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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web atjhttp : //books . qooqle . com/ *^s ^sv>C^N^ \t ,1 .. a T H I ANALYTICAL REVIEW, O ft HISTORY OF LITERATURE, DOMESTIC AND PORE ON AN INLARQBD FLAM.j coni'ainino SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACTS or important amb ixtsrbstxxo WORKS rDBLUHlO IN ENGLISH} A GENERAL ACCOUNT OP SUCH AS AUK OP LESS CONSg. JJJJENCE, WITH SHOUT CHARACTERS* A N » "* x NOTICES, 01 REVIEWS, of yalvaslb bobbicn BOOKS* AllO TUB tlTERARY INTELLIGENCE OF EUROPE, Ac. ** At h*c omnia ita tntitm prjccipimus, ut non, Critkorum more, in laude tk u ccnfura tempus tcraturj fc4 plane hiftorice us irsjs narrentur, judicium « farms foerponatur." Bacon dt bjUria btcraria c&fcnbemU* VOL. XXIV.: - FROM £VLT TO D»«*MN«^Jj6, INCtUSlVE^ LONDON* J?***?** FOB J« JOHNSON, N* J%$ IT. *AVZ.*S CKVRCIf-YAlB^ fttoccscyi. r* ni/ /rf • • • ■ if ) THE ANALYTICAL REVIEW, r For JULY, 1796, PAINTING. STATUARY, &C« Art. 1. The Works of the late Profrjfor Camper^ on the Con* nexlon between the Science of Anatomy and the Arts of Dranv- i#gy painting, Statuary, Isfc. &e, in two Books. Containing a Yrcatfe on the natural Difference of Features in Perfons of dif- ferent Countries and Periods, of JLife ; and on Beauty, as exhibited , in ancient Sculpture ; *witb a new Method of'Jletcbitig Heads, national Features, and Portraits of Individuals, with Accuracy'^ l£c* &c. Iliujlrated with feventcen Plates, explanatory of the Prof efforts leading Principles. Tranjlatcd from the Dutcb, by T, Cogan, M. JJ. , ^to. 200 pages. \Vjth a Head of the Author, •ami ferenteen large*Platcs. Price il.' is. boards. Dilly. 1794. Of the numerous elementary \#orks on painting and) fciilpture, poured on the" public by proieflbrs and theoults, fronvthe epocn of Leonardo da Viapj, Albert Durer, and Lomazzo, to our days? none will be found tb defer ve the attentive pcmfal of itudents, formed artifts, and dilettanti, more than the. performance befoif us : inftead of retailing arbitrary dogmas, fyftema founded on fuperficial and defultory obfervation, or creeled on queftiooable authorities, the author of this work relies on rigid demon ft ration, and makes the object he considers explain it's proportions and beauties from the functions it is to perform, and the end to which it is deflincd. An engliih tranflation of Mr. Camper's celebrated Le&uret hat been long among the deiiderata of the artilt, and it was in expectation or it that we have hitherto deferred our analjrfis of his fyflem : that want has at length been fupplied by the prefent publication, and in a manner which leaves nothing to wi(h for* Dr. C., the tr«*n(laior, already Known to the public as an ufeful, entertaining, and elegant original writer *, has done ample juftice to his author, not only by the eafe and perfpicuity with which ■ ii. ■ ■ 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ j ■ * iii ■ " ^ * See Travels on the Rhine, &c. roi~'xxrv. no. 1. B he % PAIpTlNO. STATUARY. he has communicated to us his notion* and rules, hut by the addition of a valuable preface, which, with a number of im- portant obfervations on the connexion- of the arts with fcience, combines a lucid epitome of the work. In the introduction to the firfi ' bboky the profeflbr defcri&es the peculiar advantages he enjoyed from the union of his anatomical knowledge with an early tondnefs for drawing, &c.y he traces the progrcft o£ his own improvement to hit increating diflWtisfa&ion» at the imperfeft manner in 'which national characlere were* de- lineated by fome celebrated moderns ; at the obvious inferiority of the flemifli fchooi, when compared with the antique and the fchools of Italy; and- he expsefies a conviction, that he has dil- "covered the caufes of their errours," of the fuperiority of the ancients, and of the real .property of what has hitherto been 'de- nominated ideal beauty. Thel'e confide rations induced hiiri t? arrange his difcoveries and observations in a- treatife on * the na- tural, difference of features in peribns of different countries^ and periods of Hie : and on beauty as exhibited in ancient fculpture/ The firlt chapter of part the Jirft points out characleriftic dif- tin&ions in a cahnuck^ a chinefe, a native of Otabsitc : in this ge- neral divifion the calmuck is made to reprefent- the race of thj* eaftera part of Afia, from Siberia to New Zealand, together with the tribes of North America, whom the profeflbr fuppofes to have originated from the alia tics ; an europcan head is confidered as a fpecimen of all Europe, Turkey, Perfia, and a large part of Arabia ; the head of an angoleic negro is fubftimtcd for all Africa: thefe dirtioclions, though too general and coricife to be r^ry accurate, fervc to illuftratc his fyltem : r. 20* * There is no nation', fays Mr. C, ' fo ditlinguifhable. as the Jews. Men, women, and children, from their birthb, bear the cha- rade rittic marks of their race, Mr. Weft, the diitinguifhed painter, with whom I have frequently convcrfed upon the fubject, conferiing my inability* to difcover in what this national mark conihrs, places it chiefly in the crooked form of the nofe* I acknowledge that this contributes much, and tbut it gives them a refemblancc to the la fears, of whom 1 have fcen numbers iftr London ; and have even taken the model of a face ia Paris-platter* But there is llill a fomewhat unexplained. It is upon this* account that the famous De Wit has fo ill fucceeded in the council* chamber at the Stadt-houfe of Atnltcrdam. He has exhibited ut his paintings feverai men with beards, bur they are not ifraelites/ We cannot pretend to determine whether or not, with the pro* fcflbr's influence and eagcrnefs of purfuit, and during his long- pra&ice, it proved impoilibie to procure the Ikull of an llraelitc for diflcUion. The characteriflic given by the engltfU artifl is that of common and vulgar obfervation. A jew, of either J rcx , may be picked out of a number of people, let the nofe be aquiline, flat, or turned up, and by a mark which feems to* •us independent of any oileologic difference from other nations; by a kind of greafy glitter on the epidermis, which remains after ttec moil careful waftiing^ and is not produced by perfpiration. 3. Chapter Cogan'si tforks of Profefor Camper » 3 Chaptet ti prefents us with fevcral ftriking in fiances of the effects of climate, food, cuitoms* and manners, upon complexion, features, arid general form. Chapter Hi is the molt important, develops the profeflbrlt leading fenriments, defcribes the facial line, it's importance, the manner of ascertaining it, and it's maximum and minimum within. the proportions of nature. As it is impoflible, without the aflift-- Vice of figures, to make an intelligible extract from a tifTuc of references to lines and plates, we (hall content ourfeives with giv- ing a fummary of their refult. To afcertain the maximum and the minimum which difcriminato the human form from that of the brute and the monfter, the author places the fkull or head within. a fquare frame, divided at the upper part into ninety degrees : he* then draws a ftraight line from the hollow ot the ear to the under part' of the nofe, and another from the "utmoft projection of the frontal bone to the tnoft prominent part of the 'upper jaw: the angles formed by thefe lines, where they interfec"r. the degrees, difcover to him not o»ly the fpecitic difference of any one animal from another, but the chara&eri flics of races and nations in their removals from beauty, or approaches to it. Birds are defcribed by the fmalleft angles, nearly horizontal ones, and the perpendicular increafes as the animal approaches thte human form. The heads of apes and outaqgs reach from forty-two to fifty degrees ; the.laft hears forae fjmilarity to man. The negro and calmuck have feventy ; the european rifes to eighty ; the ancient roman art ids afcended to » ninety five, and the greeks idealized to a hundred. Beyon&tthis v line the portentous begins ; ' the head becomes mifhapen, and affumes the appearancexof a hydrocephalus.' Deformity obtains, or beauty predominates, in proportion as the maxilla; project beyond, or recede within the perpendicular. For the important remarks concerning differences in the facial line, phyfiolagical examination of the difference in the features viewed in front, and the diveriities of features, &c, explained in the three remaining chapters, as figures and text go hand in hand, we mud refer the reader to the' work itfelt, and proceed to part the fecond. This is divided into four chapters, in which the changes that take place from infancy to old age are accurately traced, and the caufes of thefe varied appearances phyfiologically explained* The neceffity of attending to thefe circumflances is indicated by adverting to the defects in the children of fevcral artiils, fuch as Albert Durer, De Wit, &c. Part the third has three chapters, the firft treats of beauty in feneral j the author maintains that there are various caufes and inds of beauty, or the beautiful, that cannot be reduced to one ftandard : but to whatever may be deemed beautiful in itfclf, N independent of adventitious circumflances, or mere cuftom and fancy, fomc relation and proportion between the different parts of thefubjecl feem abfolutely necefiary. The -beauty obfer\.fble in the works of the ancients is in part afcrijbed to their having fiorre&ed the defects which proceed from the laws of vifipn; this B a **■ 4 '* PAINTING. , SJVlTtf ART. is proved mathematically. Chapter xi treats of the relative pro* portions obfervable in europeans, &c. compared with the antique* The third chapter propofes a general method to find out the proportions oi the head, founded on an anatomical knowledge of the cranium : the ufe of this to portrait painters, is pointed out as the only means of ascertaining what conditutes the beauty and grace of a countenance. In the enumeration of it's parts, the author unaccountably coincides with thofe who think the form of the ear* from the minutenefs and intricacy of it's parts, Ufs contrived for elegance than ufe, and for that realon to have ge- nerally been hidden by the ancients. It might perhaps be faid, without impropriety, that they, who mifs elegance of fhape in a well- formed ear, have no eye ; but the fad is,, that the ancients have fliown the ear as nature (hows it ; inbofomed, but never hidden, amid the curls of youth, and boldly produced to fupply their want on the temples of age. • Part the fourth treats of