10) |
Li';ji |
as-sai-fu |
The sword |
|
Note: |
The accent falls |
upon the long vowel, |
if one is present. |
Exercise 10b. Translate the English of Exercise lOa to Arabic. Self Test 10. (On papers 9 and lo).
1. Which are the letters of prolongation ? (9:7, 8).
2. Why are they so named ? Give examples. (9 : 8). ^
3. What vowels are Iwmogeneous to ' to j and to (S ? (9 •' ^o).
4. Place the Article before a word beginning (a) with a Solar and (b) with a Lunar letter. (10 3,4).
— 28 —
Lesson 11. - wasla.
1. What is the Arabic for a youth ?
ghu-la-mun ^^^^
2. What is this new letter transliterated by gh ?
It is Ghain, a letter awkward in form and in pronunciation. As it is allied to another of the same form (without its diacritic point), we will give them together.
t t
C- *Ain
p' ^ St C^ Ghain gh, or ghr
3. What is the sound of the Ghain ?
It represents a gargling sound from the throat similar to that made by an r roughly and well down in the throat. It must not be connected with the English g, being just a "gargle." The %in can really only be learnt from a Jew or Arab, but you may try to emit a guttural a from the bottom of the throat, while lightly holding the "apple" of the throat by the fingers. Students within reach of the Orient must diligently practise phonetics, with the assistance of an educated native friend.
4. Write in Arabic "A man struck a youth."
ghu-la-man, ra-ju-lun da-ra-ba
5. Why has i*% become U>1^ ?
Because it is the Direct Object of the verb, and so its sign is
' a tanwin fat-ha. (See Lesson 6 : 5, 6).
6. Before we can write "The man struck the youth," that is, before we prefix the Arabic Article to a word, we must note that J is a Solar and i- a Lunar. We then write the sentence
^ ' '* * >^ t * ^
A^n J^j*' V^^ darab ar-raj-ul ul-ghu-lima.
^^ >
7. Why has U^p- (youth) in 4 above lost its tanwin fatha,
>
and become ^^il' ?
— 29 —
Because the tanwin cannot exist with the Definite Article, sine it denotes the indefinite.
What is the sign ...'....over the alif (in 6 above) ? It is the Wa§la ; that is a sign written above an alif (when the alif commences a word only) to show that in that place the alif has no vowel of its own, and that for its pronuncia- tion it takes the last vowel of the preceding word, as in the transliteration of the following Exercise iia. If the commen- cing al begins a sentence, it is obvious that nothing precedes it, then it has no wa§la, but a simple fat-ha only. 9. What does the word wa§la mean ?
A>. 0
Wa§la is colloquial for Ai.^^^ a word meaning a link, for it links the vowel preceding it to the letter following. This is seen in the exercise. (We avoided it in Ex.9a).
Exercise Ita. To English:
l*^^ ghu-la-man J>-j ra-ju-lun V^^ da-ra-ba (i)
|
}V;ii |
SL» |
(2) |
|
|
ul-ghu-lama |
ar-rajul |
da-ra-b |
|
|
V>i' |
(3) |
||
|
J'' |
(4) |
||
|
%^ |
'^1^ |
(5) |
|
|
3V-;i |
3:;t. |
(6) |
Exercise lib. To Arabic :
(l) A man struck a youth. (2) The man struck the youth. (3) Did the bull kill a man ? (4) Did the bull kill the man ? (5) The man killed a camel. (6) The man did not kill the camel.
Self Test 11.
(1) What is a wasla ? (ll : 8).
(2) Give all the four forms of the letters Ain and Ghain, (it i3^
— 30 —
Lresson 12, — hamza.
1. What is the Arabic for earth ? Ardun ^ j \
2. But what is the new sign ? .....t The Hamza
3. What is the use of the Hamza ?
It is really the first letter of the Alphabet, for when we say that Alif is the first letter we mean an alif bearing a hamza. Needless to say, it is a consonant, for Arabic vowel-marks are not reckoned as letters.
4. When have we seen that the alif can be used as a vowel ? When it is simply a Letter of Prolongation and stands without a hamza. Thus: A book, ki-tabun v^r
5. But does not the very fact that a vowel is attached to the letter alif show that the alif there is used as a Consonant ? And is not the hamza superfluous in that case ? Yes : the hamza is superfluous if its object is merely to show that the
alif is a consonant. Thus the Article J ' is the same as J ' and the hamza, though not written, is to be understood : it is customary not to write it, when beginning a sentence.
6. What does this signify ?
That every \ with a vowel (with ,....r..... or „...'„... or "";;"■■"
is an alif-hamza whether the hamza is given or no. I, Is the hamza found only with an alif ?
No : it can accompany the three letters which the Arabs call
*'Wcak", viz., Alif, Wau, Xz. ^ 3 '
But these letters must be usually within a word, except in the
case of an alif, which can receive it when beginning a word.
8. Can we then say that the Hamza supports these three weak letters ?
No : it is better to say that the three weak letters are used to support the strong Hamza !
9. In what way is the hamza a consonant ?
It can take a vowel, and can play the part of a consonant in shaping, by a movement within the throat, the channel of utterance for the flow of the vowel sound.
— 31 -
We may have ^
10. Where is the hamza placed ?
Usually 6^^1^6671 the vowel-sign and its letter: but sometimes when used with a kasra, it can stand over the letter.
11. How can we understand the use of the hamza ?
By writing "a nice house" phonetically as "a-nais-haus" and then "an ice house'* as "an'ais-haus" noticing the hiatus (or breathing) between an and ice. This "breath" is the consonant "hamza." C.F. the bad pronunciation of "Mr. Owen" by unedu- cated people; they say Miste-rowen, whereas the educated make a breathing pause and say " Mister - Owen' \
12. Since the verb generally precedes its subject, ana the feminine singular ends in sukun, what happens before the sukun of the noun, seeing that two sukuns cannot occur together.?
The sukfin is replaced by kasra in most cases. Thus "she struck the book" C-illSsH Z^ /a not «w>u^' C^\ /a This is dis-
^.j^"
tinguishable from 2nd fem., sing., by the sukOn v-^u^H
J-'
The preposition ^j* in such a case replaces its sukun by
> i * ,
fat-ha but this is exceptional. Thus J^J^ (j^ (from the man).
Exercise 12a. To English :
cXf\ o; ::^V'-^ (r) yy j: >> ^-/ll i (r) >:,!! ^i> ( \ )
u:ifi\ siTxiri; (y) ^(.Suii ju>> r/i {^)
Exercise 12b, To Arabic :
(i) She struck the man.
(2) The sun (fem.) struck the man.
(3) I wrote from the house.
(4) The sun struck the book {verb first).
(5) Did the sun strike the youth ?
(6) Did she (it) not strike the youth >
(7) She did not write tl^e bpojc,
- 32 —
Lesson 13. — hamza.
Commence by revising Lesson 12 on the Hamza. Where is it, and where only is it, that the Hamza sometimes stands quite alone without any support from a vowel-letter ? When it is last in the word, and then it is written in the line of letters. Examples :
|
advent |
maji-*un |
'^ |
the coming |
v^'> |
|
a part |
juz-'un |
^> |
the part |
-J^^ |
|
a thing |
shay-'un |
''^ |
the thing |
CJ^S |
|
beginning |
bad-'un |
^^X |
the beginning |
*jUI |
3. Can the hamza, then, take the tanwin when it is thus found at the end of a word ?
Yes : as in the above four examples (to the left) where it has the tanwin damma. If these words are used in the Accusative Case, they take tanwin fat-ha over the alif, and, in the Genitive Case, tanwin kasra.
On prefixing the Definite Article Jl this tanwin is replaced by the single short vowel, like any other noun, as in the four examples on the right.
4. Can the hamza take any one of the three short vowels 1 Yes : we get various results :
1st. using the alif as a prop : I ^^-sound; I a-sound and t^e-sound. 2nd. with J or (^ as a prop, j w-sound, ^ /-sound.
3rd. after an Alif in certain words, such as t:i^>«^ Sah-ra-a.
(desert) the plural of which is the word Sahara (Deserts).
Note the method of writing this hamza : it is not written above the Alif but
after it, mid-way up, because this alif is lo)uj (a long vowel).
at h. Alone, at end of a word : i u-sound ^ i-sound (no fat-ha here).
33
6.
8
9.
Give other examples of the use of the hamza.
ba-'u-sa ba-'i-sa sa-'a-la bi'-sa ra'-siin (head) akha-dha (he took)
Pronounce these aloud, learning the meanings of two only. But why has the medial ya in §4 (2nd) and §5 no points? Because it always drops its dots when it becomes a prop for the hamza to sit upon; in fact, the A^rabic grammarians call it the "seat" (kursy) for the hamza.
May the hamza and its vowel be followed by a letter of pro- longation ? Certainly ; here are two examples :
(a) After hamza with damma, take wau :
mas-*ul (responsible) J^**-.^ or Jj^--*
(b) After hamza with kasra, take ya, la'im, base, (adj.) ^p
It may be noted here that adjectives are reckoned as nouns and given tanwin.
Why did we omit hamza with fat-ha.?
We will show this separately. Hamza with fat-ha is of course
written over an alif. Then what will be the homogeneous
letter of prolongation } It will be Alif.
But can I write two alifs together ? Yes : very occasionally
such may be found in special words ; but the only thing we are
concerned with just now is that we usually write one alif over
the other without the hamza sign, or, in a few cases, with the
hamza after this double alif.
How is it written and what is it called ?
It is called a "Madda", a word which means "prolongation".
It is written with a slightly curved slope; thus, '^
Examples : al-Qur'an (Koran) j' y^ ' (Be careful to pronounce it thus : al-Qur-an); he believed, a-ma-na ^a\ 10. Is the hamza ever marked in English books }
Yes : sometimes in Great Britain by a short hyphen, as in the words re-in force, re-appear, and in America by the use of the diaeresis j_l thus, reinforce, reappear,
- 34 - Exercise 13a. To English :
^ > ( w ) <5 1 01^1 3* (^) ^.^'J I. jic V I (a) /ju! I J (v) ^^"J I) o:.4l ^ jJI ^^^ ( \ t) ^^ii^ 0:^1 I- ( \\) jl ^I ^^
Note that -i means 62/ or in. In English we say "believe m". Faith in (by) God - iman billahi 4A) l> jU I
Faith in Christ (the Messiah) bil-Masih ^-s^'Jb j'i: J
Exercise 13b, To Arabic : I. He believed in the Qur'an. (2) He did not believe in the Advent ^ of Christ. (3) He believed in God. (4) She believed in the Coming of Christ. (5) Hast thou not believed in Christ ? (6) From the beginning. (7) In the beginning. (8) Faith in Christ. (9) Hast thou (fern.) believed in God ? (lo) A section (juz') of the Qur'an. (li) I believe (believed) in nothing (lit. I did not believe in a thing). (12) From the beginning, she believed in Christ. *(Note that Maji' (here) equals the-coming-^?/, the absence of the article will be explained in Lesson 19.)
EXAM. PAPER 13. (Send for correction, with full address).
A. To English :
S-')\l
oXJ (0) O^VjfjL^ (y)
L.df:;r {-<) ■'^'ife (r)
B. To Arabic :
I. The sun struck the man. 2. She did not write the book. [man.
3. I did not believe in anything. 4. She took the sword from the 5. Did you not kill the camel ? 6. Faith in God.
- 35 -
Lesson 14. — pron. affixes.
1. How does Arabic differ from English in the use of forms for some Personal Pronouns — (You, me, us, etc.) ?
Arabic has Pronominal Affixes, to affix to words to which the pronouns may be united — such as Prepositions, Nouns, and Verbs.
2. Give the five singular Pronominal Affixes, for Obj. case, etc.
i) 'J ^
i=ee ki ka ha hu
me (m. & f.) thee (f.) thee (m.) her him
1st person 2nd person 3rd person.
N.B. — These Affixes must be read from right to left.
3. What new letter is this ?
The Ha, which has the sound of the ordinary English aspirate H.
Separate Final Medial Initial
yi W ^4 A ha h
4. Give examples of the Affixes when joined to the preposition to: J
li la-ki la-ka la-ha la-hu
to me to thee (f) to thee (m) to her to him
5. What strikes one as curious here ?
That the J only once keeps its kasra (in to-me) and in the ' other four forms takes a fatha. (N.B. — Read the forms in §4 from right to left, commencing with 3rd. masc.)
6. How are these forms used }
To supply the lack of the verb To Have, in Arabic. J used as in the following examples signifies permanent possession. There being no verb, it cannot govern in Accus : !! (a). La-hu'akh-un 1 ^ ^ ^
To him [there is] a brother / r"' <! (\)
= He has a brother
36
(h). La-hd ukht-un
To her [there is] a sister — She has a sister
(c). Li umm-un
To me [there is] a mother = I have a mother
(d). A -It- shay - 'un Have 1 a thing ? = Have 1 anything ?
}
:-l 0 (r)
^^ Jl (t)
N.B.— The square brackets denote that the words within them are not expressed in English. So in other lessons.
7. Can the J of possession be prefixed to nouns with Jl ? Yes: but the alif is lost. ^ ^ -^>*.^l ^^^ prince has a mother.
8. Alj^J* ^it^^ What case is madina .?
It is Nom : not Accus. Why is this ?
9. What will turn these sentences into an interrogative form .? Either of the Interrogative Particles ' or J* (hal).
10. Mention one particle for making sentences negative :
^A ma (c. /. Lesson 4 : 4).
11. 'i^l. AljJ^iJ °Ja» What case is v->l) .? Why? ^^trd}\\ What case is shay-un? Why?
Exercise 14a. To English -
Ol:pl cJcj Ja (a)
re I
^ A
>^ dil C (r) V"^ 01 (i)
ExercisQ 14b. Translate your English back to Arabic.
I.
2.
- 37 - Lesson 15.
AFFIXES — (contd.)
Transliterate the Arabic word Sultan, jvki..^
Its meaning is Emperor, or King.
What two new letters are here introduced ?
The Ta, a strong T; and ISIuii which has an N sound. The ta
is allied to za-b, a strong Z.
t (hard) z (strong)
1
1
J.
].
^
ta
za
n O L> -^ ^ """
N.B. — J^ makes the fat-ha sound like aw in tawny and -i^
is an explosive sound sometimes transliterated zhd. It is
niTAch heavier than the simple z (zain).
Will not two of the forms of the Nun (the Initial and the
Medial) be confused with the Initial and Medial Ba ?
No : the diacritic point is above in the case of the Nun, and
beneath in the case of the Ba) --- and ->
We will now give the plural forms of the Pronominal Affixes
beneath the corresponding singular forms.
Sing
istPerson
Plural
na us
2nd Person
'cf
r
kun-na kum
you (f.) you (m.)
3rd Person.
r
hum
hun-na them (f.) them (m.)
N.B. — Read from right to left and learn by heart.
What letter is always found in the 3rd Person Pronominal
Affixes, both in the singular and in the plural ?
The Ha (See 14 : 2) hu, hi ; hum, hun-na.
-38-
6. And what letter is inseparable from the second person Prono- minal Affixes, both Singular and Plural ?
The Kaf : ka, ki ; kum, kunna.
7. What is the case of these affixes ?
They are accusative if joined to a verb and genitive if affixed to a noun or preposition.
Exs. of a ecus, l^ ^^ she struck her <i^S I broke it Exs. of gen. S^*^ with 3^ou llJlLl-*/ our sultan
8. But how is vJ genitive in vJjlLl**' ?
>\> ^ Our sultan = The sultan of us; c. f- <^j**'j his apostle, and
<il CJ/-^j the apostle of God = God's apostle. ^ililH ^^J the
name of the king = the king's name. »y. ' the father of him
= his father. (Explained in detail in Lesson 19).
9. But where are the nominative pronouns ?
These are, in Arabic, the real pronouns, being subjects of
*i * sentences, etc., they are given detached, separate words, as ^J^
we, ^»' I, etc. Details in Lesson 25.
10. N.B. — The following words take alif-kasra at the commence- ment of a sentence, but wasla when linked on to a, preceding word. That wa§la indicates that the preceding vowel is to be linked in pronunciation.
<^> 0
^ 0 , ^ 0
daughter AliJ name ^*J son J* J
'wff"e I'^^'A^ two(fem.) jlVin two (m.) jlj^J
or
N.B. In our vocabularies and in many places (but not in full reading exercises) we may drop the grammatical tanwin un. We shall also, as soon as possible, dispense loith transliteration,
II. Note that <w>l father has not a wa§la. A missing j is supplied before the pron-affix. U^> ' her father, ^y, ' thy father.
— 39 -
12. J'} when accurring in genealogies, as Ahmad son of Zaid, son of Omar, omits its alif, thus j*.^ u*. 5*1 J (j*. "''^^
Exercise 15a. To English :
^J^dAi^y,! (v) SiU'^W (a)
t;;r^oKt (w)
^ of ^;
^ . ^
i^J^J (r)
Y>C\{i (0)
41. 'kl > (^)
Exercise 15b. To Arabic :
(1) Have they not a son (whether not to them a son ? )
(2) We have a son. (To-us [there is] a son).
(3) Have you (f.) a sister .?
(4) Have I a sister ? (To me [is there] a sister) ?
(5) She has (To-her [there is] a father and mother,
(6) Have you (m.) a king?
(7) They (m.) have a king and a prince.
(8) We have an emperor.
(9) The King's name.
(10) She ate with her mother. (it) He took her with him. (12) Is your son with you (f.) ? Self Test 15.
(1) Write out the Singular and Plural Pronominal Affixes. (15:4)
(2) What is the difference between the first letters of v' and j\
L^ L^
— 40 — Lesson 16. revision of characters.
I. Let us learn the whole Alphabet m order. Also vowels, signs, etc.
Translit: Detached Final Medial Initial Name
It t 1 ^"f-
' ^ ^ ' Hamza
b {^^ C.^ ^ ^ Ba
♦ ♦ * *
t O C-v X J Ta
th ttj (J^ ^ * Tha
J (or g) ^ ^ ^ "^' •''"^
Ij (or hh) 7- rc ^C >- Ha
kh r- rc :7C >- Kha
d (> tX t> iX Dal
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
^ J J J
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
^ J J J
Ra
Zain Sin
u AAA A ^, ^
sh L^ LJ^ ''^^^ ^^^ ohin
§(orss) (_jO (^^ ^' ^ 1^^'^)
d(ordd) i_> (^ ^ i> gaj^
t(ortt) J? Ja la ]? Taw
z(or2;h) J? Ji li j? Zhaw
— 41 —
* ^ 5t St P Ain
• ♦ ♦ *
g\i (or ghr) P ^ X C* Ghaiii
f Li C-i A S Fa
q l3 ^3 A S Qof
k Ci) td C r Kaf
1 lJ (Jl i ] Lam
m M ^ ^ ^ Mim
n O O -^ ^ ^""
h l^ VA ^ A Ha
w ^ Ai ^^ ^ Wau
^) ^l ^l ^ ^?r
Alif
2. Give ^/ze vowels and diphthongs. Tanwin Damma Damma Long u j
Tanwin Fat-ha I Fat-ha ..,.1... Long a i '
Tanwin Kasra ""^'""Kasra 'y LQ^g i ^
Diphthongs : — ai (5 ; ao j
3. 0^/ier 82(7715. Hamza (full powers of consonant) *" Madda (one alif written across) I Wa§la (for linking words) ^ Siiadda (for doubling or strengthening) - Sukun (rest or silence) also called Jasfma •
— 42 —
4. The Figures :
A V
t 0 1
M sr \\
r
>
>^r >♦> )
n u >v
7-
Note the curious fact that numbers run from left to right as in Enghsh : c.f. 1917, > ^ \ V ; 1921, N ^ Y S. The mwi erica! order and values of the alphabet (i.e. the use of the Arabic consonants as figures) will be found at the end of our course. It is withheld from the student at this stage to avoid distracting attention. But those who wish may compare the Hebrew names of the letters forming the sub-headings of the 119^^ Psalm (English Bible) with this order of Arabic
characters (S ^ T J 3 ^ ^ 77 ^ ^
Which are the six letters which cannot be joined to the letters following them.?
Medial, Initial, Medial, Initial,
Final.
Separate.
J
Final.
I
Separate.
I
To these we may add the double letter lam-alif, which always
has the alif written athwart the lam. Vocabulary 16. Memorise carefully.
51
Day
abode
iyaum) ^^> (ddr)
religion
or, judgment (din)
Islam I al- Islam) ^5^-*)^ '
gold
(dha-hah) w^*^
Peace
Vizier, i.e., Minister
(sa-ldm) ^^^ (loazir)
Egypt
letter, epistle (risnfa) <\^^j
( Misr ) j-AA
bread
ikhubz)
<j. >.
- 43 —
Lesson 17.
TA MARBUTA & ALIF MAQSURA.
1. Does this conclude all forms of the letters ?
No : there are special forms of two letters. One is the o which in its final form is written A Now this letter is generally the sign of the Feminine Gender and can be affixed to very many of the masculine nouns (not quite all, because while J^j is mr//z, a separate word o l^»' is used for woman).
2. How is it shown that this < is the Feminine ending ?
It takes the two dots of the taO. Thus Cj I Ibna-tun (daughter).
But, in speaking or in newspaper reading this tanwin is always
dybpped as it is only a case-ending, and the word is pronounced
/ibna. Similarly Ao-X* madina (a city) e.g. al-medina (city
/ where Mohammed was buried). Compare also <l.^5 Qabila (a tribe). Note : The common word for ''girl" (also, daughter) is
. ** * I
hint 0>.) a corruption of the above AI>J
3. But is not the t-sound sometimes heard }
Yes, when. the word is the antecedent of the Construct State
then the t is sounded (Explained in 19 : lO).
The daughter of the judge Ibnat-ul-Qadi ^'A/i\ h}}
The prophet's city Madinat-
un-Nabiyi The tribe of Coreish Qabilatu-
Quraish The prophet's word Kalimat-un-
Nabiyi ' The prophet's letter Risalat-
(epistle, message) un-Nabiyi
The chapter of "The Cow" Surat-ul-Baqara ^jV^ ^J^*"
4. How do we distinguish this use of the t from the ordinary ta ? We call this o ta marbuta (which means tied-up ta).
|
'JiaLj |
— 44 -
5. What is the other letter that has a distinct form under a special name ?
The (5 which when written without its dots does not make / the long i (in other words is not homogeneous to the kasra) / but, to our surprise, acts as "prolongation" to the fat-ha. ^ 6. But is not that the work of Alif ?
Exactly, so this is a second alif. The first alif can be called '^ Alif mamduda = extended alif (this comes from a root meaning "to stretch out" compare "madda" from the same root, 15 : il). The ya without dots is then called "Alif maq§ura" (shortened alif), and is only used at the end of nouns.
,,0^ 7, Give examples of Alif maq§ura.
to.
|
Guidance |
hudan |
|
|
the guidance |
al-huda |
L^:^|1 |
|
fever |
al-humma |
j.s;i |
|
a youth, lad, |
fatan |
^-\ ^ |
|
when .? (interrog) |
mata |
|
|
to, towards |
iia |
il |
|
upon, on |
%la |
j^ |
What characteristic is common to I and ^ ?
Both are used at the ends of words and both are invariably preceded by a fat-ha. 9. Is the fat-ha sometimes written "upright".?
Yes ; this is the mark which shows that an alif of prolongation is to hQ pronounced, though not written. It is quite common in Al-Qur'an which had not, originally, the vowels written, to fix the pronunciation. The vowel-marks were added later, and the "upright fat-ha" showed where the long fat-ha was to be pronounced in the absence of the alif ! It is not now much used. The following are its chief examples : The Compassionate One ar-Rah-man 0^^ J
the heavens as-sama-wat v-ji^M»J '
— 45
that, those (demonst : )
this, these (demonst : ) but — but he life (Quran spelling) life (modern spelling) prayer (Quran spelling) prayer (modern spelling)
Exercise J 7 a.
f
|
dha-lika, ulaika |
dl;lj |
iidiii |
|
hadha ha-ulai |
*S |
|
|
lakin, lakinnahu |
'ki- |
|
|
hayatun |
||
|
hayatun |
||
|
§alatun |
||
|
salatun |
? jjft ^ Jilt o:;ji- 'i
Exercise 17 b.
I. Did you see the lad on the mountain ? 2 Yes, I saw him.
3. Did he take his book with him ?
4. Yes, he took it and rode (mounted) a camel.
5. What is that lad's name ?
6. His name is Zaid the son of Mohammed Ahmed.
7. Has this young man a father and mother.?
8. Yes, he has a father, mother, brother and sister.
46
Lesson 18.
DUAL & PLURAL.
Return to the verb forms of the Past Tense, and learn the Dual and Plural.
Plural Dual Singular
'JM^^
j^!^^
i":,
\j"
\) J^a
^
What have we here in these Plural and Dual forms ? Eight new Person-forms, that is, endings to distinguish the persons included in the verb : viz,
they (f)
a
you (f)
they (m)
r
you
c-
&
they two you two
we (m. & f.)
We observe here that Arabic has three numbers : Singular for One, Dual for Two, and Plural for More than Two. Note that there is no dual for the first person, the plural being used.
Write (and memorise) ^-5 to break.
Ox
,^-
^\
J.
i'lS
Is the Alif at the end of 'j* j'^ pronounced t
No, it is not pronounced ; its only function seems_ta_b£-tO-show the absence of any affixed pronoun : E. g., when the pronoun ''her" is affixed, as in "they struck her", the alif is omitted
47 -
Exercise 18a.
^ 0 ^ * ^
.. -• o^r- ^ .-
^oJ^\^^ d^JL:J-l ? *|^ l>:J" IjJl^I ^^ {\
Exercise 18b.
1. Did you (pi.) take your sword with you ? Yes; we took it.
2. Did they strike the camel with the sword ? Yes ; they struck it and killed it.
3. And did your son go with them ? Yes; he went with them to my town.
4. To your town ? Yes ; to my town.
5. What is his name ? My son's name is Ahmad.
6. Did they take bread with them ? They took it, and ate it.
TO STUDENTS.
(I.) It has come to my knowledge that one or two students have misunderstood the instructions and are translating ''From Arabic to English" only. This is a very serious error, i. e. to discard one-half oi every exercise and that the most important half. Please let it be understood that every ExercUe mvst be answered in full, both Ex : A and Ex : B.
(2.) N.B. Thoroughly master Lesson 19 as it deals with a characteristic Arabic idiom, of fundamental importance. A.T U
- 48 -
Lesson 19.
NOUJS/S IJSl CONSTRUCTION.
1. What is one of the chief peculiarities of Arabic in common with other Semitic languages ?
The way in which it places two nouns side by side in order to express such ideas as possession, material, cause, effect, etc.
2. Give an example of this simple juxta-position so as to express possession. How will the single idea of possession in reference to the two nouns, sword and man, be formed in Arabic ? How is "The sword of the man" written, for instance, in Arabic ? saif-ur-ra-ju-li the-sword-of the man.
> (J^y* ^^-^^"^ The man's sword. '» -) ^ *
3. What have we here ? Let us examine carefully. Sword (alone)
is <^^ saif-un; but the first word has lost its tanwindamma; therefore, here it is not mdefinite, i. e. it has become defined.
4. What is said to have happened to this first noun, sword ?
It is said to be "annexed", since it is joined to the second noun, which is called the "One-annexed-to." It cannot stand independently ; alone it expresses nothing completely. It can only be explained as generally requiring, as in this case, our English word "of". So the first noun can be translated by "the-sword-of". But we do not write the article. Why not ? Because the first noun cJu-« is considered to be sufficiently
defined by its juxtaposition to J>-J^ which is then put in the genitive as governed by "of."
5. What term is employed to express the dependent state of the ^rs^ of two nouns thus linked together, a state which requires the English word "of" to be supplied to convey the sense of incompleteness entailed by the form of the first noun ?
The first noun is said to be in the "Construct State (form)" or in a State of Construction, as it is "built into" its second noun.
- 49 -
6. Why has J>-^ in Jj^J^t*** ^ tanwin kasra (ra-julin) and not a tanwin damma ? Because it is in the Genitive Case (governed by "of" understood) Or it may be said to be in Possessive Case — "a man's sword".
7. "A book's name" ^V.jT 'L\ "Everything" s^^ ^^
8. Some Arabic Grammarians give the name Oblique Case to every noun not directly Nominative or Accusative.
So thai they call
^1; r the Genitive Case |
\ the Dative Case > Oblique Cases. ^^^ I the Ablative Case J
9. Then how many cases shall we say there are in Arabic ?
Nominative = Subject of the Verb
_, Accusative = Direct Object of Transitive Verb
Three cases : ,,
Genitive or Oblique = Governed by of", or
other Preposition, etc,— or "Possessive"
10. How do we^peak of the two nouns in construction ?
The first one is the Antecedent and the second the Consequent. N.B. The Antecedent, in ordinary cases, does not need the Definite Article ! See §4.
11. Does the Consequent more often than not, have the Definite Article }
It may do so, but only if it is already definite before being put
into the Construct State. In the phrase <— »b^JI J*kl the^ people-of-the-Book, al-kitdb was originally definite, therefore its only change, as a consequent, is that it replaces Nom- inative Case by Oblique Case, as shewn by the kasra.
^ > >• %■
12. Exs. The-people-of-the-house. ^-^r'' J'^'
The man's family. J'^J' J*'
The king's children. p^\ SS/ j I
^' • * • ■>
The origin of the universe. OJ^^ J^ ^
-so- ls. Suppose the consequent is a Proper Noun ?
It will take no article unless it be one of those few names
e
already possessing the article as ^^r** Real Arabic names ^ V, 3re often nunated as ^^ (then ^ w»uS ) foreign names not so ^^j} c-jCj (Lesson 52 : 8) j-aa J* \ The people of Egypt For a Celtic example see Bedd Gelert = Gelert's grave. 14. Does the Antecedent always take damma ? Its vowel depends, of course, upon its case, i.e. upon its place in the sentence.
They broke the man's pen. J^J f^ ^3jr^
The sun struck the man's head J^j" c/*^ J^^*-^-' ^i^^
'^^*\\ "C'' ''^ * t** I have seen Mt. Hermon. ?^^' ' Jf^ ^w^jla^
We wrote with your pen. (wUXaj Ilxl-S
^ J. A ^ '
Did the sun strike his head ? <-* ' j ^j^^Js\ Z^^j^a J*
"King-of-the-kings, and Lord-of-the-lords." V^*.*J**^^ V->-^ r^^^"^" ^^^
15. May the consequent of one noun be (at the same time) the antecedent of another ? Certainly : here are four examples.
One of the king's children. diUi ^Vjl-i^i
^ -So.
I struck one of the king's children. ^*'J' ^3 ' -^^ ' ^\ x^ I wrote to one of the king's children. wil,*)! ^ > j 1 J>- 1 J ' ^JiI^S We went to the house of the tribe's chie^ 4l-.*A)i ^^.JJ^Jlj J ' u-.^.>
16. What common error must the student avoid ?
That of "thinking English" ; resulting in the prefixing of the article to the antecedent of a Noun in Construction. Think not of "the name of a man" but of "a man's name" U-j ^\
- 51 — I/. Note the names of mts etc. in Wales, Pennines, etc. In Welsh y= Jl c.f. Bettws-y-Coed, Bwlch-y-Deufan, Pen-y-Gant; etc.
Exercise 19a. To English :
9m ^^ CX 1^
jj')V\aCj-^\\ (v
}o^ "i ^ ^
dlufiCj (s.
Exercise 19h. To Arabic :
1. The-day-of-judgment.
2. The-abode-of-peace ; Dar-es-Salam (E. Africa).
3. The Emperor's son.
4. The-Sultan-of-Egypt.
5. The-gold-of-the-Vizier (the Vizier's gold).
6. The-religion-of-Islam (Mohammedanism).
7. Hast thou (m) taken the vizier's pen ?
8. Hast thou (m) eaten the king's bread 1
9. No ; I have not eaten it.
10. The King's letter.
11. Did you go to Dar-es-Salam .?
12. I went to the Sheikh's mountain (Hermon).
jSI.B. Memorise the examples found in this lesson if possible. It is to Arabic what the pons asinorum (Euclid 1:5) is to Geometry.
— 52 - Lesson 20.
EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION.
A. Arabic to Roman characters. (Transliterate Ex. i8. A.)
B. Roman characters back to Arabic. Correct by A.
EXAMINATION PAPER 20.
To be answered without assistance, and sent up for correction. (Give student's name, address and number.)
A. Translate to English :
?o-' cUll (v)
ys^p-j^! (a)
^I^IaIIaij^ju J ^11 41) J (r) jlkl'^ '^ ^ (r)
'(.SU!l3jVjfp>-| (e)
% >i:l oi<n LI (a)
B. Translate to Arabic :
(1) He believed in the Quran.
(2) The-people-of-the-scripture [are] in Dar-es-Salam.
(3) Has the prince a city ?
(4) Didst thou write the book with the man's pen t
(5) The sun struck a youth.
(6) Did she not ride t
(7) Did she believe in a book .''
(8) Have you (PI.) [any] food ?
(9) Did she write the letter ?
(10) The-day-of-[the]-judgment.
(11) I believed in God's book from the beginning. (t2) I struck [off] the youth's head with the swora.
C. What is a madda and what is a wasla ?
— 53 - Lesson 21.
EYE, VOICE & EAR EXERCISE.
1. How is the word a) ^ pronounced ?
It is ildhun in reading or il ah in speaking, and means a god or
deity. It lias a plural form <^\ 'a-li-hatun (deities).
-^ — ■ '
2. How do we write " the god, or the deity ? "
<l^ I al-ila-hu, but in speaking, omit the final vowel u, and still pronounce the h by aspirating after the upright fatha, like the English word ah ! when correctly pronounced; i.e., ahh.
3. How do Moslems write the word Allah ? what does it mean ? Allah is written 4Jiii which is a contraction of a)*^ \ . It has a wa§la here, but it takes a simple fatha when it begins a sentence. After the alif the two lams coalesce, as shown by the shadda - The word means GOD, the Only Deity.