the bed manner of fketching the outlines of a head, particularly in profile : the imperfection of the common method, either by the ufe of the oval, or of the greater and fmaller triangle, is fully demondrated ; and in the third chapter a new method is propofed, viz. to form of two unequal circles* a horizontal oval, which is nearly the (liape of the cranium independant of it's append iges ; a line dropped from the centre of the larger circle to it's bottom defines the orifice and lowed verge of the ear : the facial line is marked in the dire&ion required, and the red of the head divided into four equal' parts. The fimplicity and fqperiority of this method is proved by four profiles of a child, a negro, an aged, and a full grown man. " Booh tht fecond contains fhe fubdance of three lectures on the wanner of reprefenting the different paflions, and on the points of umilarity between the human fpecies, quadrupeds, birds, and fifties : with rules for drawing, founded on this fimilarity. Thefe are to be confidered as fragments of lectures, in which the explanatory parts do not bear an adequate proportion to the introductory : what degree of merit they may poffefs confids more in their aim than in the execution. The defign of the firft lecture is to convince the pupil of the, great advantages, that might be derived from a more ex ten five knowledge of anatomy, than artiils in general poffefs, in the delineation of the different emotions of the mind. The author ftrongly recommends not only the dudy of ofleology in general- and of the cranium in particular ; of the mufclcs of the face and their action, but aifo the dudy of neurology^ or the a&ions of the difFerent nerves upon thefe mufclcs in the various paffions. , This do&rine he illuftrates by defcribing the external effects pro- duced in feveral of the emotions, and points out the nerves, that, priiharily influenced by the different dates of the mind, act upon the mufcular fyilem, and produce the correfpondent effects. rl he object of the fecond leclure is to enforce upon thofe artifta who have made animals their principal objecY of dudy, amore intimate acquaintance with the natural hiiloiy of their fubjett. ' The . Cogan's W9fh vf Pnfeffir Camper. -5 t The neceffity of this arifes from the indifputable fact, that the author of nature has given to each animal a form cor fefpotfdent with it's particular deihnation, the nature of it's food, and manner of procuring it; the horfe, the cow, the dog, camel, and elephant, are introduced to illuftrate this dodrine ; and the inference' for *he artift is obvious. . The third lecture opens with an intererting cririclfm on the works of fome celebrated artiils in this department, and points put the errours committed by nearly all of them from the cauft affigne4. The profeflbr then proceeds to canvafs the rules laid do'.va by Van de Pas^ for the delineation of animals ; and having demon 11 rated their imperfection, and proved their tendency to miilead, he propofef a method of hid own, which he deems of ■univerfal application. This method is founded on a principle analogous to that efta- felifhed for forming the profile of the human head. The pro- feflbr maintains, that the conformation of the thorax and abdomen in the fkeleton of all animals is fo fimilar, that thefe part* demand the firft and principal attention of the artift. He recom- mend* therefore firft to draw the outlines of thefe parts, and forming from them an oblong oval in an horizontal direction, to add the other parts, which he confide rs as appendages that vary according to the nature and destination of the animal. In this manner he (hows with what facility a cow may be metamorphofed into a crane, a fifh, &c. and a quadruped into a human figure. Such are the rude 'outlines of the various limbs of a fy (Fenvthat appears to have it's origin in nature and truth for it's bafe. Being founded on demonft ration, with a continued reference to v figure and line, it was impoffibie to jexpatiate on it in extracts, without adopting a fimilar method. The ftyle is animated, and frequently as elegant and entertaining as the matter would permit. In his quotations and nomenclature, the profetTor it not always correct ; and he is fometimes negligent of chronology. Thus, and on the authority of Pliny tool C alarms, who with Praxiteles flourifhed about the 104th olympiad, is called the * fucceflbr' of Lyfippus, whp wrought in the 1 j^th.— The author tells us of the * artomfhment he felt, when he firft contemplated the penitence of Peter, painted in one of the cartoons;' and doubtt whether any one * can remain in fen fib le to the anguifh' of Profer- pine, vyhen forced away by Pluto, as it is chifeled out in flone by ^BuonarotL — No cartoon of Raphael exhibits the penitence of .Jeter; and it would be* little fhort of a farcafm on the ^rofefTor'a tafte, to fuppofc that he miftook the rape of Proferpine by the elder Bernini, in the Ludovifi palace, for a work of Michael Angelo — But thefe are trifling overlights where fo much pre- ponderates in favour of a writer. We repeat, that no elemen- tary work known to us has the fmaHeft pretence to be put in 'competition with the lectures of Camper ; and think it a duty to recommend tbeir ferious pcrufal to every ftudent and dilettante! $ Noclu ni verfandas manu, verfa/idas diufnaV Each book is illuftrated by a number of p « es, copied! in, a spanner equally mafterly and correct, by the ingenious tyjr. l£lrk. B 3 A^t. t 4n%TT>*r. JflStORT. ANTIQUITIES. CHRONOLOCr. Art. ti. The Hiftofy of the Parijhes rf Wbiteford, and tbtytaelt* 4to. 3 zS pages, and 24 plates. Price il. is. in boards. Whites. • Mr. Pennant's infcription upon this volume is Reftrgam: and Jus numerous readers, whom he has fo elegantly inftructed, and fo pleafantly amufed by his former writings, will be difpofed, on his return to his literary labours, after having taken a formal leave of the public, [fee our Rev. Vol. xvi, p. 15] to welcome him with affection, as an old friend and companion riferi from the dead. It is wholly unneceflary to defcribe the peculiar ftyle and cha- racter of Mr! P.'s writings, either for the information of pur readers* prto add a frefh "wreath to his well-earned reputation. We may, therefore, be allowed.'without further preamble, to enrich our journal with a few extracls from this entertaining piece of topography. The volume commences with a defcription of Eden Owain, or Downing, the author's birth place and family eitate j where he was iifhered into the world on the 14th of June, 1726, old ftyle. De- fcribing his grounds. Mr. P. mentions an oak, of which he gives an elegant plate, and relates the following particulars : , p. 5.-—' Above this building is a fpreaaing oak of great antiquity, fk 2e, an4 extent of branches : it has got the name ofthe Fairy Oak. In this very century a poor cottager, who lived near the fpot, had a child who grew uncommonly peevifti ; the parents attributed this to . ihe fairies* and imagined that k was a changeling. They took the .child, pat it in a cradle, and left it all night beneath the tree, in hopes that the tyhuydd teg, or fairy family, or the fairy folk, would reftore their own before morning. When morning came they foun4 the child perfectly quiet, fo went away with it, quite confirmed in their belief. Shakipeare and Spenfer allude to thi» pppular fiction, Spenfer is particularly allufive to the above : 9 And her bafe elfin breed there for thee left, ^Such men 4q changelings call, fo chang'd by fairies theft.* A ftrong feature of ancient welch manners is drawn in Mr. P.?# "account of the practice of terming. p. 23.—*' In thofe days the neighbors were much addicted, lb terming, i. e. brewing a barrel of ale at fome favorite ale-houfe, an4 fraying there till it was all drunk out. They never went to bed, even mould the term laft a week ; they either flept in their chain or on the floor, as it liappened, then awoke arid refumcxl their jollity. At length, when the barrel was exhaufted, they reeled away, and the nero of this bacchanalian rotot always carried the " fpiggot in triumph. Courting 'was very frequently the occailon of theie terms ; each gentleman brought his grey-hound, and often made jnatches, more for the glory of producing the beft dog, than for tlje value of the bet.* -' " ' ' Mr. £. gives a curious lift of prefents made by friends and neighbours to the IherifF, Pyers Pennant, in 161 2, confiding of fteep, pigs, getfc, chickens, brawn/ butter, eggs, fugar, cakes. Jack, clardt, money, *&c- He adds. Pennant's Hifiory of Wktttferd, and Holywell. y *. 41. — * In thefe numerous lifts of prefents I was furprHedat the ©million of brandy ; probably the fiery dram was not then in iaihion in Wales : yet mrrfe, in Romeo and Juliet, calls for \f amain, under the name of aqua vita: : Some aqua wit*, ho ! my ford, my lady ! It appears to have been chiefly ufed ki thofe days for medical purpofes. v * In captain Wyndham's voyage to Guinea there was Vandy.on board for the ufe of ufe iick failors. It was (aid to hare been in- vented by Raymundus Lullius, the famous alchemift, who died in the year 1315. Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, came to a sioft horrible end, fays Mezerey, {i. 954.) who, to reilore his ftrength, weakened by debauchery, was wrapped in iheecs fteeped. in eau de vie. His valet by accident fet £1 e to them : after the third day he died in the moft dreadful tortures, and it is to be hoped thus expiated the crimes of his moil execrable life. I aft} indebted for the origin of brandy to a molt elaborate eiTay on .it which I received from Mr, William Taylor, of Norwich, by favor , «f my friend Dr. Aikin/ Of the change which time makes in our ideas and attains., .the following anecdote may ferve as an example : p. 51.—' Xfigh above Lietty Gqueft Hands a fummcr-Jiouie, buik by my grandfather, to which he often adjourned with his gueiUfr. *o .regale them witfi the delicious beer, brewed by the .famous Jane* Many years after, when I became mailer of the eflatc, I arfo had any adjournment, but it was either to cat (hrisips or to drink tea. An honeft vicar of a diitant panfh, who had been a moil intimate friend of my convivial grandfather, enquired whether I ever went to the fummer-houfe ; and was anTwered, " Now and then, to drink aea." Struck with horror at the degeneracy of the grandfon, the good man with indignation exclaimed, " Drink teal his grand- father would have fcorned it!" Moftyn hall is minutely defcribed ; it's apartments, coatsx of arms, pictures, library, manufcripts, bronzes, lamps, marbles, &c. Among the relics of antiquity is the golden torques ; of which *. particular account is given. Next follows a defcription of Whiteford church, with it's monu- jnents and inicriptions. A beautiful view is given of Garreg, or che rock, the higheil land in the pariih, with the following account fif the roman pharos, which ftill remains upon it. p. 112.