4. How is Allah pronounced ?
The middle fat-ha is very broad and is pronounced like aw in awful, and this re-acts upon the first fatha also, so we must practise saying Ol-lawh though we still transliterate it allah. But when the word is preceded by a kasra, as, for example, from a prefixed preposition, then (and only then) the word is much lighter, and is sounded almost like the short fatha.
1 5 3 -
Example: ji a«.i-' 1 al-Hamdu lillahi (Praise to God). The J preposition meaning ^'to" is prefixed and joined on in the place of the alif-wa§la, but not separatel}' shown in writing, for the Arabic never writes three lams together. The accent falls upon Inh but lightly so. N. B. We omit the last vowel of the sentence, to make the PAUSE (like Quran-readers). Exercise 21 A. "Eye, Voice and Ear" Exercise: —
(a) I he Arabic Order is, usually, "Verb before the Subject," but occasionally the subject precedes, for EMPHASIS.
(b) Prepositions govern nouns in the oblique case (with kasra).
(c) Now read aloud (with careful enunciation) and memorise.
- 54
(e) Keep on day after day for 15 minutes at a time, long after you have passed on to lessons 22-30. Memorise, memorise ! The secret is BEAD ALOUD. You 77iust do that.
^ I. Bismillahi wal-hamdu lillah. 4j(^ J^iTI 3 &\ Ls — \
^ 2. *Abd-ullahi wa ra-sul-ullah. 4jil Jj**. j j 4jii iufr — V
3. Kataba rasul-ullahi risala. ilUj^il J^^j1^I_j — f
^ 4. Kataba rasul-ullahi risalatan ila *abd-il-malik.
^ 5. Ba'atha rasul-ullahi risalatan ila-1-maliki wa wazirih.
V 6. Kataba rasul-ullahi risalatan ila-bn-il-maliki bi-qalam-
il-wazir. ^j'^l JIaj dlljl ^"1 Jl ilUj 4Jjl Jj-*'^ L^I-f — ^
V 7. Ba*^atha rasul-ullahi kitaban ila-bn^l-malika.
'' 8. Ba-'a-that il-malikalu kitaban ila rasul-illah.
9. Qata'al-waziru ra*sa rasul-il-malik.
9 .»
10. Yadullahi ma*al-Jama^a. ic-Li-l V^ jil J) — \ ♦
Exercise 2lB. Re-translate to the Arabic of 21 A.
I. In the name of God and Praise to God ! 2. The servant (slave) of God (Abdallah) and God's Apostle. 3. The Apostle of God (i.e. Mohammed) wrote a letter. 4. God's Apostle wrote a letter to the king's servant (slave). 5. The Apostle of God sent a letter to the king and his vizier (minister). 6. The Apostle of God wrote a letter to the king's son with the Vizier's pen. 7. The Apostle of God sent a book (or a writing) to the queen's son. 8. The queen sent a book to the Apostle of God. 9. The wazir cut off the head of the king's messenger. 10. God's hand is with the company. (A tradition commending unity of action).
55
Lesson 22.
THE MODEL FORM. For what technical purpose is the form J«i used ?
This root in the order of its letters J « J supplies "model" names for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd letter of any root so that we can speak of them technically. Thus the 1st root letter of any verb is named its l-5 (Fa)
And
2nd
|
Plural |
Dual |
|
1:L's %a |
|
|
rii |
M f- (Ain)
And „ 3rd ,, „ „ ,, „ „ „ „ J (Lam) 2. This root in its Past Tense, Singular and Plural, must now be memorised perfectly before the student proceeds farther.
Singular
Give the Transliteration.
Sing : fa-'a-la fa- a-lat fa-'al-ta fa-'al-ti fa-'al-tu Dual : fa*a-la fa-*a-la-ta fa-'al-tuma
Plur : fa-'a-lu fa-*al-na fa-*al-tum fa-*al-tunna fa-*al-na Explain the constructive use made of the three radicals \ * i They form a basal " Type-root " (or Model) for all verbs, etc. , We may add some of the servile letters (49 : 2) to it, and thus get a ''form" (which we should call in Algebra a formula) and upon this form we build our derived words. Thus, for example, we add an Alif to the fa of the root and get a form'll'lfrli which = "one doing" (doer). We can then make hundreds of words on this form. (See Lesson 23). w>0 a clerk, and
J)l5 a murderer are both said to be upon the form (or measure)
"^U because each one inserts an alif after the ^i ( or first radical ) of its verb.
- 56- 5. Is the " Model form " used for verbs, etc. ?
It can be used for all parts of speech, thus we say that ^l\\ to think is Conj.VlII on form J*:il and we say that J**>-hand- some, is on the form J^«>
Vocabulary 22.
The man (masc.) ar-rajulu J^J^
"man" (the race), al-insdnu (jl*»*i*j I
the girls, al-bandtu Ol-J \
the lesson, ad-darsu {j^J^^ I
what ? mddhd liU
why ? limddhd 'iU there is not
but (rather), hal "Ij
IrV
I^^O
Exercise 22a. To English :
Ci; -0 V (t)
■ SrAJ^V-.VfSl'All (r)
'o=:'i ri;pt J; V (o)
^_}^\':;'\\^f3'>%\'S^ (v)
fdUiljuliU (a)
— 57 - Exercise 22b. To Arabic :
1. Has the Prince a daughter ?
2. Yes, he has a daughter.
3. Has he a son ? No ; he has no son.
4. Did the Prince's daughter open the door ?
5. No, but the woman opened it.
6. Did they open it ? Yes; they opened it.
7. Did the Sheikh's children kill the Prince's son ?
8. Why did they do that ?
9. Where [is] the prince's daughter 1 10. His daughter [is] with her mother.
SOME Useful Adverbs, Etc.
|
here |
d |
when ? (interr:) |
S* |
|
there |
i]i> |
when (conj:) |
6 |
|
where ? (interrog:) |
a' |
then {conj:) |
r |
|
where (relative) |
very, (much) |
iS. |
|
|
how .? (interr :) |
'^ |
also, again |
^e// T'^sf Paper 22.
1. What special use is made of the radicals of the root \m\ to do (22 : 4).
2. Write out, from memoiy ^ni Singular and Plural. (22:3)
3. Similarly L>^i? (18: l)
58
Lesson 23.
NOUNS OF AGENT AND OBJECT. I. How many Parts of Speech are there in Arabic ? Three.
0 o
The Verb J->ll al-fil
The Noun The Particle
IS
sp
al-ism al-harf
2. What can /*^i (ism) the Arabic Noun, include ?
It includes the Substantive, Adjective, Numeral, Personal, Demonstrative and Relative Pronoun, and Participle.
3. How many Classes of Participles are there ? Two.
1st. The Noun of Agent, or Ac|i.Ye Participle,) \^V\\ ^ ® I pronounced is-mul-fa*il J k f^^
2n. The Noun of Object, or Passive PaxticijileJ \^'' \\ ^ ^ \ pronounced is-mul-maf ul J -^ '*' (^^
4. Give examples of this Active Participle or Noun of Agent.
one-whc-strikes : i.e. a striker
one-who-does: a doer, labourer
one-who-kills : a murderer
one-who-writes : a writer, clerk
one-who-d wells : \
an inhabitant /
one-who-is present \ "Present!'* (roll-call) j
one-silent : 1
silent {Adj.) J
|
da-rib |
^ r. |
|
fa-'il |
>u |
|
qa-til |
51; |
|
ka-tib |
tjir |
|
sa-kin |
D^i'- |
|
ha-dir si-kit |
to strike to do to kill to write to dwell
to come, be present
to be silent
$.^
-:<-
5. Let us analyse the above words. What do we observe?
We observe that each Noun of Agent is formed from the three Radicals of the simple verb (Past Tense, 3 s.m.) by adding an alif after the fa and placing a kasra under the 'ain of the word. Using the form J*> we say : — The verb forms its Active
Participle (Noun of Agent) upon the form UU. This last is the Tyord used above ( § 3 ) in Ism-ul-fa'il
59
6. Give examples of the Passive Participle or Noun of Object.
1
one-killed : a victim
written : a scripture
mentioned : above-mentioned
a-thing-chanted : a psalm
found : present here
a-thing-hated : distasteful
one shown mercy to: "late Mr "
a-thing-understood: )
understood )
that-is-known : ")
"of course" )
which-is-unknown : unknown
thing-notorious : one famous
= ]
maq-tul
mak-tub
madh-kur
maz-m<ir
mau-jiid
mak-ruh
marhum
maf-hum
ma*-lum
maj-hul
mashhur
} f> "
^ kl
^ > 6^
^ > ' JO
e ^
|
to kill |
3^ |
|
to write |
w':-^ |
|
to mention |
P |
|
to chant Or pipe |
|
|
to find |
V. |
|
to dislike |
•/ |
|
to show mercy |
rrj* |
|
to understand |
r*' |
|
to know |
'& |
|
to be ig- norant of |
3*r |
|
to divulge, make public |
7t Analyse the above Arabic v^ords (in col. 3)* and deduce our rule for forming the Passive Participle, i.e., the Noun of Object (ism ul-maf- ul).
To form this participle, which shows the sufferer of the action, place the letter mim with fatha before the radicals of the triliteral verb (3rd masc past) and a sukun over the first radical (the Fa of the root) and a wau of prolongation after the second radical. The end of the word takes the tanwin damma or fatha, etc., just like any other noun, for all participles and all adjectives are nouns in Arabic.
8. Why are these Participles given above in a tabular form.? In order that the student may rule them thus into his note- book. But the form of rendering, viz., "one-killed", "that- which-is-known" etc., need not be copied out : it is only given to show how the meaning is reached from the Participle-form.
N.B. One form to a page or 2 pages. Fill up with other examples as you come across them.
- 60 -
Exercise 23a.
^ >. 0^ ^o •: }^ r-.f ^
I:* I
--'0 '^^^® ^ ^ ^ ^
/
Exercise 2Sb.
1. Have the girls understood their lesson ?
2. Yes; the lesson is very well understood.
3. Is the judge's clerk present here ?
4. Yes ; he is present with us here. (See 24 : 6).
5. Is the writer of that book famous ?
6. Not at all (or, No). We know (have known) nothing about him. His life is unknown (=He's a mystery).
7. His book is very fine. What is its name ? Its name is "The Origin of the Universe".
8. What did he write about .? {lit. What t he wrote about it }) He wrote about everything.
9. Is the book printed on paper .'' 10. Of course.
- 6i — Lesson 24.
"VERB TO BE".
1. Is there a "Verb to Be" in Arabic ?
Yes; it is called the verb jO he was, (since all verbs are called by their masc : sing : past tense and classified thus).
2. Does the alif of prolongation cause any difficulty .?
It causes certain permutations or changes. Remember this point: The alif of jo is in the place of v^rau ! In some "persons'* the wau disappears, in others a damma shows where it has been, while in the present tense it re-appears, an example of what scientists call "Reversion to Type."
3. Now for the Past Tense of jo
Plural
Dual
Singular
|
^ |
\)\< |
{^."^ C-l? |
°Jr |
6^ |
|
|
kunna kuntunna |
kanu kuntum |
kanata kana kuntuma |
kanat kunti |
kana kunta |
|
|
l^' |
— |
'0:^ |
|||
|
kunna |
e |
kuntu |
4. How do we explain the second person etc. w^'S ?
This is explained (and easily memorised) by remembering §2 above. It is only in the third person that the wau is replaced by alif, in the others we assume the wau to be present and reason Add the pronoun Z^ and we get J^> / i.e., two sukuns together, which is not pronounced in Arabic. In other words, Arabic does not allow a long vowel before two consonants. Take out the wau and we get the same sound, but shortened, and we write it sZ^lS remembering that damma is homogeneous to wau. (More of this later when we get to the Hollow Verb, Lesson I15).
- 62 -
5- But is the Arabic Verb jo used as in the English ? Not exactly; we do not generally use its present tense.
6. What often takes its place ?
In Semitic languages the Subject and Predicate are written but the Copula "is" is not written. This makes no difficulty, for the student very quickly uses the^oriental form of speech. Example:"! [am] writing v--^rlj l> I- U ' is the separate pronoun "I" (see Lesson 25), and katib is the-one-who-is-writing, but it can also be read simply "writing" or "writer'', while the copula "am" is not written at all. I [am] killing ; or, I [am] a murderer J> \3 III
Thou [art] dwelling : or, thou [art] a dweller ^ ^-* C^> '
The man [is] nice (i.e., a "bonhomme") w^^U ^>-J \
The Pasha [is] a good (pious) man H^^^ J^J^T
(Words not expressed in Arabic are put into square brackets; those in round brackets are explanatory words.)
7. What of the adjective in the last example ?
The rule of Syntax concerning Adjectives is : The Adjective follows its Substantive and is of the same gender, number and case, being defined by J^ when its substantive is, or receiving tanwin if it does.
8. Does this omission of the Copula apply to the Past Tense ? No; (in Arabic) to the Present only. In the past we use jO
9 Important Rule of Syntax: When any part of the verb jo is used in a sentence, it causes the predicate (if one is expressed) to take fat-ha, while the subject retains its cjamma
Examples: The man was honourable ^^^j^ j^ j ^^
The woman was honourable ^^i^r* *'^*'' JU'O
^ • •* ^ ^ ^. ^ • ^
Thou wast near to the village ^Ul ^y \{j Z^'^S
I was far (off) '-^-•i Z^S
They had bread ( = there was bread to them) ->. ^ » >\ '. ^
N.B. "Bread" is Subject here, not Predicate. . ^t O
-63
10. The word ^♦X^ when it literally means "a word," takes a feminine form of the verb, but when it means LOGOS ("THE Word") which is Masculine, then it may take the Masculine, as in Home Exercise 25 c, on page 65.
Self Test 24.
1. Write out (from memory) the Past Tense of o^ (24 : 3).
2. What happens to the copula "is" in Arabic? (24 : 6). Vocabulary 24.
Jesus, Yasuhi 9' j^i owner, sahib ^p-i^
generous O men.
glory, majd
J^
thanks, shukr J^^
Exercise 24a. To English :
J^VjT^'^ c>I (v) 4A)I Jj^j ^ ll5^ (a)
4S Jikj I ( '\ )
>.?A!'kjl is.)
J^^^>
^^^^^jA)l (r) ,'c>:.°!fLX> (e)
Exercise 24b. To Arabic :
( I ) The queen [is] good (or, a good one).
( 2 ) God [is] generous.
( 3 ) The lesson [is] understood.
(4) The writer is [well] known.
( 5 ) [Is] The-owner-of'the-book famous ?
( 6 ) Jesus is the Son of God.
( 7 ) Where have you been, O men ?
(3) We were (or, have-been) with God's Apostle (messenger).
(9) Glory [be] to God.
(10) Thanks to the prince.
- 64 -
Lesson 25. personal pronouns.
1. What is the Arabic word for a Personal Pronoun ?
>)>J? Dainir which forms its plural j\c^ Remember that all Pronouns and Adjectives are treated as Nouns in Arabic.
2. What is the case of the Personal Pronouns ?
They are generally called "Separate" or ''separable" Pronouns, because they stand alone as separate words. These are Nominative Case, being Subject of the sentence.
3. Give the Separate Pronouns.
\
r'
'c/-
a' I
Ci
4. Memorise, reading the Roman transliteration from left to right (Ana is pronounced ana, not ana).
Singula?' Pronouns : huwa, hiya — anta, anti — ana.
Dual Pronoutis : huma, antuma.
Plural Pronouns : hum, hunna — antum, antunna — nahnu.
5. How do we express the Accusative and Genitive Cases ?
By the use of the Pronominal affix (See Lesson 14 and 18 : 5)
6. Two Interrogative Pronouns may well be learned here : these are
^^ and i^. Each is usually followed by a personal pronoun of suitable number. (Revise here 24 : 6)
• .#
Exs: Who art thou?
Who is the writer?
What is thy name ?
What is the chief purpose of man ? ^.
What is the origin of the universe ?
7. The word j'^^i (fem. -^J^^J) is used as the equivalent of our expression "so-and-so". As an Adj. ^^ may be used.
- 65 -
EXAM. PAPER 25. (To be sent up for correction).
A. To English
j9. To ^m6/r.
1. She is a good (pious) woman.
2. I was near my village.
3. My village is near the town.
4. You are a nice ("hail-fellow-well-met") man.
5. Did you know the murderer and the victim ?
6. Where is my book ?
C. Explain the difference between »*i^* J*" J' O^ and
v^j;^ (J^J^'^*'* O''^ Why the difference in the case of <-i>^^ -^
Exercise 25c. (Correct at home).
Exercise 25d. Translate to Arabic St. John I : I, 2.
- 66 --
Lesson 26, pjlkH
1. What are the two chief divisions of tense-forms in Arabic ? The Past and the Present-future. And whilst Past tense- forms can be used for any past action, whether represented in English by Simple Past (Preterite) Tense or by "Perfect" Tense, the Future tense-forms can be used both for an action still to be performed in the future (i.e., our English Future Tense); and for an action already in progress and continuing into the future (that is to say our English Preseiif Tense).
And so the Arabic Future forms we will designate as "Present- Future." As a rule the Arabic "Present- Future" form expresses a Present Tense, and we shall see, later, that an additional prefix will be employed to represent a Future Tense. Some call this the Imperfect Tense. But the absolutely sure name for it is its original Arabic one, Al-MuMri'u f* jV^^I ^
2. Give the Present- Future Forms (Singular) of the Model-form.
|
He will do |
yaf-*a-lu |
0-i |
3 m |
|
She will do |
taf-'a-lu |
'y^ |
3 f. |
|
Thou (m.) wilt do |
taf-'a-lu |
2 m. |
|
|
Thou (f.) wilt do |
taf-*a-li-na |
^ 0 ^ |
2 f. |
|
I will do |
af-'a-lu |
3^1 |
I |
3. What do we notice here }
That whilst the person-forms follow the verb root in Past Tense, they come before it in the Present-Future forms. That is to say, the action which is finished and p ist places the formative person-mark after its verb form : whilst the action that is not in the past but in the future (or continuing from present into future) places its person-mark before the full verb form. Past Tense person-marks may thus be called "Afform- atives"; Future (and Present-Future) may be called "Preform- atives." (It should be noted, however, that in taf^alina there is an affix as well as a prefix).
- 67 -
4. Give the Singular of ^Ull of ^^» to hinder or prohibit. We follow the Model-form J.i, J«> precisely.
He (does or) will prohibit She „
M »>
yam-na- u
tam-na- u
3 m.
3 f.
Thou (m.) dost or wilt prohibit tam-na-*u *:U 2
m.
»> »» >>
Thou (f.)
I (do) or will prohibit
tam-na-'ina t^uJLi: 2 f.
• \
am-na- u
r
5. Mention a few verbs for conjugating on this exact model.
to gather ;»*k «♦>- to raise »* j* »• j
to open
to go
to appoint 'jjii J*>.
to praise r^^ r^
6. Why the past and present-future side by side ? That is the plan followed in the dictionary, and the student is from now henceforth to take a separate page in his vocabulary note- book for every variation of the type-root J*ii^ J*i that we give as a new "form", and every new root must be entered thus :
Meaning $J^^'
|
^"•' |
|||
|
to raise |
t^- |
C' |
|
|
>\- |
|||
|
to open |
p:.'.Ai |
e |
|
|
} ^' " |
^ t |
||
|
to ask |
J \^\ |
JL |
7. What is the difference between iST^ and U (Intern) ?
U is used (intern) before a noun, 1^1"^ before a verb. Examples : What is his name ? <i^^i U What hinders ? ^ ^iU
68 —
SOME ADVERBIAL PREPOSITIONS.
N.B. — These are really (Antecedent) Construct Nouns in Accusative Cose. The consequent is, of course, in the Genitive.
after... between., with, at...
J»>
Jls-
behind... behind... before...
above... beneath..
^y
in front of... \Ka \
But when they are used as Adverbs, not Prepositions, and stand alone, then the final vowel of most of them is damma
where (reL adv.) j^*>
below (adv.) J^V above (adv.) ,Jy
Exercise 26a. To English :
t^.Jl^i' (v)
cib., jt ;>;*Jir (a)
o>:)Vl 'oi" (w)
Of.
;oji'^y (r)
y:::.3>t0l (r) 'di^i'JiC (t)
Exercise 26b, To Arabic :
1. He opens the door (gate) in front of the house.
2. The queen raises the sword.
3. Entrance [is] forbidden.
4. What hinders you?
5. What [is] the hindrance .-'
6 The boy (youth) [is] praised (commended).
7. I am going (or, I go) to my house.
8. Thou (f.) goest to thy house.
9. Why do you (f.s.) not open the door ? 10. Under the earth.
|
— 09 - Lesson 27, |
||
|
DVAL AND PLURAL. |
||
|
Give the rest of ^ jl^ll of J^Aj^ JaJ |
||
|
Plural |
Dual |
Singular |
|
^ Ox" |
— |
'>i |
2. Give the transliteration of the Dual :
S.m. yaf-'a-ldmj S.f. taf-'a-ldny 2.m. i: f. taf-'a-ldny. Note the resemblance between 3rd Feminine, and 2nd person. The 2nd Dual ( like 1st Singular and Plural ) is Common to both Masc. and Fem.
3. Transliterate the Plural : S.m. yaf-'a-liina S.f. yaf-'al-na 2.m. taf-'a-luna 2.f. taf-'al-na 1. naf-'a-lu.
4. Note the similarity of the three following : yaf-'a-lu : he will do.
af-'a-lu : I shall do. naf-'a-lu : we shall do.
5. Note (l) the third person uses .> (with two exceptions),
(2) the second person uses J throughout,
(3) the difference between m. & f. pi. (both in 3rd & 2nd).
6. If the verb precedes its subject does it take the plural, etc. } No ; in Arabic there is an important RULE OF SYNTAX: A verb preceding its subject may be inflected for gender (if the subject is quite near to it) but takes Singular number only. Learn these examples by heart :
The women went out -ll^lll Z^of^
The pupils study The girl-pupils study
- 70 -
The girls attend (go to) the school
Do they (f) understand the meaning
of their lessons ? They do not understand their (its)
meaning.
7. Write out ^♦>- to collect, in full :
> ^
.-.^
Ov^-*^ *^^
^ ^e
cr'
.9e// Tes^ 27.
(1) Write out the Plural of V-J^^ (27 : 7).
(2) Write some examples of the Rule of Syntax {ij : 6). Exercise 27a.
dU^ji V,, dll G (^) r*l:.; bljf '^»Vrl ( ^ )
0 - _-^
; 0^
at"
Exercise 27h.
(l). When they see us, we will go to them. (2). They (f.) write a book and are ignorant of its meaning. (3). Then they (f.) praise their work ! (4). We will prevent them (f.) from [doing] that. (5). How wilt thou prevent them (f.) } (6). I will collect their books, all of them. (7). I know all my lessons. (8). We will ask thee (f.) about thy lessons. (9). Do the girls understand their (its) meaning.? (Sing. Fern, pronoun to represent the Broken Plural of inanimate object) (10). The girls [do] understand their meaning.
- 71 -
Lesson 28,— future.
1. How may we distinguish Future Time ?
To the ordinary Present-Future Tense ( al-mudari* ) we prefix one of two prefixes : either the letter (j*- with fatha, which is a prefix only and forms a part of the verb ; or the separate word cJ>^** saufa.
2. What do (^ and L>j-* mean ?
^ denotes "in the future," and may be paraphrased as "soon."
It is probably abbreviated from the old word <^^^ which now denotes *'in the distant future."
3. Give the tense with future meaning, "He will swim."
• r ^^ -
\^
Give similarly, the Quranic phrase concerning unbelievers who stop their ears now ("They shall know later," etc.) This word is seldom met with outside the Qu'ran.
^♦J.A>^ c-3^^ j^^Xa^ \^j.^ Aa) (w5^-w .1a» <^
/ lO'
.«^
r
c
^ I « .. ^ ♦ •
5. What are AA or fatha fatha verbs .? Give a few.
These are verbs on the form \»\ A*> which do not take damma or kasra with the '^ain of the Present-Future tense. Enter up the following in your vocabulary-book under those given in Lesson 26: — to sow
ty^-6
JJ
to fascinate, charm, bewitch
to transcribe (a Ms.)
or, to abrogate (supersede a law)
>^ •
72 —
c^. cr-
to make (manufacture)
to pardon (forgive)
to overcome
to intercede
to be useful to
6. Apply the Forms of Lesson 23 to these verbs.
This is quite feasible to the student, but some words thus formed may be "artificial," and not heard in actual use : we therefore, propose to indicate several most useful actual expressions in quite common use. We give the etymological meaning to show how it was derived, but also the technical modern use of the word.
Modern meaning
Noun of Etymologically A. or Obj. Verb
|
a victor |
an-overcomer |
•',*(; ■y |
^ Z^ |
|
"the victorious city " (the word corrupted to CAIRO) |
the-one-over- coming (f) |
||
|
a chapter or verse which super sedes (a former one) |
abrogating |
A> 0 • |
|
|
a verse 4>T abrogated (by a later one) |
abrogated |
c.-' ^ ^ |
|
|
a maker, manufacturer |
one-making |
e |
|
|
manufactured (artificial) |
thing-made |
||
|
manufactures (reg. fern, plu.) |
things-made |
Olc^l^>« |
C" |
|
a magician, a sorcerer |
a-charmer |
>- |
|
|
a person bewitched |
one-charmed |
"f^ |
|
|
useful, beneficial |
benefitting |
-^ |
|
|
thing-sown, crop |
sown |
t/yy |
V' |
— 73 — Vocabulary 28.
an hour A^U-
. . ^ . .
to hear /^^^L A^^
P/. of Juc- — :>C^
coming (fern.) i-ii
Exercise 28a. (Look at 2bb. for any unknown word, but " thy two ears," will come in Lesson 48.)
SiftU Ju. dlJt yJ.>Sj, (r) ^|.:«! I ^^.j^Air V Li^-- ( \)
•5 U r^,^ J I li I VJ J ( 1 ) ''^ I J I 1^"!)^,^ is I ^*:^^ (r)
i' VI j/dl; j LV. (^) dXA''i.4j^j^^^^^^^ (0)
<^l* ( (^SCli ) ^A ^^ SlJii ;^A»l2ll oU/::^''^ (v)
<^j.J<^ \ VI c« c>" (a)
^Jl CjS "/•UI llA ^lill ^^ (a^^
Exercise 28b.
1. Their gods (deities) will not benefit them [later on].
2. I will come to you after an hour.
3. God forbids (prevents) their prayer to their gods.
4. God listens to the prayer of His servants.
5. Thy ears hear a word behind thee.
6. They will ask thee about the gods (deities, or idols).
7. The manufactures (manuf: articles) of Cairo are few, but
they are useful.
( Put " few " in fern. sing, i.e., I because inanimate things ( Neuter
Gender) are thought of SiS fern. sing, and thus tlie predicate is fem. sing.)
8. The verse was abrogated.
9. The judge resided here in front of the prophet's house. 10. The crops (sown) in Egypt are very good,
— 74 —
Lesson 2^Q.—"M00Dsr
I In what "Mood" is the verb already studied?
The verb studied in Lessons 26-28 is in the Indicative Mood, or the "Mood of Simple Assertion" (as in English). Nothing has been conditioned ; a simple direct assertion has been made.
2. What other Moods are there ?
(a) Subjunctive, ex. "In-order-to go" ; "that he may go."
(b) Jussive (Command) "Let him go!" (Imperative formed from the Jussive). "Go."
(c) Energetic (or Emphatic). "Verily he will (surely) go." As the last-mentioned is of little importance to us at this stage, it will be postponed until Lesson I28(i.e. after the Weak Verb). What are these Moods called in Arabic 1
"States." Each of the Indicative, Subjunctive and Jussive has a distinctive vowel-mark, wiiich may be compared with the vowel used in each of the three cases of the Noun. The kasra is not used with the Verb, its place being taken by the sukun : the damma and the fatha, however, are used in both Verb and Noun, and the very Arabic word for Nominative Case is that for Indicative Mood, similarly, the term for Objective Case is that for Subjunctive Mood. Learn the following table :
3.
|
English Name |
Vowel |
Arabic Name |
English Name |
Vowel Arabic Name |
|
|
Indicative |
f |
> 9J> J' |
Nominative |
> |
|
|
Subjunctive |
..'... |
Accusative |
- |
^ > . |
|
|
Jussive |
« |
{ij^ |
Genitive |
<' |
5. We said in Lesson 26 that the Proper Arabic name for the Present-Future (Imperfect) Tense is 9-^ ^♦'' Now this word means "that-which-resembles," and here we see how it resembles, viz., while the Past Tense is Indeclinable, this Present Tense is declinable, i.e., it can be declined by the use of the case- vowels /„..''.....*.. as the Noun can be declined by -'... so it
resembles the Noun ; but Past Tense always ends in fatha,
-" 75 -
6. How can P-j ^^^ J I Tense be negated ?
By the simple negative particle > which has no effect what- ever upon the case-vowel. Ex. "He will (does) not ask."
'jUv
7. What is the Past Tense called? It is called ^^Ul (al-Madi) which is an Active Participle meaning *'that-which-passes". Self -Test 29. .
(l) Give a list of Arabic Moods, or States (29 : i, 2). (i) Explain and illustrate the statement that "The imperfect Tense resembles the noun in its declension" (29 : 5).
0 > 0 X
to inform (Conj. IV) jy^^ j^>- ^ Exercise 29a.
to reap
UO ^r ^/j1 (a)
jiV^ vsji'pj'i (w)
^ ;t
Exercise 29h.
(1) Why do they not ask him?
(2) They do not look at me.
(3) They (two) do not know
[the teacher, [prayer.
(4) The pious woman offers
(5) Where hast thou (f)been ?
arj/>4^ (r)
'^;iJtoii;:.v (r)
ci^:>i (0)
(6)1 was dwelling (f) in Cairo. ( 7 ) Is the man pious (good) ? (8 ) Tiie man was good.
(9) They (two) hear and do
nothing (not a thing).
(10) They sow and (but) do not reap.
-76-
Lesson 30.
SUBJUNCTIVE. c-)^^:ll
I. Revise the Introduction to the Moods in Lesson 28. How may we know when to write the verb as "Man§iib" (Subjunctive) ? There are certain particles which affect the verb in this part- icular manner. A very full list of particles with their governing actions will be studied later on. The following nine Sub- junctive particles are to be memorised now.
Action Meaning Particle
|
0 ( |
||
|
Present-Future, takes subjunctive after it |
to (that) |
ji |
|
»» »> »» »> >» |
in order to |
'S |
|
»» >» ■'»» »» >» |
»> M l> |
J |
|
>> f' >» >> M |
>> >» t> |
v^^ |
|
Subjunctive but distinctly future negative |
not (in future) |
b' |
|
Subjunctive but with negative force |
in order not |
i'Si |
|
Subjunctive = *^ jl J |
lest |
|
|
0 Answers the particle d\ " What if ? " |
in that case |
6i> |
|
Subjunctive ^^ = j i^J^?- |
until |
2. Give particular examples of their use.
(a) ji is the word which can be paraphrased "that" or simply "to". It has the meaning of desire to do (or, doing) an action. Learn this phrase ^^-^J. u' -^^J^ (he wishes to go, i.e. that he
may go)L^*il jl -X;jl "I wish to go"; ^j^j^ J^\j^ "I wish to visit you" (= that I visit you). Note the paraphrase.
(b) ^1 means "not," but in the future. The present "not" is V which has no influence upon the Present Future.
^•-^>^j'^ w^*-^> >' He does not, and he will not go in the future".
^Jj^ = J' > = j' 0^^» i = it will not happen that...
— 77 - Another example : Jt^*^ ^ ^3^- o' ^^® miser will never be liberal.
(c) J and ^J are both parts of ^^^j and affect the verb alike.
(Palmer gives ^^ ^1 yi-l "that God may pardon thee": but this must be distinguished from lam-ul-amr, the lam of command — See Less: 32 : 4— which apocopates the verb thus <wl dll yiJ
Let God pardon thee)i3;^jl ^1 w^
order to visit you. When these particlesare used j ' is not used^
(d) ^1^ (lest) is compounded of ^ 0 ' J and so the O' places
the verb in the Subjunctive, while the > negates it.
(e) The first six or seven only are important (at this stage).
' <w> r^*- or -^J*yj\ I came m
3, Conjugate j-S l>^ that he may eat (as in ^3 L j I S^^y )
.y\^ ir jl I^K irjl
yi-jija-ji
^KlTjIjrirjl
4. Compare the Indicative in Lesson 26. What do we observe .'' (a) Change of (Jamma case-vowel to fatha, in all the singulars but one, and in the first person plural, (b) The rejection of the U and j in 2nd Sing. Fem. and in all the duals, and the 2nd and 3rd Masc. Plural. It will be found that the numbers, genders etc. are sufficiently indicated without the nun.
(c) The retention of the J in 3rd and 2nd Fem. PI., as being absolutely necessary to distinguish the gender.
5. For further practice, he wishes that he may do J^J^^o' -^X
^ 9 % ;^o^ol •^e^ ot^^o^o^ ^ , 9 ^ t % ^o^of
^2^Uir jl I^Uir jl
^ X- e^ of
J*A»* jl
^ ^i y of
%ir jl
^*ir jt J*ir jl . ^0 J • ^
- 78 -
6. Examples of the paraphrase of j I : ^^^ij jl '^1 '^j\.^ It is good for you that we go (= Our going is good for you). s-^*-> ' U M j:^>- It is good for me to go. (for me to go = that
e
I go = my going). ( This word ^^>\^ is the word used in the
equivalent for "thank you" ^ j\J>^^ jS " May [God] increase thy good").
7. Always use J or ^^J as in "Vf G^ ' Ssj ^i*- to express " in order to" (eat), or "for the purpose of " (eating). (See 2.c.)