—* The romans took advantage of this elevated fituation, and placed on its fummit a pharos, to conduct the navigators to and from D*va, along the difficult channel of the Seteia Partus. The building is Hill remaining. Jt is tolerably entire ; its form is .circular : the inner diameter twelve feet and a half 5 the thicknefs of the -walls four feet four inches. The doors, or entrances, are oppofite to each other ; over each is a fquare funnel, like a chimney, which opens on the outfide, about halfway up the building. On each fide is a window. About four feet from the ground are three circular, holes, lined with mortar, as is frequent in roman buildings j 494 penetrate .the whole wall, for purpofes now unknown. f 9 + ! WiOu&r 9 HISTORY * Withinfide are the veftiges of a ftair-cafe, which led to fhe. floors, of which there appear to have been two. Along fuch part of the upper, which was confpfcuous from the channel, are cigljt fmall fquare openings, cafed with free-ftone (the reft of 'the build- ing being of rude lime-ftone, ^bedded in hard mortar) and each of thefe were feparated by wooden pannels, placed in deep grooves, the laft ftill in a perfect ftate. In each of thefe partitions were placed the lights, which the romans thought necefTary to keep diftind, or to prevent from running into one, left they mould be miftaken by feamen for a ftar. Periculum in corrrvatione ignium, ne fidus exijiimctur? ..-,-. • Having accurately noticed every object which may be fuppofed to engage the attention of the antiquarian, Mr. P. proceeds to give an account of the natural hiftory and rural economy of his parifh. Speaking of the mines, he fays, p. 132. — * I (hall juft mention two or three adventitious bodies difcovered at vaft depths in our mines. We have been often fur- prifed with finding great rude logs of timber, at the depth of twenty-five or forty-five yards under ground. They are quite rough, and totally freed from any fufpicion of having bee,n ufed in the mines, even had they npt been met with in new 6x unworked ground, in blue clay, and amidft tumblers. They are firm and Itrong when firfl taken up, and of a black color; as if they hacj been burnt.* » The value of the potatoe plant to the poor will be feen in the , following extraft : v p. 160. — * Every cottage has its garden ; and if that is not large enough, any landlord or neighbor allots him a piece in one of his fields, for the purpofe of a potatoe-garden, and this fpot is prepared and manured by the landlord, and for which not more than 18 A per rood is demanded. The laft comfort is not of long date, for I can remember the time in which it was aim oft unknown to the. poorer people ; neither did the rich extend the culture beyond the garden. How fmgular does appear to us the following '^quotation, from old Gerard, p. 928, who (peaks of it as " being alfo a meatej for pleafure, equall in goodnefle and whole fome nefle vnto the fame? being either rofted in the embers, or boyled and eaten with oyle^ vinegar, and pepper, or drefled any other way by the hand of fome cunning in cookerie." — At prefent our gardeners, and a ft\t frthers of the parim, raife fufRcientto fupply their neighbors, and to carry for fale to the -adjacent market. The ftiff foil of the paring is unfavorable to the culture. •» If we want potatoes in any quan* < titles, we muft import them from the vale of Conwy, from (Jhefture-, and Lancaihire.- In the prefent time of fcarcity, (May 1795) ^9 cultivation has been unufuall v encreafed in Whiteford parifh. .Be*; fore this feafon, I never railed more than was neceffary for the ufe of my fimijy : this year I increafed my potatoe-ground manyfold, even before I had read the fpeech made; by- fir John Sinclair. 1 Thousands have done the fame in a fimilar ftate -of ignorance, fome from benevolence, fome from view of gain, anoV others on thV principle of felf-prefervation* I may predict alfo, from the former . fngtives," that wheat will 'be in the next ieaibn fowa four-fold. . Ad- t * monit^oui Pennant' s Hiftory if JFhikford, an4 HofylvtB* 4 qiomtions fcrely are unneceffitry. In the next year we may rejoice in plenty, even in fuperfluity, and have the happine s of feeing the poor man exult in our fuccefe. — But the hakyo? days are arriving sift. Let us comfort ourfelves with the fair profped before us, ana devoutly pray for the accomplifhment of taofe hopes delivered to w in the fallowing prophetic cffufions ; Let us cut off thofe legal bars Which crufh the culture of our fertile lUe ! ' Were they rem ov'd, unbounded wealth would flow, Our waftes would then wkh varied produce fmile. And England foon a fecond Eden prove !' Mr. P., having devoted 172 pages to his native foot, now ftep* into the parilh of Holywell, where lie finds abundant materials, antiquarian and commercial, for the information and amufement of his readers.' The description of that extenfive and important commercial ' eitabliihment, the Pary9 mine works, will probably be acceptable to many of our readers. The works carried on here* *. 204, * are entirely confined to the manufacture of copper. ' In this department is a great forge for heating the cakes of copper, , previbully to their being beat into pans, or rolled into fheathings, &c. &c. The wheels and machinery are fet in motion by the water from a large pool, parallel to the road, which is filled from the dream, and let out by anbther channel to effect its purpofes. -,.-'.. ' Thefe may be called the great magazines for the fupply of the royal navy with the various neceffaries in copper, fuch as^jheathings, bolts, and nails. Some of the bolts are twenty feet long, and' fo hardened by rolling and battering,' as to be capable of being driven almoft to their heads, in the entrance forward, and run abaft of , the fhips where the beds of timber are the thickeft ; which work is facilitated by boring with an auger two-thirds of the length. ' ' Some of the nails are a foot in length, and from that iize to that of a fadler's tack. ' . ' ' Rudder bands and braces are here made of an enormous fize ; fbme, defigned for the largeft firft- rates, weighed one ton fourteen hundred." ' ' The number of men employed in thefe works is ninety-three. This is intended when they are in full employ : the fame muft be. mderftood of all the reft. ' The head of water to thjs mill is about twenty-one feet and 3, half, and the fuperficial furface of the pool about 112,028 feet ' ' The trade of thefe works is not confined to the royal navy. The merchant (hips are from hence fupplied with confiderable quan- tities of fheathing, bolts, and nails, as are many of the fhip3 in the fervice of the Eaft-India company. • ' From hence braziers are furnimed with copper vefleli of all kinds, and the materials for all the copper branches of their bufinefs. 1 * The works on this river are fupplied with their copper from the Parp* mine and Mona mine companies ; the ore of which it (incited chiefly at Ravenhead, and Stanley, in Lancaihire. 1 •..-.........,.,..: < The * "Fhe ewraim ores arc (incited «t Swanfey, Neath, BrfJrol, and Sn'Cornwal. « The duke of Devonftiire's ores, *t Wbifton, in DerbyflHi*. « The number of veflels immediately employed by the copper- companies on this -river, to convey the feveral manuraclures, or the materials to and from Liverpool, and the other places connected with them, amount to between thirty and forty, from thirty to fifty tons burden. ( Mr. Williams has, befides the works on the Holywell ftreajn, two near Mario w) in Buckingham (hire, upon a$ large a fcaie a* thofe in Greenfield. There are alfo in this kingdom others be~ longing to different proprietors, at Cougleton and Macclesfield, -in Cheshire, at Swanfey, and Briftol, and in Comwal, and a number in the vicinity of London.' Befides the copper and braft works, there are upon this river ]arge cotton works, and fome other manufactories, which are di£ tin&ly defcribed. St. Wenefrede's well, fo famous in the annals ef fuperftition, of tourfe engaj tion. The 3 of the jiuracul< * lightened time;, indeed of exciting religious awe, fcarcely affords amufement,; and Mr, P. might have fpared himfelf the trouble of ierioufly remarking, that with protcftants, and temperate catholics, it carries with it felf-confutation. Curious and ufeful particulars are given re&ecling the ftate of population, the price of provi- sion, &c. in Holywell. The hiftory of Holywell commences and conclu&s with excurfions into the neighbourhood. An appendix i* added, containing Vaughan's account of .the five royal tribes of Cambria, and a genealogy of the fifteen tribes of North Wales, given from the «s. in the poifeflion of the rev. L. Owen. f The details in this hiftory are given with a degree of minutenefs, which one clafs of readers will think trifling, perhaps tedious ; but which another dais will admire, as furnMhing an accurate and £niihed picture* Though the work .mould not be thought equally Jntcrefting with fome of Mr. P.'s former publications, it will not fell to be well received as an elegant addition to his numerous and valuable. productions. The volume is embeliilhed twith many beau- tiful plates. ji r t . 1 1 1 . Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and Jlrtflphalia ; nvitt f^iews of Peace and War at borne and abroad* Second Edition* revifed. To which is added, Humanity ; or the Rights of Nature, a Poem. Third Edition, correBed. By Mr. Pratt. In Three Volumes. 8vo. Price il. is. in boards. Longman. 1796, It is unequivocal proof of the favourable reception, which this work has met with from the public, that a fecond edition is fo fo^n called for : we announce it to our readers in juftice to the tmtnor, who has fo far paid a candid attention to the ftfggeltiom pi criticifro, as to make fome material alterations, particularly in $he> latter part of %kt tltfrd volume, in which he had fainted^ mora 1/Kfs Williams's Sketch*/ the Politics of France. 3* <<aHy tban the wature of *ns work required, the atrocities , of tlte middle period of the French, revolution. In compaflioVi to the feelings of his .readers, and .