Self Test 30. (f) What is the difference between i^:*-^' jl and l^^Air ^ (30 : 6, 7).
Exercise 30a.
'J-^^ $;i ^;! (n) ^ l/ji=='^_ VI (a)
^^ -^'
J<iji'-^J (0
^) ^^ l^^j.*-a.^ jl (t)
Exercise 30h.
I. I wish to eat. 2. " Lest ye enter into temptation".
3. I have food to eat. 4. " To fast is good for you".
5. Jesus came [in order] to save man.
6. "The miser will ne^^er be generous". (Proverb).
7. We do not wish to (that we) visit you to-day.
. 8. "That they should not worship (lit. bow down to} God." 9. They have gone to (in-order-to) visit her. 10. He wishes to (= that he may) visit you always.
N B, Before answering Exam. Paper 30 learn the phrases at the head of page 81.
— 79 —
EXAMINATION PAPER 30. To English :
4^ ^^\^]| j^'^*J^ V (r)
^r^jfjJ'o't^iliC (o)
dU> V/;^_ V (a) jT>!l ^ 'oiJ (V)
B. ro AraUc :
(1) [In order] that the writer (f) may write her name.
(2) The charmer (magician) will fascinate (charm) the queen of Egypt.
(3) I wish to know the name of a hook, please.
(4) The "People of the Scripture" are in Egypt.
(5) Do your (fern, pi.) children go to school ?
(6) I wish to visit you (sing:) continually.
(7) This is from the favour of my Lord.
(8) The miser will never be liberal.
(9) They have gone to (in order to) eat.
(10) Thou art from Egypt, we are from the tribe of Quraish, and they are from Al-Hind (India).
C. Answer these questions : ^^^-^^
(1) State the rule for forming the Noun of Object (Pass. Part). -y
(2) Form botti Active and Passive Participles (giving) their
meaning) from the verbs ;«*^ 7^-> ^»
s
— 80 — Lesson 31.
*'Eyc, Voice, Ear" Exercise.
Rules as before (see Lesson 2l). Memorise one or two sentences at a time, day by day ; then keep up the whole. Sentences I — 4 are the opening ones of the Quran, 5 and 6 the **Creed".
4JOI J^-J A*^^ — A
Exercise Sib. To Arabic :
1. In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful :
2. Praise [be] to God, the Lord of the Worlds :
3. The Compassionate, the Merciful :
4. The Owner (Ruler) of the Day of Judgment.
5. I bear witness that [there is] no Deity but God.
6. And Mohammed [is] the Apostle of God.
7. I believe (have believed) in God alone.
8. I believe (have believed) in God and His Apostles, and His Scriptures.
9. Hast thou read Chapter "The Opening One" 1 Yes, I have. 10. Is there found in Chapter "The Cow" an abrogater and an
abrogated [verse].? God knows {lit. God is more-knowing).
- 8l — ADVERBIAL PHRASES.
Had it been jcT ^1
Except for (had not) S*^
^^i
For ever (after neg. never) i J) I
Continually
Immediately
Sometimes
Sfc>
»v5j ill /Ja«)
Of thy favour (plr^ase) cUU^ki ^
Of his favour Instead of... In spite of ... For example Exactly
Lesson 32. /•^j^l
1. Revise the Introduction to Moods in Lesson 29. What is the " Mood of Command " or Jussive ?
It is that which expresses the idea — " Let him go ! let her go ! , let them go!.'' It generally has the particle J of the Jussive prefixed to it. This lam takes kasra, and the verb is then apocopated, (i.e. the nun rejected) in the 2nd Sing. Fern., all the Duals, and the 2nd and 3rd Masc. Plural.
2. Why is the nun not cut off from the 3rd and 2nd Feminine Plural also .?
Because its retention is necessary to show the gender.
3. What happens if there is no nun, as in 3rd masc. sing. .'*
The vowel is then replaced by sukun, or jazma, and the verb is said to be majzum or marked by jazma (29 : 4).
4. Give the 3rd Person Sing, Dual and Plural of this Jussive or Mood of Command.
{J^AX^ I .."ifciJ LauJ (^Jifci:! v^JLI
Let them (f) go ! let them go ! let them (2) go let her go ! let him go I N.B. "let," in this case, has almost the meaning of "must", they (f) must go ! they must go ! they (2) must go 1 she must go ! he must go I
82
5- This lam, called in Arabic "lam-ul-amr" i.e. the lam of com- mand, usually takes kasra (we said) and apocopates the verb. But suppose it is preceded by Li (then or therefore) 1 ?
a ^ 0 X
It may then be marked by sukun, thus : then let him go ^^* J-wU A'oife.— Carefully distinguish it from the other lam, meaning "in order to", which we learned in Lesson 30 : 7 and 2c.
6. May the Jussive take all persons ?
Yes, all. (We have used the word "Jussive" to accustom the student to this old-fashioned Latinised word in case he should ever be asked to define it. Better to call it f J^O. When we use a conditional sentence, (especially in condensed epigrammatic wisdom for which Arabic proverbs are famous) we write this form. "Knock, and-it-shall-be-opened to-you"
takes three words in Arabic J>^J ^*j»> J^j^J (second verb is passive), 'j-^^ '^r^^ seek, ye shall find.
7. Are there any other particles causing the verb to be ^^'j^ Yes, many ; but they will receive detailed attention in SYNTAX, Lesson 193. A really common every-day one is J (not)
8. Give all the persons of Txliij^ J (he did not open .
a*-^- ^
9b^A\
• I
ev
— s
9. Surely it cannot mean "he did not open" }
But it does mean that ! Learn this curious rule : The particle J not only negates the action of the verb but also converts the present to past time. (In Hebrew c.f. vav conversive).
they did not go = ' J***^ ^*
r
>•%-
(J «l ^•**»>" J ye did not ask me ^ ci^**' ^^ ^^ (c./ 34 : 6).
- 83 -
e
10. Give all the persons of Tj^' "let him go out"
u'^j^^ ^j^y-
^\"
» ^
• >•.
^^j ^^:
0 ^
t>v
II. Can the Imperative be formed from the 2nd Person Jussive ? Certainly, that is how it is derived. Remove any particle and also the preformative 1 and supply an alif vowelled as needed (but with a wa§la when preceded by other words in a sentence). We then get the Imperative thus :
" ^ « .• ^
c-^
^.,, ^.
12. Why the damma over the alif in ?-j> i ?
Because verbs having a damma in P- ;l^Jl take a damma for the alif of the Imperative. All others take kasra.
Exercise 32 a.
oCufjI 5/io 'jp\ ^'>_ -^ liQ s
^
> 0^ ^$
I A. I ;LVi J %^ XC jl 3^.V I ' ^i I ^
N.B. For the sequence of tenses in (2) see next page.
- 84 -
Exercise 32h.
1. Why did the vizier (minister) not go out to visit the Saltan ?
2. Because (see Lesson 34, page 89) they did not inform
him that the Sultan v^as wishing it (that). 3 Did he not ask them? No: he did not ask them anything because he did not know that the Sultan was there (present).
4. What did the Sultan say when he found that his minister
did not come to visit him ?
5. He said "Seek me and you find me" his meaning was
'I am always here'.
6. Did the two princes understand his meaning? No; they
never understood it. (or, they did not understand it at all).
A SIMPLE 8T0EY Exercise 32c. Translate to English, then back to Arabic.
jl ^1313 ^^^'^ A^J^ by ^'**"'' 0^*"* ^^l ^-^*\ i^} ^r^ Cr*
^}6 ^ 5f
jT U3 J\{^ j>.3 1; I 3 15 [>0 :j^YcJ\ ^"-* '>;• V I <) J lift
J C 3u S^". y d\i ^'^^vi .v3i5 oVi 'l\ '^1 d(!i3^.ii*
(I) he wished (2) who. /jjt ;>• '^ 3 els' IjCi
(3) for laisa see Lesson 36). ^ -
Sequence of Tenses. Carefully note the Sequence here.
He did not know that the Sultan was wishing ^,J ^ (jlUi*-)! (j ' A»)^ I
One past verb followed by a present conveys the idea of "past continuous" (or, past imperfect), and there is no need for the double past.
-85- Lesson 33
THE PROHIBITIVE V I What is the negative form which /or6^(is the action ?
The prohibitive particle V la = " do not," must precede the verb, which is then put in the jussive, ormajzmn. Thus: "He must not go" l^^ij, "^ : "Go not (f.)" ^'-^> > • This particle is called the "la of prohibition". Distinguish it carefully from the la of simple Negation, which, as we have shown, does not affect the case-vowel of the verb.
Give the prohibitive of f" y "to knock".
2.
they
iV
(f.)
'c»-V
they must not knock do not knock (f.Pl) do not knock (PI.) let us not knock
» ^
let not knock
^'-.^ V
knock not (f.)
(hardly necessary)
let not knock don't knock (m).
3. The most frequently used are the second persons, and the
•u^
4-
plural of the first person. Let no-one know
Is there any other Id yet to be learned }
Yes, one more — a particle which is used with a noun to deny
its existence in totality.
There is no deity but God.
\\h\i\'^
There is no strength and no power but in God.
^^> ^
There's no harm to you.
5. In what case is the noun negated by Id ?
(a) Always in the Accusative ; (b) generally without tanwin, a solitary exception to the rule we learned at the beginning.
6. We will now show the similarity and contrast of the three moods by means of a comparative table. (In order to get the three side by side we have to alter the usual native method of tabulating the tense; so read down the column).
~ 86
|
tf^ |
|||
|
Jussive (he did not eat) |
Subjunctive (that he eat) |
Indicative (he eats) |
|
|
'^^) '^^ |
y'""- y' "' |
||
|
3^1 ji |
oA5 1- 'jr ir |
||
|
' > % - > i. |
|||
|
'^i^iv; '>^^'.v |
|||
|
^5- 1.--) i^rir"! |
< 3 |
||
|
P. |
Exercise S3a.
/ ^
J)\ V! sS'j V3 'J> V (a) ill VI 4)J V (v)
0
'Sl^ 'Ji V (a)
3':j.JLjf jl l_^l! (^) j^ A^I3 V I L*°X V (r)
V(i)
a, * - ^ - ^
Exercise 33b.
1. Let them ^w^ go to the city.
2. Let not go except one only ! == Let only one go !
3. Do not knock on the door !
4. Do not open the door, O my mother!
5. They do not know everything.
6. There is no power and no strength except in God.
7. There is no deity but God.
8. No harm to you ( = Cheer up ).
- 87 -
Lesson 34.
1. Revise the Pronominal Affixes already studied (Lessons 14-15).
2. To what are these Pronoun-marks affixed ?
(1) To prepositions ; then they are "governed by the Prep."
(2) To'rSSsf then they are genitive (construct) "of him"^.e. his.
(3) To verbs; then they are in the direct Accusative case, i.e. the object to the verb, as y»^^ he struck her.
3. Show how the preposition ^« from (or, some of) is united to these affixed Pronoun forms.
r:
O^-t'
S > ^ o > ^
from them (f.) from them (m.)
> •
from thee (f.) from thee (m.)
from us What is noticeable here ?
from them two
> o
from you two
from her from him
e ^ •
from thee (f.) from thee(m.)
from me
5.
The preposition ^J^ requires, like the verb, a nun between it and the first person sing, affixed pronoun, thus, he struck me, ^1 j-'a and, from me ^5-^. • This nun, which in this case is rep- resented by the shadda, is called the "nun of precaution.'* Is this true of any other prepositions } Yes ; if they end in j as for example j-^l in the presence of,
or before, and ^ft (away from, or, off from). 6. Does either of the verb-forms alter its vowelling on becoming united to an annexed pronoun ?
Yes ; the 2nd per. pi. past adds a wau and homogeneous damma: thus (J^*.I)^^ ye struck me).
7.
|
efix the preposition |
V to the affixed |
pronoun |
s. |
|||
|
Plural |
Dual |
Singular |
||||
|
7} r* |
>• |
/» |
-r |
|||
|
i^ , % |
Us;, |
— r |
||||
|
^\ |
— |
J. |
— \ |
88 —
8. In which person is a change made ?
In the third person; for a prefixed kasra or ya causes the hu, hum etc. to take a kasra, so we get bihi, bihim, etc., but it does not change the kum etc,
9. Prefix (J (in or within) in the same way.
L
\^<^
|
,V — r |
|
|
dl.i-r |
|
|
! — ^ |
lu. Where does the shadda come from (in the 1st Sing.) ?
It represents the pronoun (^ which coalesces with the ^ of tJ and takes fatha, being a consonant and not merely a letter of prolongation. Another example; the word j^*X«^ is the plural
of mu^allim (teacher) in the Nom. and j>*>*>* in the Accusative. When we wish to say ** my teachers " ( whether Nom. or Accusative ) we find the construct state causes the removal of the nun of (j\^«^ or J^*!*^ and the vowelling of the second ya with fatha after placing shadda to denote the coalescence of the two ya's ^A** Mu^allimiya.
II.
Give other examples of the pronoun ^ written as ^ my two hands 1^^-J>, (jl-^J. -^i) but (accus. or obi.) iS^i beside (s) me ^^^*- (l^V) "^^ ^^"^ ^<^\!^^ (^i^^"*") 12. How do we prefix ^^ and (J '^
^^ *^ala means on, or upon and (J' means to, unto, or "in the direction of". Both stand as separate words before nouns but both may be prefixed to the Annexed Pronouns which are then of course in the oblique case (Indirect Object). The ya is then dotted, making the diphthong ai.
|
S>1 - ^ |
r;ji Lw |
|
|
— |
a'l |
^.
- 89 -
EXAMPLES OF AKHA WAT INJS/A.
N.B. Certain particles (called "Sisters of Inna") have, upon the Subject and Predicate, an effect exactly the opposite of kana and its sisters; i.e. they place the Subject in the Accusative ^j^aL* and leave the Predicate (j^j^ Learn these examples, in which the man§ub (accus:) is the affixed pronoun.
As though he, you... J^v5 *> o But I, thou ... cUjlS;! J.<J
"^r
^
|
Verily he, thou ... |
|
|
That he, she ... |
|
|
Because he, they. |
Perhaps he, I ... \ \^\W\
In hope that he, J CT* ^^
After studying Lessons on Syntax 151— 200 (and " thinking orientally " ) the above wil! become clearer. The words— that, because etc.— are useful for our exercises now.
Exercise 34a.
ii'
cS-'^ dV> (y)
,1* V^UU ^:^lf (^) ^'^i'tilj^'^U (r)
0 ^
"5CI.. iJfcill. J 15" (r)
r
1 J^>j|i ^>i j^^l«JL>i li
g (t)
:;5l>r'^i;n;^, (o)
Exercise 34b.
I. My sins were heavy upon me.
Have you got nothing ? (lit. Is-there-not with thee a thing.)
As though I were (am) about to go with you ;
Why did you prevent me from entering ?
Because you did not see my hands.
They did not come to me.
They (f.) went-away from me.
I took it from them (m.)
They took her from me.
Truly she is a pious woman.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
- 90 - Lesson 35. the passive.
1. What verbs use the Passive ?
The Passive can only be formed from Transitive verbs, We
can only form the Passive wO if we are sure that U* is tran- — , ^
sitive : e.g., I4A.I5 He killed her, JiXli she was killed.
2. How is the Passive formed from the usual Triliteral Verb ? For the Passive of the Past Tense (or Preterite) give to the radical before the last a kasra, and to the first radical a damma
instead of fatha ; thus JlJ he was killed.
3. How from the Quadriliteral Verb ?
The same way. The first of the four radicals takes damma instead of fat-ha, and the penultimate takes kasra. Thus^^^-j-
he translated it. j^j "it was translated". ^j)l\ ^^'Jj ^'^[ if the earth is shaken. In both the tnTiteral and quadriliteral verbs, the distinction of the Passive from the Active lies in the vowelling only. (In unvowelled newspapers, etc., the reader can generally tell by the context. The Passive, however, ! is not so much used as in English, for it is more usual to employ one of the derived covjugdtions (Lesson 72) with a passive signification).
4. Give the Sing, Dual and Plural of J^>
|
-s |
|
|
^il5 |
|
|
Q: |
1 9 |
l:JL-5
^19
^ /
O }
CJ^9
0 >
Form the Passive of the Present-Future.
We give to the Servile letter ( •>, St etc. ) a damma and to
the penultimate radical a fat-ha, thus J*ji»> he will be killed;
.0 > ».^*^ it will be ( or, is ) written. ( Of course many verbs
already have a fat-ha over the penultimate radical, then no
change. In apy c^se, the distinguishing feature is the damm^
91 -
over the ya. Native printers, when printing an unvowelled book, can sometimes insert just this initial damma if the sentence is really ambiguous. 6. Give the full Pres-Future Passive.
.4)
1:
^ ^•Z
7.
Can a Passive Jussive be formed .?
Yes; J*y let him be killed ! 'j**^ etc. This is quite usual
Also with J we say J*<»^ J he was not killed.
Self -Test 35.
(i) Give the Past Passive of v^IJ^ to write (35 : 4).
(2) The Present Passive of the same (35 : 6). Exercise S5a. & b.
CaJi 4^>.Uol55' (v)
' ' "^"^ (A)
oJl^i
c4V^ '*^C» IJ^» 3^ (r)
(1) They will be-shown-mercy (i.e. forgiven).
(2) In order that I may serve, not be-served (ministered to;.
(3) Was the owner of the house murdered ?
(4) The book was written in Arabic.
(5) The door is open.
(6) His blood will be shed.
(7) Was the owner ( f ) of the house killed .?
(8) Yes, she was killed.
92
Lesson 36.
NEGATIVE OF "TO BE".
1. Is there a verb meaning "he-is-not" ?
Yes, the verb ^^Jj.' laisa, means "it-is-not," or **he-is-not," or "there-is-not," or even simply "not," according to the context.
2. Can it be declined ?
Yes, in Past Tense only, though strange to say, it is used for the Present! Its formation would be better understood after learning the changes of the Hollow verb, but we introduce it here because its meaning is akin to the verb negatived by a particle which we learned in Lesson 32. Write it in full.
'^
'j^
LJ
r
>>44fcJ
i^0yJ
} »
Note that while ^J-' may mean "it-is-not" or "there-is-not," in the other persons the meaning is limited to a more personal negative. Lasta, thou art not; laisu, they are not; lasnd we are not. (Note disappearance of the ya before sukun).
4. How could we express "he-z/;as-not," etc.
By prefixing J to the pres-fut. of the verb To Be. Remember
this strange fact, already leaint, that the particle J always gives a negative past meaning to the Imperfect Tense of this or any other verb. Example jT u J he did not eat.
5. Give the ordinary Pres-Fut. of "To Be," i.e., he is or will be, etc.
^.
0&
^ > -
ju^^r j^j^i
l[ij$fr
J>
;$:r
; ^
Oj-
Before memorising this verb, compare what we have said in Lesson 24 : 4, as to the past tense J^O and the letter wau. Notice the wau and the damma in the above pres-fut. tense.
93 -
6. Give the same apocopated by J (he was not, etc)
> > '^ ^^
Note that this will be fully studied when we come to the Hollow Verb (Lesson 115). Suffice it to say, here, that when the sukun of jaztn (apocopation) falls upon the final radical ( nun in this case ) then the wau disappears, leaving its homogeneous representative (damma) to mark its place.
7. Students more advanced, or with more time to spare, may
write out Jy»^ J^5 (to say) exactly like U^^J. 6^'
8. But is it not possible to express the same idea with md and the Past Tense ? Yes, that is an alternative way.
9. What is the special effect of laisa upon the Predicate } ' The Predicate of laisa is always man§ub.
10. Why is the Predicate mansub and not the Subject }
Because laisa is one of several verbs called akhawdt kdna (Sisters of Verb To Be) which have the same action as kdna. Here revise 24 : 9 very carefully and contrast akhawdt inna (Lesson 34--page 86). Examples: Akhawdt kdna Thy brother is not sick
Akhawdt inna ]
Truly thy brother is sick J
Akhawdt inna )
j ^^i J' 4f^
)
But he is sick
Akhawdt inna As though she [were] sick
Akhawdt kana She is not sick
Akhawdt inna + akhawdt kd?ial But he is not sick j
■.■J, \'S}
A^Ai
} ft (..^rfAtAl
♦AJ
-;• uT^
ll <^
- 94
Self Test 36. I. Write out the verb laisa in full (36 : 3).
2. Write out the verb kana apocopated by i , and give the
English meanings (36 : 6). Exercise 36a. (after learning phrases on p. 97).
Exercise 36b.
1. Was. your boy at the mosque-school *to-day ?
2. No, he did not go to-day to the mosque-school.
3. Why was he not there to-day ? 4 Because his mother was ill.
5. Was she not ill yesterday ?
6. Yes, and the boy did not attend {or, was not present) yesterday, and will not attend tomorrow.
7. Where is his brother ? Is he sick also .?
8. No, his brother is not sick, but has gone with some of the children (boys) to the city.
* To distinguish this word kuttab from the word kitab, note the shadda.
9. They have not been in the kuttab this afternoon. 10. And they will not be there tomorrow.
- 95 - Lesson 37.
OTHER TENSES.
1. Are there any other tenses (or states)? Yes; Arahic gives facility in combining tenses, similarly to English. Thus we say : —
(a) w^i he went.
(b) s^^y ^» he has gone.
(c) v-^-^ -^ jv5 he had gone (before )
(d) w^^-^i O^ he was going, he used to go.
. . \ ''.\ '>
(e) w**^ ^^ 0^1 he will have gone.
2. Let us tackle the second of these.
s
The particle -^> placed before the past tense gives it the English "perfect" meaning, though in the older Arabic it is
often not found. She has gone yZ^*^> -A? . They have gone
i^^.> Ji (Do not attempt to translate -^ by itself).
3. How is the pluperfect formed ?
By prefixing jO to the verb plus -^* and the meaning is that the action had taken place (before something happened). Both the principal verb and the auxiliary O^ are fully declined in the Past Tense.
They had gone '^f*^ -^^ ^^^
They (f.) You (m.) You (f.) We
» - ^ . » 0 « ^
He had gone w**i> -^* Jo
She had gone Jl^->*.5 -A> »J^> I)
Thou hadst gone Jl^-.^^ -^^ ^_x"»-' Thou(f.)„ „
I had gone
> 0' . - >>
4. Could we say "He was in the habit of going " 1
Yes this is one of the meanings covered by (d) above. In the Moslem Ahadith (Table-talk of Mohammed) there is a large section of the traditions devoted to "What the Apostle of God used to do".
- 96 -
5-
J^i ^ he used to say J«aj^ jO he used to do.
Let us learn the last-mentioned, conjugating the Past Tense
of the auxiliary kana, but the Mufjari^ of the Principal Verb.
They used to do They used to do You used to do You used to do
He used to do She used to do Thou usedst to do Thou usedst to do I used to do
We used to do
Write out *'He will have gone".
"He will have gone" (before you get there, e.g.,) is expressed
by the Present-Future tense of kana (see Lesson 36 : 5) with
the past tense of the required verb and the particle qad.
- y > > y
He will have gone s«-»*.5 y> Uj^J,
a >^ 'I .'- ^ > "
She will have gone C^**3 Sb J^J^i Thou (f) wilt have ^^^^j; ^^ ^^J
Ther will have |^>S IaJ 0^^. They (f) will have ^;/s 1,^ /sC,
gone
You (m) will have' " \l\Z •. • <•- gone ^-.»^-X>(J^»j:K)
You (f) will have ;^. ;»/^ ^ =^3;^^;
gone
We will have gone U-.*.> *X) jj^J
Thou wilt have gone
I shall have gone sZ^^^ -X> jjp 1
It may be construed and explained in this w^ay : "He will be in the state of having gone."
6. As, J^^i^O^^ means "he was doing," so J^Ji;^** J^ is nowadays used to mean "he was going (about) to do".
7. Before v^rriting out Exercise 37 (a) and (b), note that the verb
Jii^ )a.k>- (to keep, preserve) also means to memorise, i.e.,
preserve in mind. The verb ^^^ j^>- to attend, or arrive at
a place, forms its verbal noun jjja^- attendance (arrival).
Self -Test 37.
1. Write out the Compound Tense "He had eaten". (37 : 3).
2. Similarly "He will have eaten". (37 : 5).
3. What do you observe is common to both. ? {c.f. 3 and 5).
- 97 -
|
Vocabulary 37. |
||
|
USEFUL ADVERBIAL PHRASES. |
||
|
yesterday ij^*^ ^\ or (j^ ' |
in the morning |
Ci> |
|
from to-day ^^Ji ^>» since the beginning ^Jull JLL^ |
in the evening by daylight |
|
|
from the first Jj*^i ^>» |
by night |
|
|
•mi -f" fore-noon j|ia)l J** |
tomorrow |
|
|
after- noon Jj,Iall Jui |
after tomorrow |
Exercise 37a.
Oj^ l-Jj^ cJai^ A5 j^'5't I A^ (t)
<*!• aJLc* ^5^1 :)U 4^jj^ Jiifti'i-M, jif j/ JuH Ju*bii (o)
Exercise 37b.
1. The pupil had memorised his lesson before the teacher's arrival.
2. All the pupils had memorised their lessons before their teachers' arrival.
3. They will learn their lessons by heart to-morrow afternoon (lit. after-the-noon).
4. [By] to-morrow I shall have learnt many lessons.
5. The above-mentioned student (or, student referred to) was going to do his lessons by night, but his teacher forbade him.
6. From the beginning (the first) the students used to learq their lessons accurately (exactly),
- 98 --
Lesson 38.
THE SIX FORMS
1. Is al-Mudari* of the verb always vowelled with fat-ha like
No: neither does the past always take three fat-has. As early as Lesson 3 we introduced ^J with a middle kasra, (See also 23:6). There are six actual forms; we will learn some of them now.
2. What are the six actual?
Since there are three vowels and the past may take either one for its middle vowel (the first and last not being changed), while the present-future may take any one of the three for its middle vowel, it would seem that there are 3x3=9 theoretically pos- sible. Three of these, however, do not actually occur. The six actual are shown below, with examples :
|
to open to succour |
> |
||
|
to serve to be generous |
a-. |
> |
|
|
Non-existent |
'y^. |
3;» |
|
|
^r»n-*»iricf^nf |
3^ 3^. |
y* |
|
|
■ ■ |
iNUn-CAlalCIll Non-existent |
||
|
to understand |
0^ y |
0 ^ |
'y |
|
to consider |
U^/^J> |
•y-. |
y |
3.
How can one tell which of the six forms will be taken ?
This is a little perplexing at first, but the dictionaries supply
this information about every verb. Some lexicons print it in
— 99 —
full, thus : to open jcZi ^r
(Others, this way) to open rtl>
(Others, again) to open a 7^*
The point is, whether Al-Mudari* is given in full, as in some lexicons, or a fatha, or an a, the meaning is exactly the same, viz., that the verb ^*» takes fat-ha in the Past, (that is always shown in full), and also a fat-ha in al-Mudari'. Take another example. ^*:^s^ ^iJ I (the girl is pretty). You can see at a glance that the probable triliteral root of jamila is a verb
formed from J^.^- . You find it marked J*^J*f" which shows
that it belongs to the class of Damma Damma verbs, damma in
the Past and damma in the Present.
What kind of verbs take Damma Damma }
None but those expressing qualities I (Learn this important
distinction at once). It is quite possible there may be a verb
with same radicals (but with fatha) meaning something else, >
but J*>" (with damma) must take damma in the Pres,-Fut. and therefore, necessarily, expresses a quality ; in this case "to be pretty". (Now enter up a page or two pages of your vocabulary for this one form, recording all new verbs as shown in Lesson 26 : 6 for Fat-ha Fat-ha. The importance of clear classification /zot^ of all new words, according to "forms", can ^ hardly be over-emphasized). More examples :
>
to be easy J^. J^
> >^ ^ ^ >
to be difficult ^^-^j
to be generous
to be rough 0 - O^^
What kinds of verbs take Fat-ha Fat-ha ?
Turn back to lesson 26 : 5 and analyse those examples given. It will be seen that the second or third radical is, in each case, a guttural or ha ^ ■ In other words, such a throaty consonant almost always takes fat-ha. Enter up all your examples and learn the past and the present with the English meaning.
100
6. Note on d[ and 'i[ The particle 6' {in not an) is used with the Past to mean if in the Present-Future (but with a shade of doubt), b'^ is used similarly but implies probability, and so is often best translated by "when."
Recapitulation. Continue revision of previous lessons. From Lesson 42, with more grammar rules, the student will feel the need of constant revision of vocabularies.
Self -Test 38.
1. What vowel in the Imperfect (Muddri) is taken by verbs expressing qualities ? (38 : 4).
2. What verbs take fat-ha ? (26 : 5 and 38 : 5). Exercise 38a.
\j^ Ji^\ '^l '^, (1)
V^O^'JiVf jli (v) ly>'H S-}V-:>\ (a)
'yi\ ij^dJiAp i;.Ui (n)
^yjjr^:^^i;^"ii:^^^^ (r)
^ jjJI 'i.) 'Ai::i' •♦Vi J i J (1)
Exercise 38.
1. Is this matter difficult for you (hard on you) ?
2. The matter is easy for him (upon him).
3. [It is] on the pupil to attend before the lesson.
4. And to gather [up] his books after the lesson.
5. The student did not succeed yesterday.
6. The price of books has been (was) raised a good deal.
7. Man was created weak (Qui'an).
8. When the earth is shaken (Qur^an) i.e. by earthquake-
9. God is not an oppressor (Qur'an).
10. We will gather our disciples bv night.
— lOl —
Lesson 39.
THE SIX CLASSES (Contd). I. What verbs take J«i>3** ?
Verbs like ^A*i. j-^* are a very large class. They consist partly of (a) transitive verbs such as ^^*> ^^» to succour, or aid (with victory), and (b) "verbs of motion" \^\^^:>\o enter.
Examples of (a) Transitive
o^ip-
•^i--
j-i.P
to create
to kill
to write ^*^i w^-.-j
^> 0^ ^^ .
to see j«^^ j«'
to serve (as a slave) -**•» -^^
Examples of (b) Verbs of Motion to enter, go in J^-^ j^'^
to go out
to run
to bow down (in worship)
to sit down
2. Give examples of
verbs (fatha in past, kasra in
present). These are not quite so easily classified, but the student can learn them as he comes across them. Examples :
to serve (as a servant) a^ ^A to sit, or sit down
to strike
iA^. Ir^'
^^ f^Oj (w) 0>^
to bear, carry
to know
to take captive
y-^.'J-
^ J*i ^j^
7 .' ' -
3 Give examples of -■• verbs (fat-ha in the present).
As in §2, learn the past and present-future together, when you have ascertained both. Examples ;
|
to shew mercy to |
to hear |
||
|
to understand |
to bear witness, testify |
0 |
|
|
to know |
to keep |
•— 102 —
4. Are there ';: ::" verbs ?
Only a few. The first mentioned is the only example from
> • r ''
sound verbs. To consider, or estimate w»**^ ^^^>-
The student will gather examples of this form when he studies
"Assimilated Verbs" (Lesson II3) the wau of which disappears
in the present tense. To inherit <^ J ^ <— ^JJ
5. Does the vowel taken by the Mudari' influence the Imperative ? Yes, in one case. Four out of these six forms have fat-ha or kasra, and in all these cases the vowel supplied to pronounce the Imperative is kasra. The Imperative should be written with a wa§la when preceded by other words, but when standing
alone, a kasra is written, — open ! 7cI*J listen ! ^-*J
The fifth case is |»j^ ^y to be generous, and as it expresses
the existence of inherent qualities there is no imperative needed.
( There are, of course, from its derived forms, e.g. " act
generously").
The last one is ^a*>. j^^ and it will be seen that in every
part of the Present-Future or the Jussive the middle vowel is
damma. The vowel used to pronounce the Imperative is '
worship ! (serve) -^ ' thou wilt serve (worship) X«>
come in !
• 1 . •
>-
get out ! zf
thou wilt enter J^"^*
> > '.
thou wilt go out (Tj^
Are there any Prepositional Verbs ?
Yes, certain Arabic verbs take special prepositions after them to represent certain significations. Thus, -^s*-* means
"to bow down" but J -^?«**' " to bow down to " anyone, i.e., ' '' ^
to worship : thus^^ ^>^**' He worshipped God. Similarly j^ t- ^
he went out from ... i.e., he left. <*♦- he heard him (^) Ol ^^^
he listened to him. If; ^ ' he brought {lit. came with) her.
— 103 -
/. NOTh to Vocah. 39 —The verb made transitive by a preposition may also become Passive by means of the sd^mt" retained'' preposition.
He brought (//7. ) r ?!
came with her) j 'T; C^ '
He decided upon a matter
She was brought } J* L> rJ^ ^^ ^^^ decided upon
He arrested) > \\\ l'" ."- the thieves ) l/'-?'^*'' l> U^
rZ/^^* were arrested Clrt L/*.**
Vocabulary 39. SOME PREPOSITIONAL VERBS.
to worship J ^>«-^
|
to prohibit a |
thing |
'c> ^ |
|
to listen to |
Ji'c:- |
|
|
to grant to |
>^ |
|
|
to trust in |
||
|
to decide upon |
>'r5= |
|
|
Exercise 39a. |
'^'C)f'4.;:•^(^)
d Ji>.3"4jil I jiuV I ( V )
Exercise 39b.
1. We testify to you.
2. Who is the sorceress ?
3. He did not listen to their
speech.
4. Their speech was not
listened to.
5. The camel was brought to him.
to bring (a thing) <--» ^J I
to bring (^■.e., come with) V* . to fulfil (duties, etc.) v-j ^li
to doubt concerning (J dii to be able Jp jjJ
to attack Jp IL'**
;>L)I l^» *y. (t)
V^t:^ 40*4 •/ (r)
j-JflAJljl (0)
6. "The world knew him not".
7. Serve God alone !
8. "God is a spirit, and they-
who worship Him...."