* in juilicc to the more manly fyfteai of government now prevailing, he has abridged, or wholly left oat, many of the inftaracesJof horror,' which diigraced the tyranny trf Robcfpierre, whofe'death he jurtry calls the refurrertion of h«- fnanity 4irs fentirnents on this fubject, in their prefent form, are unexceptionable, and every friend of freedom will heartily cpocov in his concluding remarks. Vol hi. f. 312 — * Thofe jarring atoms which (bake a na- tion, and which are, perhaps, inseparable from revolutions, gii*s ■way to wife, wherteibme, and humane arrangements ; and when wder is called out of that political chaos, though humanity mutr. *v«r Qi udder at the dire ejfect of thofe convulnons which hnvfc preceded fuch arrangements, as tyrants fcldorn long furvrve their victims, we mud venerate the ** end, while we never ceafe to deplore foroe of the means by which it ba3 been brought about.1' \ ' In fine, applying thefe general observations to the particular jnftinoc before us, of the French people. «*— Now the dread thirft of blood is d*er, And RtTTHLEtfS *AGE SHALI^ STAIN THEIR CATfSE N# moke; With hofieft joy alt. nations fliall embrace, Their Gallick foes, and own them of a kindred race :" The principal additions are, fome elegant tributary lines te Air. Ha (lings, and a complimentary addrefs from Petrarch to Laura Maria (Mrs, Robinfon) — written with great eafe and ten- ^dernefs. In the latter piece, the rhime has feduced the author into the grammatical inaccuracy of thee for thou. *« O may the nightingale and thee Still fhare onr tender fympathy.* Wctake this opportunity of correcting a fmall overlight in otrr review of this work: p. 19, Vol. xxiii, where the author's poem, entitled Humanity, is confounded with another entirely tiiitinci performance, entitled Sympathy t dele the words ' fir 11 pubiifked under the title of Sympafty/ •A* t . I V. Letters containing a Sketch of the Politics of France ^ front , the 31^ of May 1793, /*// the 28/A of July 1794, and of the Scents tvhicb have paj/ed in the Frifons of Paris. By Helen Maria Williams. VoL 1 V. i2mo. 225 pages. Price 3s. 6d. fewefl. Robinfons. 1796. Those readers, whofe feelings have been harrowed with the fcenes of dreadful defolation and favage barbarifm, defcribed in the preceding volume of. thefe letters, will rejoice to be<in fome, meauire relieved from the anguifh of fympathy, by accompanying this truly fentimental writer in her renew of the triumphs of infulted humanity over the minifters of terrour. /To borrow miff Williams's beautiful fimile; their feelings will referable thofe of fhe * weary traveller, who, having patted along paths befet with ffaceer % where bafe anil horrid precipices frowned above, and tfeep ftt HISTORY. deep and dark abyffes yawned below, gaias at length fofcie fair fumrait, from 'whence, while he fh udders to look back, the prot- peel opening before him prefents icenes cheered by vegetation* and foftened into beauty.* Several of the narratives even in this volume are more than /enough diltreffmg ; but the reader has rhe relief and comfort of finding them terminate happily. The volume commences with an account of the ace u fa no n and punifhment of feveral perfons, who- had been principals in the horrid work of revolutionary murder. Thefe accounts are followed by a more pleating narrative of the efcapes of innocent perfons from destruction on the revolution of the 10th of Thermidore* Several of thefe, which are too long to be copied, will excite exquifite feelings of fympathy, especially the (lory of the aged prieji and his. A poor Marianne/ The druggies of the jacobins to recover their power and reflore the fyltem of terrour are next related ; and farther particulars are added of the retributive juilicr inflicted on the leaders of the ter- ror ids. For Le Bon, who was tried and executed at Amiens, near the fcene of his guilty prifs W. thus forcibly expreiTes juft fenti^ ments of indignation* p. 158. — * nlis memory is ip that part of the country held in, unbounded execration. At the mention of his name the mother prefTes her infant clofer to her bread ; and the long catalogue of his- atrocities is recorded by every tongue, and engraved with fa- lutary abhorrence on everjr heart. ' The Le Bons, the Collpts, the Carriers have done their worft; they now fervc as the bea- cons of the revolution, fpreading over the gujph of terrarifm a warning light, and difplaying the horrors of that abyfs, into which, thank Heaven i this refcued people can be plunged no more.' In relating fome of the incidents relative to the difgraceful ex- • pedition to Quiberon, the writer introduces an aftontthing in- Aance of political fanaticifm, and two admirable examples of he* roic virtue, in the following paragraph and the annexed nqte.. p. 1 6*.— * The misfortunes of the count de Sombreuil's family are indeed fingular, and atFefting. His father, the late governor of the Invalids, a venerable old man, was conliqed in the prifon of the Abbey at the period of the maftacre of feptember, and was condemned to (hare the fate of his unfortunate fellow prifon erf ; when, exalted by the facred enthufiafm of filial piety above all fenfe of perfonal danger, his admirable, his heroical daughter flew to the fcene of horror, forced her way into the prifon, and, unctffmaved at the fight of the executioners whofe bloody fabres were fuipended over her father's head, knelt at their feet, and with the irrefiftible energy of filial tendernefs compcHed them to liften, to the holy cry of nature, fnatched her father from inftant death, and led him through the band of murderers in fafety to his hotne. « When this interefting young woman was brought, in the days of Jlobefpierre, a prifonef to Port Libre with her father, the prison- ers received her with that refpecliul homage to which her exalted virtue gave her fo high a claim. Every eye was filled with tears at Mifs Williams's Sketch of th$ Politics of Franc*. 13 die recollection of what (he had differed for her father, over whom toe dill hung like a tutelar angel, preventing his wants, and watching his infirmities. And the monfters who then governed, more oierciiefs than the murderers of feptember, and unmoved - by tf&ions which reflect dignity on our nature, dragged the un- happy old man before their tribunal of blood; while his child, who deferved altars, was doomed to feel with the bitter pangs of unavailing regret^ that Hie had refcued her father from the dag- ger of the atiaflin, only to fee him periih at eighty years of age vpou the fcaffold *. The ■ > ■—■■■■ II I ■■!■■. . m . ■ .„. m , , • * There appears to be a fanaticifm in politics, as well as in religion ; and the fecond of feptember may perhaps be confiRered as the St. Bartholomew of the revolution. Montieur Maron, the proteftant miniver at Paris, has related to me a lingular inftancc of this nature. One of the executioners in thofe days of horrpr was a young man, a proteftant, the fon of a poor and pious widow, who received her (hare of the monthly distribution of alms f from the church. Being herfelf feeble and infirm, (lie often fent her fon at the appointed times for the donation, who was there* fore perfonally known to monfieur Maron. During the maflacre of feptember, this young man at eight in the morning entered in a hurried manner monfieur Maron's apartment ; his hair difhevel- 1 led, his look wild and disordered, his arms bare and covered with blood; and faid to him in a great perturbation, " Oh raon chet pafleur, nous avons bicn befoin de vos prieres ! Graces a Dieu, nous avons bien travaille cette nuit f I" With other expreffions of the like nature, which indicated a mind ilruggling with its own remorfe as with a feeling that was criminal, and having " bound fnp his nature to this terrible feat," as to the performance of a great but difficult duty to his country. Moniieur Maron in vaia endeavoured to touch his foul with compunction, and make him feel that the God he invoked was the avenger of crimes fo terri- . bjc — He failed in the attempt; and the aflaflin, with the imme- diate conviction on his mind that he was acting in the pre fence of Omni fcie nee, returned to his work of murder. • While I am on the fubjecT: of thofe days of carnage, I cannot help obferving, that, while they difplay human nature fullicd by • crimes' which make us blufli for our lpecies, they exhibit more than one folitary inttance of the moll heroical virtue; and the ferocity of the aflaflin is contralted, not only with the filial tender* nefs of the daughter of Sombreuil, but with the fublime magna- nimity of the abbe Guillon, who was a prifoner in the Abbey at that fatal period. An order for the liberty of the abbe Guillon arrived : he was called to the court-yard in the mid ft of the ma fia- cre, and the order was given to him which was to relcue him from .death. He took the paper in his hand ; which after reading, in- flcad of feizing the means it prefented of efcape, he gatfe back, ^— 1 1 ■ 1 ■- - • f «• Oh my <|car pallor, ue have much need of your prayers f Thank God, we have worked hard iaft night V faying, 14 Hisro&n The remainder of this volume contains a brief review of thf military operations of the French, during the period fpecified in the title, A continuation of tbeie imcreiling fketches may be ex* peeled. l.m. s. Art. v. Jn impartial yournal of a Detachment from the Brigade of Foot Guards, commencing z$th February , 179^, and ending qth May, 179 1. By Robert Brown, Corporal in the Coldftream Guards, llluftrated with a Map of the Seat of War. 8vo. 273 pages* Price cs. few&l. Stockdale. 1793/ Corporal Brown, convinced, no doubt, by experience, that im-% pilot belief isalmoii a& neceflary a qualification in a foldier as impli- cit obedience, begins by Hating the necefiity that exifted on our part of defending Holland. On his arrival at Dort, he appears to have been ftrack with the neat* nefs of the houfes, both in fide and out, and he defcribes every article of furniture, either for ornament or ufe, as kept in a ftate of clean!