9. Get out at once !
10. God preserve you (salutation).
— 104
Lesson 40.
(^) Conversation Exercise. Follow these rules with the following short colloquial dialogue. I. Study the literal meanings of words and phrases, with the helps given, reading from right to left. (2) Gradually learn by heart the idiomatic meaning of single phrases, rather than single words and then, as soon as possible, drop the use of transliteration and also of the literal word-by-word rendering (which is really neither English nor Arabic). (3) Read aloud. (4) The last line gives the proper idiomatic English. N.B, Sounding the final case-vowels, this becomes a written exercise; dropping them, a colloquial one.
-Jju^ Aa«u^ -^jV*
mubarak, sa'id, Naharuk blessed, happy [be]. Thy -day Good morning,
r ••
ya shaikh, sa'id, Naharuk O sheikh, happy {be\ Thy -day
4JO JUJ-I
Jbl V
al-hamdu-lillah. Taiyib, praise -be -to- God. Well ; Well, thank God.
'alaik al-haqq
against thee. The right
You are wrong.
ail
Good morning Sheikh
' r • •
haluk? Kaifa
thy state ? Bow [is]
How are you ?
J^i
bni ya
0- my -son
boy.
abadan la
No, never No, never.
baqaratak li tabi'a an turid Hal
C
as-salima ma*
with safety !
Goodbye !
Lie
C
thy cow to me, that thou sell, Dost thou wish
Do you wish to sell me your cow }
alaina ma
Nothing against us
Never mind Revision of the Six Classes, Lessons 38, 39. Passive Pres. Passive Past Imperative Imperfect
'1-an 'alaiya Al-Haqq The right's against me
now I'm wrong this time
Sahih True, True,
Perfect
|
.^» . |
> |
^0 |
- o>. |
y^ |
|
> > |
• . \ |
> . |
" |
|
|
&■ |
cr |
&' |
c^- |
& |
|
. •> |
> |
• > |
. . "-^ |
^ |
|
^ -' |
• > . 1 |
> > |
'' -^ • |
|
|
^'^'-i |
V' |
^^.1 |
^^. |
.r*' |
|
0 |
> |
a |
0 |
^ |
|
J " .> |
* • 1 |
> |
• -^ , |
|
|
^J-^l |
v> |
V^-*-*; |
V/^^. |
V^-' |
|
'• |
«^ •^ |
^^ •" |
^^ ^ |
|
|
— |
— |
>i |
J^l |
J^ |
|
^» . |
^ |
^0 |
^ |
^ |
|
>~ |
> |
"Ul |
%'. |
> |
|
r - |
r. |
r ' |
r • |
f' |
|
/ , .' |
y |
• 0 1 |
•> •:; |
^ |
|
^>«i |
s^*^^ |
^^^ |
^w>^ |
|
|
* " |
. X " |
» (^ • |
• ^ |
I.
II.
105 —
(B). EXAMINATION PAPER
N.B. Copy the questions, number your answers, write clearly, and send up for cori^eclion, with full name and address.
Give examples of J. ::. verbs.
What is the Imperative Masc. Sing, of "to come in" ? Give
other examples of similar vowelling.
Write three or four lines tellingj what you know about
either (a) ta marbuta or (b) alif maqsilra.
Translate to Arabic:
Why did you not prevent them from entering ?
They will have left before the teacher comes.
Why wast thou (f) not present yesterday .?
The Apostle of God used to say ~ "Praise be to GOD."
In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
Good morning, sheikh ; good morning, boy (my son).
I am wrong this time (now).
There is nothing in my hands.
Translate to English :
III
4A)
^) (^)
(r)
c ^
'jjrLf'jr(i)fj;:Vj (v)
,0/' ^
iU.U (a)
N.B. Please space out your lesson hours to as to allow for Revision of earlier lessons.
— io6 — Lesson 41.
*'Eyc, Voice and Ear."
f ^ "i ^ i
* <r .7 e I e
* ^ ^
The Rules for this exercise are given in Exs. 2i and 31.
1. Ana-rrabbu ilahuka... La yakun laka alihatun ukhra amami.
2. La ta§na* laka timthalan manhutan wa la §uratan-ma (pron. tamma) mimma fissamai min fauqu wa ma fil-'ardi min tahtu wa ma fil-mai min tahti-l-'ardi. La tasjud lahunna wa la ta'bud-hunna lianni ana-rrabba ilahaka ilahun ghaiyur...
3. La tantiq bismirrabbi ilahika batilan liannarrabba la yubri-u man nataqa bismihi batilan.
6. La taqtul. 7. La tazni. 8. La tasriq.
The English of above, verif literally translated.
1. I [am] the Lord thy God... there shall not be to thee other gods in front of Me.
2. Do not make to thee any carved image nor any picture whatever of what [is] in the sky from above and what [is] in the earth from below and what [is] in the water from under the earth. Bow not down to them ! Serve them not ! because I the Lord thy God am a jealous God---
3. Pronounce not the name of the Lord thy God, vainly ! for the Lord does not acquit whomsoever has pronounced His Name vainly. 6. Kill not I 7. Conimit not adultery ! 8. Steal not (
— 107 — Lesson 4:2.— gender.
1. The Gender, Number and Case of the Arabic Noun (incl. Rel. Pron. and Adj.) will occupy Lessons 42—60.
2. Remember that the noun includes (a) Substantive, (b) Pronoun, (Personal, Rel., Demonst., Interrog, etc.) ; (c) Adjective, etc.
3. How many Genders are there }
Really only two : there is no Neuter Gender in Arabic, its place being practically taken by the Feminine (Ex. 28b : 7 note). There are, however, a few words (including certain Dual Pronouns and 1st Person Singular and Plural) which may be looked upon as either Masculine or Feminine, i.e., Common Gender.
4. How are the genders specially denoted ?
The Masculine is called j <y<* Mudhakkar ; the Feminine is
• •'^'^ J>^ iliz^W^a^/?, occasionally marked in the dictionary by ^
separate mim ; the word following it is the Feminine form, but this form is not always shown.
5. What words are Feminine ?
The Arab grammarians divide the Feminine into (i) Fem. by -iaAi (i.e. by form or sound) and (ii) Fem. by ^^^ {i.e. by meaning). Let us take the latter first. Words feminine by signification are of four classes :
(a) Names of women : Exs. ^ZAC' 'A'isha (or Ayesha, — M's
A> ^ ^ • • 0
favourite wife) A4.UU (his daughter) ^-^j,j /Cj* -^^ etc.
(b) Wo7'ds which can only he female appellatives : Exs. sZ^p^ '
Sister, A I mother, Z^{ daughter, jAi>- pregnant; etc.
(c) Names of countries and towns :
^y/j^ J"^ (Dear) Egypt; A^^S^Ji aS^> Mecca (the honoured). (j^y Tunis; J^jr^ Algiers; >»Lil ' (Damascus, or Syria).
— io8 —
(d) Double members of the body : Exs. C)^ eye (or, spring of
,, _ shoulder; 0^' ^^ 0>^ ear; ^^^ hand; ^^^J leg
(or, foot) f^jS arm; pi5 foot. 6. Are any other words regarded as feminines ? Yes, three classes :
(a) "Broken Plurals" being treated as feminine singular (i.e. neuter), we speak of o-AJ^=*" l/^' immortal souls, and give the adjective a feminine singular termination to agree with "souls".
(b) The names of the letters of the /Alphabet (such as fa, 'ain, etc ) are treated as feminine.
(c) There is also a list of about thirty words said to be "Feminine by common usage.'' The most useful of these are jb
house (or residence) ; (j^A) soul; j^\ well; ^ j>- war; {cf.
the present war ^^^^>-' Vj^O U^-> earth; j*>- wine;
sun (but J** moon is Masculine) A j wind; ju fire. 7. Which are "Feminine by Termination" ?
(a) Almost all words ending in o Exs. Aj j>- a vowel ; ^♦o a word; ojj^ a chapter; ^^^^ a picture; A*^
a garden; A»j^^ a (female) striker; A>*--^ a (female) sheikh. But just one or two proper names, or titles, oi men happen to end in © , as <>^ Talha ^^^>' successor, i.e., Khalif (Caliph). The word must, in that case, be masculine.
(b) Those ending in a servile *^i as ^^ j*>- red; ^\j^
0 ^
grandeur; -ii^'*^ desert; *ij-X^ a virgin ; ^^^\ (adj.) white.
(c) Those ending in (J'
Exs. (^♦*"^ Salma; ^^^-^-J*- most beautiful (female); {Sj^? remembrance; ^^> fever; (J J I (adj.) first ; c^^A^ greater (f).
— log —
8. What is the feminine of ^>-^ (some one).
It needs no feminine, as it stands, for it is a vague expression but J^?-l (in Construction) one of... (c.f. 19 : 15) takes the place of J>^_5 (one, adj.) which cannot be used in construction. The feminine of -X> 1 is ci-^^^^ thus:
0 > o
One of the girls OllJi ^^J?-^ One of the ladies, 0^-^-**»»i iS-^^^ One of them (masc.) J'->^>' » One of them (fern.) (^*'-^'^], Exercise 42a. (About Damascus z**.^'' ^^ )
u>Cil^jV>,l (r)
( ^1^1)1 J, 'J\) ii(L Lf L Coy/, V.II jyj) '^'-^i^'' 3^ (V) G. j^ °J iV '(.111 I 'oV dj'i ! dlli Si's- Ci/ (a) ,
Exercise 42b.
1. My little daughter wishes to visit Damascus, because she
has seen its picture.
2. Where is Damascus ? It is in Syria (lit. Country of Syria).
3. Is it like Cairo ?
4- It is a garden in the desert.
5. But the sun is intense there.
6. Is the desert red or white } The desert is yellow.
7. The Khalifa (Prince of Believers) was dwelling there, i.e. in Damascus.
8. How was that ? That [was] because Damascus was his city,
— no — Lesson 43.
1. Given the Masculine, how do we form a Feminine from it ? The commonest way is to add i to it, but of course we must remember our rule (given in Lesson 17) that the 0 and (S are each preceded by fatha. So from vilL* we get 4Ss-U queen ;
from ^ we get i-.x» prophetess ; from ^^ wise (or, col-
loquially, doctor) ^^-^^ lady-doctor; and from s x.-l:>
physician, doctor '^^*' Note also aL"IJ and A^^li*
2. Can this rule be applied to (what we call) Adjectives ? Certainly ; we have already learnt a few examples, such as S^JT big (f.) ; A-11^ good (f.) ; <'*Ij-^ noble, or, honour- able (f.); ^*^>j* sick (f.)
3. Is there a Feminine of ^ ' greater, ^S\ the greatest? Yes : it is on the form ^^^*i thus iSjy greater and (S J^^^ the greatest (f.) So y»J)l\ the smallest, (m) makes iSj^*^^ the smallest (f.) and oyi^ the first (m.) makes (Jj j' the
first (f.)and j»' another (m.) iSj*^^ another (f.) See Lesson 59.
4. What is common to the examples given in §3 ?
Firstly, that the Masculines are all upon the form j«i ' (Comparison of Adjectives, Lesson 59) that is to say, the first radical is preceded by alif, even though the form may not at once be recognized. Secondly, the Feminines are all upon the form ^l-** , that is, that the first radical takes (Jamma, and, after the final radical, alif maq§ura is affixed.
a I-
5. Is there not another J«i ' with a quite different meaning ? Yes, this word always represents one of two things, a colour or a physical defect. Thus j*^ ' red, l?J J ' blue, ^^^ '
Ill
blind. The feminine is on the form ^"^^i that is, after the last
of the three radicals is affixed the servile termination -^i Thus
we get the feminines -^'j^^* red; ^^JJ blue: '^^^♦^ blind etc. (Lesson 58 :4b.) The madda is not always shown. 6. Are there any Common Gender nouns ?
There are over a score of words with masculine or feminine adjectives, so that we say they are "either Mas. or Fem." way (Quranic word) i'^^
heaven
Vl*l*
peace (after war) tcI
Exercise 43a.
state, condition O^ y>'^ "^ J^s finger
road, way l5j«^ ^ 0\J^
i\^\ ^ij Jul) c>}^** 3* — ^
*-^33 z^)^^ ^♦^ (^Ir^l jjli^ll c-^UT^I — 1
Exercise 43h.
1. Do you (f.) know the blind virgin t
2. Yes : her name is Mariam and she is the most beautiful girl.
3. Fatima is a little girl but 'A'isha is the smallest girl.
4. The owners of the largest stores (grands magasins) are Mohammed Aly and Son.
5. Write [down] the major premise and the minor premise.
6. Will there be peace after this war ? If God will.
stores
OJ
V^
better^ more beautiful ^^**»> '
owners
introduction (to a book) premise (in logic)
— 112 —
Lesson 4:4:,— number.
1. How many numbers has the Arabic noun ?
Three: Singular, used for one only; Dual, for two, usually for things which are in pairs; Plural for three or more.
2. How is the Plural formed ?
There are two principal ways; either (a) by adding a special suffix to the singular, or (b) by breaking up the word and introducing one or more servile (i.e. weak or "servant") letters ' among its radicals. (Compare, in English, (a) adding s to boy, making boys; and (b) changing man to men). The first is called the Regular Plural and is mostly used for animate beings ; the second is called the Broken Plural and is generally (though not always) used for inanimate things. The Regular Plural is extremely simple because so invariable ; the Broken Plural may be "broken" in many different ways, and is one of the difficult sections of Arabic study. We shall give a few examples and illustrate the use of servile letters in Lesson 49. Plurals of Derived Nouns in Lessons 62 — 67.
3. State the rule for Regular Masculine Plural.
THE RULE. From the singular noun remove special case- endings, tanwin, etc. and add j^ una, for the Nominative
Case, or Oi ina, for either of the (Accusative or Oblique Cases.
as ' ^ ^ i '
Example : peasant is 'ry^^ and peasants (nom) is U^*"^* and
s ^ * >
accusative o):^^^ Similarly ^f* (evangelist) forms its nom. plural U^^-^y and the other cases (jt^j^*^* also J-^j* (mis- sionary, or "one-sent") gives Oji^^ y and ^v-x-*- j»
Similarly ^t-^ many, takes j^ )^^^ and ^y jy-i
4. Is this distinction of cases always observed in the formation of the Plural .?
In the written language it is, but the colloquial uses the Ac- cusative for all cases, and drops the fat-ha of the nun, so we
- get Cx^y^* • (^.yrf* * 0>^** J* * Uiv-"^^^ • uy*^^
— 113 —
5. But I thought there were three cases !
There are three cases in ''Fully Declined Nouns", but only two special forms for those "Imperfectly Declined" (see 52 : 7). The Regular Masc. Plural is an example of the latter.
6. What is this sign ? r-
It is an abbreviation of the word ^♦^ which here means "Plural"; just as in English we represent the word "Plural" by PL, so in Arabic we use a single-?- (Note that when the plural is given, only the nominative is quoted; it is quite easy to change to the accusative when the sentence requires it). In all Arabic dictionaries the word following the -r is the plural of the word preceding it.
7. Enter these additional examples in the Note Book. Use two or three pages for "Regular Masculine Plural", and give the three columns.
|
Meaning |
Plural |
Singular |
|
An aviator |
ojjLU |
|
|
A peddlar |
oy-C) |
0 i |
|
A pickpocket |
^ J "> y |
tlL^i |
|
A teacher |
'^' |
|
|
An inspector |
'J^- |
|
|
A worker |
>r» |
|
|
Absent |
j^JU |
^ •'(' ^^^ |
|
Entering |
■>^\. |
|
|
Leaving |
\ > r. |
h^ |
|
Defeated |
\ > v.- |
|
|
Useful |
'C> |
|
|
A winner |
^;ju |
-- 114 — Exercise 44a.
> ' ' '*•".>.-'
pUjVl <^.» ^AA^I Jli, -J (r)
^ — — ^ — — — ^ —f
L<ji^l (j^Vi (Jrvf-!>yi «jj>-'^^ (o)
>^ T^ ^ - -^
JUjrjp^.^l«U (s)
Exercise 44b.
1. Aviators are very useful in the present war.
2. But many of them were killed.
3. Yes, sometimes one of them is killed.
4. Some of the workers are absent in spite of the presence of the inspectors.
5. Not all the fellaheen are entering the war.
("Entering" is governed in Accusative Case by laisa, but, as a Participle, itself governs /tarb in the Accusative Case) .
6. Many of them are quiet and doing their work.
7. One of the ladies is living among them for she is a doctor and came there in order to visit the sick woman.
8. I heard that she was a princess, or an "honourable.'*
9. Her work is honourable, in any case {lit. upon every 9on<Jition),
— 115 —
Lesson 45. MASC, PL. (Constr).