*- aefs and regularity far exceeding any thing he had been accuftemed fo in England. Bergen-opzoom is faid by him to contain bomb proof barracks for 100,000 men ; the number is here greatly exaggerated. Every page bears teftimony of the rapacious and cruel difpoiition of the german mercenaries : * Every houfe/ fays he, while defcribtng a beautiful village* ' was plundered in a moft unfeeling manner by the auftrians and others of the foreign troops, whofe hardened hearts nei- ther the entreaties of old age, Hie tears of beauty, the cries of chil- dren, nor all the moving fcenes of the mod accumulated diftrefs, can touch with pity ; nor do they content themfclves with taking what- ever may be ufeful to them, but deftroy whatever they cannot carry away. It would feem the auftriariS are not allowed by their law to" plunder in faeh a degree \ for this day (may 25th) one of their officers 4 detected a foldier plundering a poor woman's houfe of all (he had, when, moted with companion, he ordered him to defift, but he refuf- ing, the officer drew hisfword, and killed him on the fpot.' Either from the contagion of example, or the diflolutencfs accom- panying a ftate of warfare, our own troops feem to have foon evinced a fimilar difpoiition ; and inftances of wanton robbery, rape, and mur- der, are frequently mentioned. The following quotation is well calculated to intereft our feel* fogs: * Throughout our march along the eaft fide of the Scheldt,? the profpeft is exceedingly delightful, woods, enclofures, fields and mea- dows, mixed with the moft beautiful variety ; every hrl J covered with the fineft crops we ever faw, of wheat; barley, iv, flax, &c. and fo rich is the foil, that fome of the rye ftands near eight feet high, and faying, that there was another abbe of the name of G aillon in the prifon, for whom he faw the order was intended. Having faid this, he returned to die. This is perhaps the noble ft trait ofw Yirtue which has con t rafted the crimes of the revolution.* . Corporal Brown's Journal. \< S other, fpecies of grain proportionably exuberant* The iroa of deftructive war has nor yet reached this pleaftnt fpor, and on comparing it with the defoitfted -regifms which we have lately occu* fried, (though the, foil is equally* fruit for in both) it would maketh* ■oft- unfeeling heart lament the fatal* confequences of war. Wherever wego, the ir.oft luxuriant Crops are unavoidably deftroyed, and the bor fertile fields/ now in jane, afllrme the difmal profpeft of rtovera- ber. ' Before the, conquering array the affrighted inhabitants fly, fre- quently leaving their whole dependence behind them, a. prey to the rapacious hand of plunder, which in fpite of all order and difcipKftey too often prevails ; anon- they return with trembling fteps, in hopes to find reKef and fheker, when behold, initxad of their once happy cot- tage, a heap of ruins, air their hopes destroyed for ever, none to pity, ■sue to help!' The author frequently and feelingly laments the calamities of wai* and philofopiufes, after his own manner, on the ahfurdity of that zeal which induces rival nations to dettroy each other; « nations, between whom no cawfe of complaint ever exifted, but only to fariate the ambft-» Don, avarice ox revenge of a few individuals/ We vera (hocked on reading the following paffages : indeed the fads* contained in it, (if fads they be) are a difgrace to an enlightened • Or that part of the common neareft Breda, are a great number of criminals hong in chains, four of whom have been lately executed, on* bnktu tffou the <wbs*I, and three hung. One was chained up alpvt ta a high poft refrmbling a crucifix ; one chain goes round under hit tun, one round his loins,, and a third round his ankles ; and in that peftnrc it is faid that he lived three days and part of a fourth.9 ThecBgJifh troops feem to have been much difpleafed with the re* ception given them by the- nation they were fent to defend, and the following extract evinces rather joy than forrow at the conqueil of Holland by the french : * J)ec. 19, 1 794. Where is now the boefted fecurity of the dutch, with all their inundations ? Behold the hand of omnipotence arreftt Ae rapid current: a. fmooth firm paffage is made over the waves* which all human power and wifdom cannot prevent, and even fcheia • thief defence is made fubfervient to the defigns of the enemy.' ' Wuk the money in our hands*' fays he in another place, • we were anfwered only with a flirug up of the (boulders, nix, nix, nix bread, nix butter* tit Bter> nix brandrwyn for the engUJbmcmS The retreat in the face of a victorious enemy, in January 1795, ** represented as truly difaftrous : * The frolt was jfo intenfe, that the water which came from our eyes, freezing jbs it fell, hung in ificles to ©or eye-lafoes, and our breath freezing as foon as emitted, lodged in heaps of ice about our faces, and on .the blankets or coats that were wrapped round our heads. Night faft approaching, a great nombe* both men and women began to linger behind, their (pints being quits ohanfled, and without hopes of reaching their deltination ; and if they once loft the column of march, though but a few minutes, it being dark, and no trait (track) to follow, there was no' chance of finding k r'tu In this ftate numbers were induced to (it down, or creep u&* the flicker of bufhes; where, weary, fpiritlefs, and without hope, a lew fS HISTORY*. * few moments Cotifigne4 them to fleep ; but afas I whoever fitpij, awaked no more i their blood almoit inftantly congealed in their veins, the fpring of life foon dried upland if ever they opened their eyes, it was only to be fcnfible of the laft agonies of their miferabie exift. • ence. .,«;•..,,. ' Upon tne whole, wfe have been entertained by this work ^ and moft beartily wifh in return* that the corporal may be fpeedily promoted td ahaiben. A*T. vr. Cm^Jpond^nee^iti^fdur/er^haVHifloire de Refold ean*fme Franqaiit i£c. Political. Cofrefpondence relative to the Hiftory of French Republicanifm. By Mallet du Pan. Printed in Swit- zerland* and imported by De BoJFc 8vo. 45 pages. Price 45. 6d. Ma l let du Pan, whofe works we have had frequent occafion to mention, [fee Analyt. Rev. vol. xvn, p. 198, and vol. rfix, p. 62,] although « a citizen of Geneva,' ftill continues the zealot of royalty. The french republic, we are told by him, was produced in 1791, iti coniequence of the intrigues of ' three confpirators ;' and we learn from a note, that thefe were firiflbt, Condorcet, and Sieves, names to which many good and liberal men have been accuftomea to affix a very dif- . ferent epithet. The firft was executed j the fecond deftroyed himfelf j by poifon, to efcape from perfecution ; and the third, after having ! difputed his life* and loft his liberty under Robefpierre, ' has been con- demned to obfeurity.* Thefe patriots, if we be to believe their ac- cufer* were not poiTefTcd of the requiitte talents for either leading or j ruling the people; although actuated by the moil difgufting pride* \ they preached up the doctrine of equality ; uniting the defpotifm of feclarifts with that originating in a party fpirit; and the obilinacy, to { the intolerance of fell love ; they yet chelated a form of government ! -to France which requires the renunciation of all the paffions. While pourtraying the hiftory 'of the french republic, the author tells us, that it confifts of a fucceffion of ephemeral and exterminating factions, murdering tach other by turns in the midft of oaths of fraternity, and fwearing to unalterable laws, which are abolifhed at the end of fix months. The tbermidorean revolution overwhelmed a tyrant, without deftioying tyranny, ibrthe jacobins on that occafion were flogged <witb m nvbip of rojes ► Bar re re was ftill permitted to trample on the allies of Its vi&tms, and Carnot, one of his coadjutors, prefides at this very moment over the deftinies of the commonwealth. M. da Pan then maintains, that the pre fen t ftatc of Europe excludes ' the poffibilicy of a republic, either direclly, or by reprefentation : ■ •DoyoQ wifti/ fays he, * for a republic of equals in the very midft or inequality? that a lacquey mould fir 'in judgment on his mailer? that a butcher mould* become a legiflator ? and that a lawyer mould be placed at the head of the finances?' It is here obvious, that the abbe perverts the meaning of words, and affixes an idea to the term equality difclaimed by it's partifans. Among them, it confifts in being fubj t\cd to the fame laws, and in deriving no advantage, or being expo fed to no injury, from the adventitious circumftance of birt?i. Equal rights are not incompatible with unequal properties, and virtue and education wi J V ftill form diftin&ions among mankind. A imlet or a butcher, in this point of view, might by fome fmgular acci- dent be elevated to the btneb or the tribune^ but tl.cn, this elevation would Mallet Da Pan's Hiftory of French RepuUicanifm. ~tj woold be likelv to proceed from fuperiour merit, and in that cafe the judge, or the iegiflator, would afluredly be refpedable. ^ It h the author's opinion, that one man alone, and not a whole WJemWy, is fitted to form a tolerable code of laws. This idea is fup- porttd by the examples of Lycurgus, Numa, and Alfred, although the frit is fuppofed to have been merely the compiler of ancient inftitutions, ruber than the original propounder of them. Confucius, Mofcs, and Solon, it is obferved, did not utter their crude fchemes before clamorous aflemblies, but meditated in filence. If a legiflative body be incapable of forming a regular fyftem of laws, a fenate, on account of the wis inertia, provided it confift of proprietors of land, is allowed on the other hand to be admirably calculated for the maintenance of municipal inftitotions. We are, however, utterly deprived of the hope of be- folding one of the great geniufes of antiquity in our times ; for we ait told that < Europe can neither fupport nor furnifh a (ingle Ugijlator. I will go (till further/ adds the author; ( it can neither fupport nor fonrUh even a reformer./ The fcience of morality, and that of legifla* tion, have deftroyed both morals and laws : the^ origin of the greateft diforders, to which fociety- is incident, may be dated from that moment, when the learned begin to doubt' the propriety of iv&ntts, in order to eftablift], according to their own caprice, what ought to be. The force, the majefty, and the -fan&ity of laws, ar<f fo effaced in our days, that the greater number of governments fubfift merely by cufiom^ or by- dint of impulfion. If ever a deliverer (hould extricate France from the oppreifions of it's lawyers, and give it a government, this can only occur by means of a Jim pie tapflation, adapted to circumftances. It will be peculiarly fortunate, if he can make the old harmonize with the new prejudices, and produce an agreement between the interefts which preceded, and thofe which have fncceeded the revolution. This would be a frail, but defirable alliance between monarchical au- thority and liberty, which will be unceafingly oppofed by the remem*- hrance of the abfolute power of royalty on one hand, and that of icvoUmonary independence on the other. It will prevent any confu- tation whatever from being durable in France, until time, that fupreme Iegiflator, (hall have amalgamated thefe heterogeneous elements, and Jhflcd the claims of the people. . ' It is alfo an crrour to think, that the fpirit of republicanifm never 'evinced itfelf until the revolution. The independence of manners, the relaxation of duties, the inconfiftency of authority, the impetuo- fity of opinions, in a country where the want of reffe&ion generate! fiumberlefs prejudices; in fhort, the American inoc ueatiow had infafed this fpirit into all thofe claffes who reafoned on political fub* je&s. The gretter part of the difcontented then termed themfelvf* democrats, as they ftill continue to be at this prefent day throughout the reft of Europe/ M. du Pan now turns his eyes towards la VtntUe, where a fuccefsfdl kfiirrettJoo, conceived in the manly mind of Mr. de la Rouerie, and eonfolidated by the genius of Mr. d'Ebee, took place, without inducing a (ingle department to join in it. Even military glory did not pro* cute profclytes. To account for this phenomenon, it is only fuffi- cient, he thinks, to obferve the device affumed by the wttdeans. •* Ditu st lb Roi I" No ftandard could be more refpeclable ; no motto morcfunple ; but this was in other words exclaiming ; '* Re- ftoie to the clergy it'i property and ft"s immunities ; defpoUftfete hun* vol. xxiv. C died -*8 History; died thoufand -purchafcrs of national domains ; rebuild convents far capuchins ; and prefent us with a king, who fe. family you have of&naed by the moft criminal outrages." He then allows the folly of attempting to root out opinions b^ . the bayonet ; infifts on the (mall (hare of power poffefled by the nobi- lity of the prefent ,day, in co'mparifon with the Bouillons, the Guifes, and the Armagnacs of a former period. In 1789, although both numerous and opulent, they were of lefs conference in the balance of events, than a fimpje infurredion in the Palais Royal. Religion has now loft all it's force in great cities, and becomes daily lefs refpefted in the country. Famine may be preiented under •all her hideous forms, but the defpair of faction always invents new refources, which make reafon and humanity (h udder. France ha* indeed fufiered much, but her lofles are relative: they are in propor- tion to the activity of 'a numerous people ; to the extent of a fertile foil, and to the capital of a country enriched by ages of labour, in- dustry, opulence, and genius. They, who in London have predicted fo confidently like Mr. D'lvernois, and lord Auckland, that the anni- hilation of the affi gnats will produce that of the revolution, and the republic, and finally reftore peace, ' are unacquainted with France, the revolution, and it's zealots.' , It is one of the moft fantaftical circumftances of the prefent day, to behold the french republic acknowledged in the political hierarchy, at a period when we are allured both the governors and the governed confefs the impoflibility of it's duration. This will be one of the many lingular events refulting from the war : * a war, which will cxhauft trance, without exhaufting the revolution; overwhelm the cation with glory and calamities, without producing any advantage to it's enemies, and refolve aqueftion, which happily remained undeter- mined in 1792— that the revolution will prove more than a match for combined Europe 1* This is the reafon, he adds, why the war affrighted * the virtuous . and wary Lewis xvi,' and fuch of his counsellors, as, after the exam- ple of that monarch, forefaw the horrours which hoftilities, * far from peing difinterefted in their nature,' would accumulate on the prince, the monarchy, and the nation. The refponfibility of the prefent war attaches to the girondifis. The king (bed tears on the occafion, and every one muft recoiled the _ fadnefs of his countenance, when he announced to the afiembly the refolution of his council. He infilled, that all the members of the cabinet fhould fubferibe their names to their opinions, and this very paper * is now, perhaps, in the hands of Mr. Morris *.' Lewis xvi, in fhort, deemed the prefent war the tomb of his faintly, of France, and of himfelf; and he requeued, that it might be con filtered merely as an ordinary foreign *war, carried, on between different powers, and thmt the allies Jbould not fuffer any attempt againft the Ugiflative independence $f the nation. ' This is a luminary of the uiftru&ions, which this mo- narch, fo little known, fo foolifhly rftimated, fo unworthily infulted by Grangers equally rafti and ignorant, did mc the honour to confide to me in the month of may 1792, in order that they might be tranf- . # Mr. Morris, we believe, was at that time minifter plenipotentiary, from America to France, from which office he was difmifled at the cxprefi re^ueft of the government. R. mittcd Payne's Geographical Estra8s. 1 9 aittcd to die miniftcrs of the emperor and the king of Prnffia, con- voked at Frankfort for the coronation of his imperial and royal ma- jetty, the adoption of which was to be preffed.' The vanity of the aathor has on thisoccafion fubftantiated the a/Tertions of the judges of Lewis xvi, for we here find htm not only admitting to his confidence , a violent foe to that comtiturion which he had /worn to maintain, but even carrying on a fecrct correfpondence with foreign enemies. la 1792* the allies commenced a war of ' irruption/ and attacked « a brazen frontier* with icarcdv 80,000 men. Their manifefto was fach as might have been dictated after two victories, for it expofed to their treats and their bayonets full four-fifths of twenty -four millions of foals. The monarchy falls to the' ground ; the jacobins feize the sceptre; La Fayette remains faithful to that royalty which he had before endangered, flees, and is taken. prifoner on neutral ground by the enemy. During the following year, Dumouriez elevates the ftan- dardof royalty, for he never intended to re-eftablilh the conftitution of 1791 ; he is (econded by the prince of Cobourg, and the common- wealth begins to totter; — on this, the proclamation is recalled, and tilt jjfiem ef indemnity and the right of conqueft are declared 1 The abbe concludes his introduction by predicting, that Lonvet and Chenier will end their days like Marat and Danton ; that the prefenC will be followed by two or three more new confutations ; that the love of royalty will furvive all the phantoms of a republic, but that the political architects of France * will place the crown on the head of an aforper, who will be a Have, and not a king : *in fhort, he will be nothing more or lefs than the prefident of a fenate of mamalukes.* . The author, like Mr. Calonne, inn" is on the folly of attempting to ruin the credit of the finances. France her&lf m aft be exhaufted before this can be achieved, for, in his own emphatic language, * while there is a trmfs in a granary t or a crown hi a purfe, this trufs and thai crown, will be at the difpofal of the government.' , o« Aar. vii. Geographical Extra&s, forming a general View of 'Earth tmd N*furt\ In four Parts : Part I. Curious Particulars refpefttng the Globe-— Various Phenomena of Nature— Winds, Waters, wt Ek&ric Fluid. Part II. Natural Productions of the Earth — Mines* Minerals mid Foffiis— Vegetables, Part III. Animal Productions— ~ Reptiles — Fijhes — Infe&s- -Birds and Fowls— Quadrupeds. Part IV. Peculiarities in the human Species. Illuftrated with Maps. By John Payne, author of the Epitome of Hiftory, 8tc. 530 pages. Price 8s. in boards. Robinfons. 1796. Th it judicious compiler of the Epitome of Hiftory— for an account *f which, fee Our Rev. Vol. xx, 350, x x 1, 352.— here offers the public a very inftruoHve and entertaining geographical collection, under the heads fpecihed in the title. His plan comprehends a great va- riety of imterefting matter from books of voyages and travels, an4 from other fburces, both englifh and foreign. Without entering into abftrufe reiearches, Mr. P. gives his readers fome general informa- tion on feveral fob j eels of natural philofophy, fo far as was neceflary to prepare the way for fubfequent details : but his principal object lias been to bring together a large collection of facts, refpecting the earth and it's atmofphere, and the feveral parts of nature, mineral, vegetable, and animal. In the fir ft part, the reader will meet with much carious information, concerning the effects of different dc- C 2 grees a* CHktDNOtOGY. J frees of cold and heat in different parts of the world ; concerning everal natural phenomena, as the aurora for talis, tropical meteors; comets, thunder and lightning, and earthquakes j— -concerning winds; waters, rivers, catarafts, fprings, whirlpools, rain and fnow, moun^ tains, volcanoes, bafahie columns, caverns natural and artificial; and earths. In the fetond part, under the head of* minerals will be found accounts of various mines, and metallic works; of the loadftorie; the femimetals, (alt, marble, &c. This part con- cludes with a very curious account of the fonorous ftones of China : under the head of vegetables are defcribed a great variety of plants, among which are tea, coffee, rice, fugar; the garfe tree, the leaves of which drop water ; the fpices — rhubarb, quinquina, betel, opium; manchineel, the poifonous upas of Java, the paper tree of China, the cotton tree, &c. In the third part are defcribed a great variety of curious reptiles, fifties, infe&s, birds, and quadrupeds domefHc and wild. The fourth part gives an account of the albinoes or white negroes, of american indians, of men with goitres, of wild men, dwarfs, and giants, and of favages brought to Europe. To attempt to convey an idea of the entertaining information con-- tatngd in this vtrtume, by making an extract or two, would be like taking a brick from the wall of a houfe as a fample of the building. It is proper to obferve farther, that Mr. P. has not confined him- felf, in his extracts, to books of voyages and travels, but has had reconrfe to various other authors in explaining the phenomena and productions of nature. Wherever he has feen occafion, he has al- tered the expreflion of his authors, in order to produce an unifor- mity of flyle. On the whole, Mr. B. is entitled to much praife for the pains which he has beftowed upon this compilation: he has pro- vided a courfe of reading in natural geography, which may very pro- perly be, put into the hands of young people, and which will be verr acceptable to thofe who have not leifure to pcrufe, or oppor- tunity to procure larger works. By printing the work in a unall type On a large paper, the writer has been enabled to give more matter* than is to be found in many a quarto volume. . Art. viii« Chronological Tables : beginning with the reign of Sole- mn, and ending with the Death of Alexander the Great. With a Prefatory Dijcourfe. By the late Thomas Falconer, of Chefter* Efq. 4to. 305 pages. Price 15s. in boards. Oxford, Cla- rendon Prefs. Sold in London by Cadell and Davies. 