1. How do we place the Regular Masc. Plural in Construction ? To do this, we first apocopate the Plural of the antecedent by removing the nun, leaving the word ending in wau or ya, while the consequent is, of course, in the Genitive. This applies equally whether the consequent be a substantive or a pro- nominal affix. Examples : i. ^ , the prince's murderers j\^^ jl)lj
the school teachers jU*jAJl ^^
with the town inspectors i'^t'i^ (ji*^^* C*
your teachers are good [fellows] (nice men) O^.^t** -^^y^
they took their victims r^fr^'^-* -5"^
our teachers are going inside (entering) Ojr^^ \JjJ^»m
2. What happens in the case of "my teachers ? "
The accusative of the antecedent is always used (for euphony);
the two ya's accordingly coalesce and a shadda is placed over,
^ . ^ I'' *" 1 '' -^
as in (J and -A^ and we get , ^^a**^ (c.f. carefully 34:10-12).
3. When should the student use Regular Masculine Plural ?
(a) For vroper names of men. This only applies to real, original Arabic names such as Muhammad, Aly, etc. and is used when speaking of three or more persons thus named (i.e. namesakes) jjJ*>»JI the Mohammeds. (Not often found).
If, however, the proper name, or title, ends in the feminine ending o (as a few do), then the Reg. Masc. Plu. cannot
be used : c.f. ^'^■::^>- Khalifa (Caliph), which takes 4 lil>' (br. pi.)
(b) Participles derived from the verbs, - if they can make their feminine in © and if they denote rational beings.
Examples : ^j^^^a from Js.^^ '^a Moslem; j>Jlk from
«> lit. ^- ^ ^^ it ^' ^ - ' it.
^n\£> an oppressor; ^j y^ y ^believers; (J^*'J^ ^sinners. * These words are participles of the Fourth Conjugation, to come in Lesson 76'
— 116 -
(c) Relative Adjectives ending in {S (this will be explained
in detail in L: 144, sufficient to say here that from j^a.A Egypt
we form ^^^/ Misriy an Egyptian, by adding a ya and a shadda, which ya is preceded by a kasra). Other examples :
|
Syrians |
A Syrian |
|||
|
j'.:h:f |
Chinese |
A Chinese |
||
|
Japanese |
A Jap |
%S'S'. |
||
|
Christians |
A Christian |
tr-r |
The last word is directly derived from 7x**-.J' the Messiah. In
Writing the Accusative Case of the above four examples note
that 3 ya's are pronounced, and two written, with one shadda.
(d) Some Comparatives and Superlatives :
> ' ". ^ T- more excellent j^> '
<r<i\ i;^^
r- the greatest J^S J
J
(e) Certain Intensive Forms (L: 146), such as J^** and J**^^
These are used to denote '' very-much-so" of any quality or "always-at-it" of a person's occupation. See 44:7 for the word j\.*» used of one who is always-flying i.e. professional
" ^^ aviator, then c-Lj for one who is always-hawking-for-sale,
i.e. a peddlar, and similarly Jl-i5 one whoisalways-snatching, i.e. a pickpocket. These take their Plural in j^ and ^js,^ LiiJ is very similar. ^-.51 -kj saint, takes j^***^ -A' and (jw) -W 4. Are there any special instances .'' Yes; the following special words take the regular masculine plural apparently subject to no rule. (But, as a matter of fact, everyone of them has another plural form sometimes used with a different meaning, so that this use of the regular plural is to show a special meaning).
— 117 — worlds (in Quran) J_y*^^^ r
sons, children Oy^\ ^
> years Oy-^ r-
universe JviC'
son ijf^ \
year AI-*»
N.B. The word *^ is a feminine noun (in form), so often takes the fem. pi. (46:3). O'jl--' Exercise 45a. 'j^-Jp\'j,Jy^°M {))
j<Jl«li L.J jS Juki I (r)
♦.^•^ «.^
•: i " " > f , "^ ^ "> > \ > ^.^ * it ' • *^ / \ J-fn^'^r**'* (*t^*l^ J^-V*-*-* l/L-^j-^^' l^*'. V'^;
Exercise 45h.
1. The Prince (or Commander) of the Believers (i.e. the
Khalifa) has gone out.
2. The (true) believers in Egypt are many.
3. Praise be to God, the Lord of the worlds (Sura I : l).
4. Are all Christians saints ?
5. The Japs dwell near to the Chinese.
6. Do not insult the fellaheen (peasants) for the fellahin
of Egypt are my teachers.
7. Go out in the path of God, O Muslims ! (viz., "Holy War").
8. Some of the Syrians are Muslims, and some of them
Christians. [command of Moses.
9. The children of Israel dwelt in Egypt,then went out of it at the
- ii8 - Lesson 46. fem. pl.
1. How is the Regular Feminine Plural formed ?
The regular feminine plural substitutes Ol dt for the »
or adds sZy if no * - ex. C>\S j>- ^ ^ J^- a vowel, but it is
O^ a^w7i for the Nominative Case and CS\ dtin for the other two cases, the Accusative and the Oblique. Fem. pl. nouns defined (by the article or by construction) of course lose the tanwin. C^LJ' : C»uJi
2. Which words will take this Regular Feminine Plural .? (a) Almost all words ending in o (Revise 42 : 7).
Note.—U a masculine, forming its fem: by adding 2 takes the Reg, Masc. PL, then its fem will take the Reg. Fem. Pl. Teachers i->lU.«>« ^ AU*^ . 0^»*i«* r- J^^
Many '^^ J^^-"^ ^ "^f^-^ ' O^j^-^ ry^^
Believers «^u«^« ^ '^t-**-^ * ^J^^ ^0^^
Other examples from Fem. Nouns :
Garden (Paradise) v^VI>. ^ a!?-
^> ^<^^ ^.L
Verse (of Quran) OU r- Ail
Language OUl 7^ 4il
(b) Some words ending in iS ^^^t*^ ^ u^^ fever. The alif maqsOra is written as a ya, forming yat-un.
(c) Proper names of women (if real Arabic)
Zeinab c.->Uajj t- w^-^J^j
^ J "-; 4 *-
Fatima OLi>li 7- i^UU
(d) A few foreign Masculine words! (This appears strange, but the Reg. Fem. Pl. is available for miscellaneous words)
gentleman; Mr. <^\9^\ ^^^ 7- ^?"'j^
pasha (Turkish) O^^C 7- l^Cj
stable O^l-wU,^^ 7- J^Lju^^ j
- 119
3.
(e) A few other items, not yet studied ; e. cj. verbal_ nouns, the
names of the letters, the names of the months etc.
Are there any special exceptions ?
Yes : the following make slight alterations before adding O^
C
heaven year
mother sister
A>« K> >
.^» >
If the second radical bears a sukun, is it altered ? Words ending in o and having a sukun over the middle radical replace this sukun by a suitable vowel when taking the reg. plural ending.
Can a fem. plu. noun be placed in construction t
Yes : when it is the antecedent the only change made is to
remove the tanwin. Thus the Prophet's wives were called
Mothers of the Faithful" O'^J'^y^^ Oy ' ,
" with ( or, in the company of ) the king's sisters," is
J^'^^J^
oC
\j^?r ^\j*^
a chamber a blow
darkness a village
dlU'v:^
Xft or dlluil Cj\
c
6. Give an example of a feminine plural as Consequent.
:y^4")^
si
r
1 lie mother of the sisters, of the £
Vocabulary 46. Enter up and learn all words given in this and previous lessons. Note that the Singular, Plural and English meaning must he learned together ; with verbs, the Past, Present and English must be learned together.
(Explanation later).
Note the Masc. numeral in C»L» »> j
'JU
Principal ^-i-O (* (^i-O director IjJ^ m j^Ja Self-Test 45. (l) State the rule for placing a reg. mas. pi. noun as the antecedent of the construct state (45 : l). (2) Write out, from memory, the classes of nouns using the reg. masc. pi. (45 : 3) Also the exceptions (45 : 4),
120 ~
Self-Test 46. If a fern. plu. noun become the antecedent (in
construction) what happens to it ? (46 : 5). Exercise 46a.
^
'^'V/
f ^'' ^°'' *'*'♦. l'* *!.. *^^^ ^ ^
^-.^ ** ^ y * ^•<c ^
Exercise 46h.
1. Where can my daughter study the languages of the world ?
2. Languages are studied at the girls' school. (The verb *' taught", being Conj. II, is avoided here).
3. The mistress (teacher) of .the school has four little girls.
4. And all of them are pupils in her school. [absent.
5. All the mistresses are present to day, and the clerks (f.) are
6. The pupils know (lit. are-keeping-in-meniory ) well the verses of the chapter. (Word used for Chapter of Qui 'an).
7. The pupils (f) entered the school four years ago.
8. The Muslim girls are believers in God. [the Believers ".
9. The wives of the Prophet Muhammad are the ** Mothers of 10. The wicked servant (slave) will be beaten with many blows
and the faithful servant with few blow§.
— 121 —
Lesson 47. dual.
What is the Dual Number ? It is a special form used to represent two of a kind, such as a pair, or a couple. The Dual is common to all Semitic languages and to Greek.
2. How is the Dual formed in Arabic ?
General Rule — didd j' to the Singular for the Nominative Case.
Since most feminine nouns end in © it is easy to see that the
Dual of the Fem, will end in jll For example O ^ a daughter,
jlli) 1 two daughters. Needless to say, the tanwin must be dropped, as there is no tanwin whatever in the Dual.
3. What happens if the noun is in the other cases ?
Bide for the other two cases— add J;v to the Singular to form the Dual of either of the Accusative or the Oblique Cases. Note the diphthong ai of aim.
4. Give examples of all these in tabular form.
M. Nominative F. Nominative M. Accusative F. Accusative M. Oblique F. Oblique
two men
two women
Iwo men
two women •^J' \^ " ^,
with two men ^X?/ j V.
C
0 >'^ 0 ^ with two women yj" Y ^ 1^"^
Memorise the following short vocabu
^ a t
two ears ^jIjS \
one man
one woman
one man
one woman
with one man
hi
with one woman ^ T • \ •>»
two eyes two masters two days two months
ary : two nations
two languages
two mistresses (teachers) jll*l«>i two nights (jULI
two years olli^
— 122
6. Is there any similarity between the Dual of the Noun and Verb ? Yes : compare the Past with the separate and affixed Pronouns and Al-Mudari*^ with the Nominative (see Lesson 29).
Affixed Pronoun
7.
Separate Pronoun
|
Verb |
(Al-Madi) |
|
1-'-' |
. ■'-^' |
|
C: |
■:lr^ |
Al-Mudari' of Verb.
Nom : of Noun of Agent.
A good deal of similarity will be found between the dual verb (Past) and the dual separable (Personal) pronoun especially in the second person. Notice the special use of alif throughout, and also that the difference between the Dual and the Plural Masc. Prons. consists in the extra alif possessed by the former: this interesting point applies equally to the separate pronouns and to the pronominal affixes. Revise Lessons giving the Dual of the Pronoun and Verb. What is the use of the particle ^ in our exeicise .'' This is a conjunctive particle and sometimes cannot be trans-
ay
lated. **^x.U means "then, let him hear" (See 32 : 4). ^ is
frequently preceded by \a ' which means "as for" or "in the
matter of..." Example : (^>»V1> OUi (j^l/J ' -"^'^^^ ^ ^ "As for the sick child, [well] he died yesterday". Whaf is the word S^ii> prefixed to a noun in construction } It is a word which literally means "Presence"; but it is always used in the East as a polite prefix to people's names and
titles. Thus we say (abruptly) "h--^^-^ but if we wish to speak
0*;.,, ^^ o ^ of him politely we say /^-.-i^' o^^>- Similarly we never say to a
gentleman Z^ ' thou, but dX^^a.>- thy presence. In translation to English we had better render " Hadratak " (colloquial pronunciation of it) by "thou" or "you".
- 123 -
6. Why is shaikh in the Oblique Case ?
Because such Arabic titles as o^a>- are vowelled as antecedents while the name (or ofifice) is the consequent of the Construct State. His Greatness the Sultan of Egypt is rendered— *' The- greatness-of the-Sultan-of Egypt ^^4 jlk\.^i^laP. The-Majesty-
of-the-King d\ij\ i)^^ means, His Majesty the King. 10. A more formal style of address is formed by placing s,^>\^ in construction with 43M>- etc. and releasing <i.lli' as:
'^. oCkL CiiJi L.>-^^ : I A-Is^ I'^t. 'h.):\ L^(^
Exercise 47a. r ^^\''\ :s\»\ r ' '- ' ""• ".^K '•' '{^ { y\
(j^v_:l^ i:* l'^:. -rj^ ^ 'J ^JS ^Jj *"«> (t)
oLlk§ oljr_^ii Ui Ijis- 4^. y ^ jJ'jl^ *. ^ (o)
uUL^ jli, 'a1 jS^Vl £ln ;>'^ (v)
Exercise 47b.
I. Did you leave your town [on] two nights ? I. Yes : and previous to that I had not been out of it for two years.
3. Whoever has two eyes, let him see.
4. Whoever has two ears, let him hear.
5. The mother of the two children is very ill, as for the two
children [they are] well.
6. The language of the two nations, Egyptian and Syrian, is
one (i.e., the same).
7. Sheikh So-and-so has two pretty daughters. (See 25 : 7).
8. His Highness (or Greatness) the Sultan received (i.e., in
audience) the two great (i.e. high) Ministers.
— 124 —
Lesson 48. dual.
1. How is a noun in the Dual placed in construction ?
To place a Dual Noun in construction as antecedent we remove the 7iun, Example as o^lxH^ is "two parents", ai^M 'jllj
is "the child's two parents"; di>ali% J ^ .^rJT ^ write to your parents.
2. What are the two alifs in the first example ?
The first one is all that is left of the mark of the Dual after removing the nuriy while the second one is part of the ^' marking the definite. This needs careful pronunciation: — walida-1-walad. The accusative or oblique would be :— walidai-1-walad.
3. Give an example of the Dual Feminine Construct :
"The governess went out of the Har^m (women's quarter) with H. H. the Sultan's two daughters." (Caution — the nun at the end of "Sultan" is part of the normal word and not to be confused with the dual) ! 3a. Why is there a kasra at the end of ^\ in this sentence ? Because before wa§la the sukun has to be replaced by a vowel (here kasra) to make pronunciation possible. (Revise 12: I2J.
4. But suppose the singular noun has a difficult ending like -iIj^a In that and similar cases the hamza is changed into wau. Thus:— Two virgins (nom.) J^j^ji^ and (Ace. or Oblique)
(j'^jljip- Two deserts u'^'j***^ and ^^y j9t,^
5. What is done in the case of alif maqsura, or in the case of long alif which was originally wau 1
The original radical must be restored in forming the dual ; thus ^' a youth, restores the ya, and forms its dual 0^^*i
Similarly l^c a stick, or stafi", restores its original wau, and
writes o^^Jl^ two staffs. ^>- a fever, restores its ya and
writes OLv>- two fevers (c.f. the Reg. Fem. Plural 46:2b.)
125 -
t: ^
6. What happens to ^ 1 a father, and r- \ a brother ?
These two words are actually defective, having originally had a final wau, ( >. ^ ^> *) which has to be restored, (c.f. 54:2). Two fathers (jVJt \ abawani (which can be sometimes be
used like u^^^j to mean " two parents"), and jij*-^ two brothers, c.f. 46 : 3 for plural of "sister".
7. Is there a Dual Personal Pronoun .?
Certainly; since pronouns arejiouns in Arabic. "They two" is Uifc and "you two" is UZ» > At this point turn back to Lesson 25:3 and revise the table in full: — Singular, Dual, Plural. Note that the dual pronouns are Common Gender.
8. What are the affixed dual pronoun-terminations ? These are C* and l^^ both Common Gender.
Exercise 48a. ^ ^
J».iii '^ W'^j' ^'•' '-^^ u^-^:y O^Sj^ \ (r) ;>_;;^i^'>^ljtjUC;rjUi u^Si-^Vi l^ i (r)
>iV ^'^i J j;r* c.:^ li /saJf Cr if, I (t)
Exercise 48b. aVj^^K C^'^J^iL} (v)
1. You two [are] good men.
2. The two women are very sick; their disease is fever.
3. As for the two princesses, — one of them is virtuous, and
the other wicked.
4. About the two sons of the queen, — one of them is intel-
ligent and the other ignorant.
5. I know everything about that, because I sat with the king's
two ministers.
6. Has His Highness the Sultan a son } He has two sons.
7. The two sons of the Sultan are big.
— 126 —
Lesson 49. broken plural.
I. Nouns not taking a Regular Masc. or Regular Fern. Plural are said to have a "Broken Plural ". Why this name ? ' A "Broken Plural" means a plural formed out of the singular ! by "breaking into it" and inserting one or more servile letters. 2.^What are servile letters ?
They are those that serve a root by forming derived words
and are collected together in one Arabic word l^Jj^xlU — " you asked me for her' ; ^jS, being the 2nd Person Plur. Past with the nihi of precaution and the ya showing the object me. Not all these letters will be used in Broken Plurals, others will be used to form Derived Nouns (Lessons 62, 63) and also Derived Conjugations (Lessons 72-95).
3. How many different forms of Broken Plural are there ?
Over thirty, but we shall do a few at a time. Two will suffice for this double lesson. More will come in Lessons 64 — 67.
4. May any Singular take any Plural ?
No; most forms of singular are restricted to one or two plurals ; and note that it often happens that the existence of a second