1796. To reprefent any branch of ftady as exhaufted, is either the miftake of ignorance, or the pretence of indolence. Few fnbje&sr have been more induilrioufly investigated than ancient chronology ; and the labours of Ufher and Newton, of Petau and Dufrefnoy, of Blair and Play fair, and of innumerable other writers on this robjec't, may feem, to fuperficial inquiry, either to fuperfede the neceffity of further refearch, or to determine the impracticability of attaining far-' ther fatisfa&ion, concerning the order and dates of events in the more remote periods of ancient hiftory. The work which now comes before us is, however, a proof, that learned induftry, guided by found judgment, cannot labour in vain. The late Mr. F., a corrett and Falconer's Chronologic*! TthUr. 21 And well read fcholar of the oxonian fchool, finifhed for the J>re& fhefe chronological tables, with a large prefatory .diflertation. Since the author's death, the work has* been preferred by his brother. Dr. Falconer of bath, tp the univerfity of Oxford ; and it now if- foes from the Clarendon prefs, to refleft honour upon the memory of )Ar. F., am} upon his alma mater, from time immemorial the nurle of found learning. ' In drawing up thefe tables, the learned author had in view the fpeci&c objects, of correcting the iniftakes, which feveral former cnronologers had committed, in ad jailing the reigns of {he jewifh kings to thofe of the eaftern monarchs, and filling up the dark in- terval between the ceflation of the jewifti hiftory and the certainty of that of Greece. In order to arrange the fcattered fa&s of the jewifh hiftory from the time of the captivity, Mr. F. has had re* courfe to the era of NabonaiTar, commonly called the canon of Ptolemy the aftronomer, but appealed to, as an authentic regifter ofaftronomical obfervations, near three centuries before Ptolemy, by Hipparthus. By means of this table, which is a lift of kings who reigned at Babylon from NabonaiTar to Alexander, with the years of each fet down, and the aggregate of the whole, Mr. F. is mrniihed with what he judges to be an authentic feries of reigns, beginning before the jewifh hiftory is clofed, and not ending till the greek hiftory can be determined by warranted criteria. By the help of this era, the author is enabled fo to conned facred with profane hiftory, as to remove the principal difficulties in both. The- plan, which differs materially from that of Prideaux and other writers upon the fubje&, appears to caft new light upon this obfcurp part pf ancient hiftory. The author fupports his arrangements by an elaborate difcourfe, in which the dates of the reigns of the median, ethiopian, and egyptian kings, of the roman confuls, and of the kings and ephorj of Sparta are examined, and feveral particulars in facred and profane hiftory are chronologically elucidated. Of the latter, the principal are, the founding of Carthage ; the captivity of jehoiakim, and of Jehoiachin ; the firft fiege ofjerufelem ; the burning of the temple ; the BeHhazzar of Daniel ; the hiftory of Cyrus ; and the ftate of the jews from their return under Cyrus to the death of Alexander. The prefatory di&ourfe concludes with an attempt to fettle the dates of feveral leading events in the early hiftory of Greece, fuch as, the expedition of the Argonauts, the war of Troy, the return of the Heraclids, the ionic migration, the fettlement of the fpartan polity by Lvcurgus, &c. in thefe and other parts of the tables, where Hftoncal proof is wanting, and conjecture is indulged, the author diitinguiihes this uncertain evidence from what is founded on more authentic data, by marking thefe fa&s, and others grounded on them, with ao afterifk, that the reader may no farther depend upon the dates than the arguments may fupport: a diftinftion which ought to have been made in all chronological tables. It muft be obvious to every reader, that investigations of this kind require minute details, which do not admit of .an analyfisi and we fhouldnot be thought to caft any (light upon this very, va- luable publication, were we to confine ounelves to a general account C 3 of £2 CHRONOLOGY. of it's contents, Wc (hall, however, lay before our readers an ex- tract from that part of the prefatory difcourfe, in which the author illuftrates the utility of his tables as a remitter of the civilization of Greece, and digrefles into a brief inquiry into the origin of the fine arts : we fhall ftleft Mr. F.y& hiftorical account of fculpturc. p. 38. — € All the ancient writers have agreed in dividing it Into two periods ; the latter of which begins with the age of Phidias. Strabo afcer tains thefe ages very exactly, though rather foreign to his fub« Je& ; for, in describing the temples of Ephefus, there *re fonJfc which he calls ancient, and in thefe were *zx*i* £6af*, antique Wooden figures *. In the other temples built, '» & t©£ vripv, in after times, he tranfgreffes from his ufual form, and defcribes three ftatues in particular, which were probably of the age of Phidias and Scopas. Pliny andj'autanias abound in examples of this divifion of the periods: the former, when difcourfing of Myron, fays, " capil- lum non emendajtius fecifle quam rudis anti^uitas inftituiflet f ." This rudis antiquitas means what is called the age of Daedalus and his fcholars, who improved but little on the models brought from Egypt J. However, as we have fome dates in Pliny which fix the progreffion of this art with tolerable accuracy, we (hall briefly touch on the hiftory of this period from the earl ie ft times ; though the vague and nearly fabulous relations of Daedalus form fome embarrafl*- jnent in fixing the, commencement of this era, Diodorus Siculus and Faufanias agree in fuppofing there was an artift of that name who worked for Minos, in Crete, and built a labyrinth at Gnofliis, of . which no veitige was left, in the time of Auguftus $. Homer, in his 1 8th Iliad/ does mention a A«i£«Aof, who formed a dance for Ariadne ; but, as he ufes the fame word a few lines after adje&ively, to fignify artificially made\U he might mean by the former no more than what the word imports, an ingenious artift. Euftathius interprets Homer as meaning that Daedalus only invented the dance Itfelf, and not that he worke4 it in either wooa, flpne, or metal ##. ' ' ' ■ n ' • Strabo, 1. xiv. p. 640. Ed. Paris, * f Plin. 1. xxxiv. c. 8. p. 651. Ed. Harduin. alt. The whole paftage is beautiful, and marks a very refined tafte. ' % Strabo allows that the carved figures on the walls of the tem- ples in Egypt reftmbled the tyrrhenian,. and the ancient greek fculpturcs, 1. xvii. p. 806. Ed. Paris* < $ What is now fhewn for the labyrinth, is a winding paflage in a mountain near Gortyna, diftant from GnofTus. Cedrenus icemt to have been the firft blunderer on record who miftook this for the old labyrinth* 'See his Compend. Hill. p. 100 ad imum, Ed Bafil, 1566. ' || Iliad, xviii. I, 593, and after, 1. 61 1. « •• There was one great work of Daedalus, or at leafi afcribed to him, the fepulchre of JEpytos, mentioned by Paufanias, which may give us an idea of that period* It was a heap of earth, of a moderate fize, furrounded with a ftone wall* Arcad. 1* viii. p. 482, fid. Xyland. ■Tht Falconer's Cbrtnahgical Tables. lj * The ftatues of Daedalus, mentioned by Paufania*, were all of wood, and refembled, as we may fuppofe, the Egyptian ; for Philo- Jtratos fays, that the ftatue of Memnon was formed with the feet joined together, and the arms refting on the feat, after the manner of cutting figures in the age of Daedalus*. Such was probably the figure of Minerva in Troy, mentioned in the 6th Iliad, which feems to hare been in a fitting pofture. We have no remains of thefe rude ages; but the forms of the Juno of Samos, carved by Smilis of i£gina; kid to be contemporary with Daedalus, and that of the Diana of Ephefus, by the hand of Endaeus or Fndyus, a pupil of Daedalus, are preferved on the medals of their refpedttve cities f. Thefe re- ' _ presentations give a very unfavourable idea of the Dsedalean age ; yet we have no reafon to doubt their authenticity, for the artifts of polifhed times would never have difgraced their coinage with foch uncouth figures, had they not been exalt refemblances of objects made Venerable by fu perdition. Some more of thefe wooden ftatues arc described as exifting at Thebes, Lebadea, Delos, and Crete, to the reign of Hadrian. They were nearly deftroyed by age ; and yet Paufanias, fired by religious and antiquarian enthufiafm, could find in them % fometbing divine \ but what it was he does not explain. Some other of thefe ftatues were plated with gold, and their faces painted red, viz. two of Bacchus, in the forum of Corinth; which give us but an indifferent idea 6f the tafte* of that period. The Ve- nus of Delos had only a head and arms, with a quadrangular baits in- fiead of feet ; which Ihews that thefe fculptors had improved but little on the rude ages of Greece, when unhewn ftones, or at bell cut into a quadrangular form, were the only emblems of their di- vinities. Yet even thefe figures were not, I think, introduced into european Greece till after the days of Homer. The name of Daedalus was, we know, given to artifts long after the athenian Daedalus is fuppofed to have flourifhed. Paufanias himfelf mentions one of Sicyon of that name, which he feems to confound with rhe , Daedalus mentioned by Homer. Dipoenus and Scyllis, according to Pliny, weie the founders of the fchool of fculpture in Sicyon, and were the firft who were celebrated for carving in marble. They Aouriihed, fays the fame author, in the 50th oympiad, which is very probable ; for at that period the ftates of Greece were be- ginning to cultivate their talents, and to fettle a form of govern- ment. Paufanias, by a flrange anachronifm of above 400 years, lays, that Dipoenus and Scyllis were the fons of that very Daedalus * ♦ Philoftratus de Vita Apollonii, 1. vi. c. 4. * f The Diana of Ephefus is too well known to be defcribed. The Juno of Samos may be found on many medals. See particularly one of Maximinus in Vaillantii Seleft. Nuimfmata ex Mufeo Abbatia de Camps. For many of thefe anecdotes the reader is referred to Athenagone Legatio, p. 66. Ed. Ox. 1682* ' t One quotation may ferve for many. K«» wXntrUf |o«m» yvptlw *r*ro9 *ro**ntf* fit? if » t< fir ty», iwt*fi*n il fy*«? t) x«i 'ENGEON r*4r*f . Paulan. L ii. p. 92. Ed. Xyland. C 4 who. 24 CHEONOLOGT* who lived fo long in Crete *. Pliny ndeed fays, they were Cretans by birth, but that they fettled at Sicyon f» Is it not then more likely that they were inftruded lone after by Daedalus Sicyauus, and that the identity of names was the fource of the error? ' However celebrated thefe artifts were for marble fculpture, yet the mod noted performance from their hands were cot in ebenns, a fort of lignum vitse, with pieces 6f ivory interfperfed ; a practice mqch improved afterwards J. Te£feeus and Angelion were the fcho- lars of IMpcenus: they carved the Apollo at Dclos, and Gallon their pupil the ftatue of Minerva Sthenias, in the citadel of Athens, about the 6 1 ft olympiad. The other memorable pupils of this v fchool were Theocles and Doriclydas, both lacedzmonians, whofe ' works were to be feen, as Paufanias informs us, in his time at Elis §. * The . fchool of Chios, formed by Malas about the fame time with that of Sicyon, or probably before, was ftill more noted. Bu~ palus and Authermus || carved well in the 6oth olympiad ; fome of whofe works had a place in the palace of Auguftus Caefar. Yet even in this period we are uncertain whether the greeks knew the art of cafting ftatues in metal. The oldeft brafs ftatue known in Greece, was one of Jupiter, in the Chalcicecos of Laconia**, in which the limbs had been feparately formed, and then tailed together ; yet this imperfedt'eflay was afcribed to Learchus, a fcholar of Dipcenos, who muft have lived about the 53d or 54th olympiad. So little was this art known in the fchool of Sicyon, when it was. celebrated for marble fculpture. About the 63d olympiad we find the names of Rhcecus and Theodoras, both of Samos ; the fiune who built the temple of Juno, in the reign of Polycratcs, and pra&ifed the art of cafting ftatues with fuccefs. ' From hence, I think, the fchools of Sicyon and Chios divide this period into two parts. The Dssdalean, or barbarous age, ceafes in the 50th olympiad; the middle age, which gave better forms to the human figure, but not the laft polifh, nor an exadt reprefentation of the minuter parts, may be extended to the 83d olympiad; when . the great genius of Phidias broke out at once with full luftre in the Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva at Athens. Paufanias has de- scribed the former of thefe with great accuracy ; and Livy the hif- torian, with a fublimky of expreflion almoft equal to the ideas of the artiftf points out in a few words its effect on the beholder. Pan* lus iEmilius, fays that invaluable writer, travelling through Greece, entered the. temple, to furvey the coloflal ftatue; when, " Jovejn velut praeferttem intuens, motus animo eft ft*" ^ ls generally known that this figure was compofed of ivory, and ornamented with gold ; a practice of great antiquity in the Eaft : but few con- iider tne difficulty of executing a grand idea with fo minute mate* rials J J. If any other graces were ftill wanting Li fculpture, the fkill / # Paufan. 1. ii. p. 1 1 1. ( f Plin. 1. xxxvi. c. 4. p. 724. J Paufan. 1. u. p. 125. § Ibid. 1. v. p. 319. || Plin. 1. xxxvi. C. 5. p. 724. ** Paufan. 1. iii. p. 194. ft Liv. I. xlv. c. 28. , ' tt The reader may receive a flight hint on this fubje& from Paa&nias, in his defcription of a Jupiter at Megan. The head was of Smyth oh the Jail Di/lemper 2j ftitl of Praxiteles and Lyfippus gave thofe finiftied touches whfch produced fublimity in (mall figures, without diminifhing their ele- gance. Such was foiljjture in the days of Alexander. Some fpeci- mem of this era are moft probably even now to be feen at Rome and Florence, viz. the Medicean Venus, the Hercules Farnefe, and . tie Belviderian Apollo. The great genius of Michael Angelo was " unequal to the imitation of thefe figures ; and mould we conceive them to be the production of a later age, as that of Auguftus, or even later^as that of the Antonines, it will only raife our ideas of the age of Alexander, to find that the beft artift of modern times was injferiourto thofe fculptors who, by the general confent of antiquity, were themfelves below the merits of a Phidias or Praxiteles." This work is highly deferving the attention of all who are en- gaged jn hiflorical enquiries, or fond of biblical learning, d. m. medicine. tf ivory and gold ; the body of fome kind of parget, amXov *) *} ytyw. This deficiency was occafioned by the poverty of the me- jprenfiani, having been greatly diftrefled by their wars at Athens; for the inhabitant?, in order to prove their intention of making the whole figure of the fame rich materials with the head, (hewed Pau* Janias in the apartment behind the temple, the half-worked timbers, &A» np'vfya, which Theocofmus, a native, was to have covered with ivory and gold. Hence we may conclude the model was of wood* and the ivory little more than fineering. From the natural elafticity of ivory, thefe figures were affected by the variation of the weather; and feme precautions were therefore always employed to preferve them. The Jupiter at Olympia was fprinkled with oil ; the Mi- nerva at Athens with water ; and the ^Bfculapius at Epidaurus had a well under the throne, to keep up a proper degree <>f moifture* Parnan. 1. v. p. 308. ' The pelleneans preferred a fine figure of Minerva, .carved by Phidias, by a rill of water underneath, to give a conftant fupply of moift air; for, fays our author, >6r*o» t* iMfam wt^jof. Th$ difficulty of execution, with the attention neceflary to the preferva- tion of ivory figures; put a flop to the progrefs of this art. I (hall Only cite one further in (lance of the Phidian (kill, mentioned by Tzetzes in his Chiliads; but with I had an older authority. It is this. In a conteft with Alcamenes, his pupil, to form an image of Minerva, which was to be placed far above the eye, he contrived* by the knowledge of optics, to make it appear beautiful when in its ftaet, though extremely deformed when on the fame level -with the eye. This example, if true, (hews Phidias to have been fuperiour to his contemporaries, or any who followed him. Thofe who have not Tzetzes, may confult Junius, de PicL Vet* p. 147, 146.9 michael %6 MEDICINE* michael Smyth, m.d. f.i.s. Fellow of the Royal College of ivficians, and Phyfician Extraordinary to His Majefty. 8vo. 8 pages. Price 49, in boards. Johnfon. 1795. Art. x. An Account of the Experiment made at the Defire of the Lords Commijponers of the Admiralty % on Board the Union Hofpital Ship) to determine the Effecl of the Nitrous Acid in defraying Con* tagion, and the Safety with which it may he Employed. In a Let* ter addrej/ed to the Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &V. tsfc . £sV . By the fame. Publifhed with the Approbation of the Lords Com- jniffioners of the Admiralty. 8vo. 76 pages. With a Scdion of the Ship. Price is. 6d. lb. 1796. Neither the peculiar nature of contagions, nor the manner in which they operate in producing difeafr, are yet well under* flood by phyiicians ; but the investigations of Ruffe!, Lind, and Clark, have contributed much to render us better acquainted with the effedts which they produce on the human constitution, as well as with the means of removing them i and the more recent inqui- ries of doftor Haygarth, with the important falls and obferration* pf doctor Rufh, have probably brought us (till nearer the truth on this curious but difficult fubjce>. Availing himfelf of the ex ten live field of inquiry which the fub- je& affords, the author of the prefent work ha* not merely gope over the old ground, but has made con fide r able additions to the knowledge we poflcflca1 of contagion, and of the means of defiroy- ing it. In his reafonings the dodor is in general clear and con- fident; and his obfervations are moftly judicious and pertinent; , but by thofe WI19 have not been much accuftomed to the practice in crouded hofpital s, among contagious diforders, he will proba- bly be thought too minute on what they may confider trifling matters. The experienced practitioner will, however, readily fee the neceflity as well as utility of being attentive even to the mod trivial circumflanccs, where contagion is prefent. The fever, which is here defcribed, is the jail diftemper which raged during the faring and fummer of the year 1780, among the fpanifli prifoners in the King's Houfe at Winchefter. From va- rious circumftances which are here fully detailed, the author fecros to have laid afide his original intention of bringing the prefent work before the public, until the following occahon ren- dered it neceffary. Pref. p. iv. — * Laft fummer,' fays he, • I was again led to rc- vife my notes in confequence of an application from Dr. Morris, no lefs flattering to me than honorable to him. This gentleman * (the fon of Dr. Morris, phyfician to the army in America, and himfelf a phyfician to the army) having witnefled the deftru&ive ravages of a contagious fever that broke out on board the heffian tranfports at the Me of Wjight, and which afterwards fpread among ft the troops itationed in that quarter, was defirops to bo informed of the methods I purfued, in the treatment of the Wtn- chefier fever, and in destroying the peftilential contagion which occalioned it. Jn compliance then with his withes I began to (Otike l'oinc abstracts from Iny notes on this fubjed, .but I foon perceived Smyth on the Jail Diftemper. %j perceived fbat the account would be much more complest ant fatisfa&ory, and that it would be attended with very little more trouble to myfelf, if I executed my original plan- And although the doing it in this hurried manner, upon the fpur, 1 may fay, of the occafion, might caufe fome little inaccuracies in the ftile pr execution, yet as my chief object was general utility, if I fuc- ceeded in that, 1 flattered myfelf the public would readily excufe any trivial faults or omifiions.' TTbe author's hiftory of this fever is in moll parts more/ull and more complete than that which has been given by other writers* having colle&ed his materials from an attentive observation of the appearances of the difeafe in others, as well as from what he him* felf felt in two fevere attacks of the complaint. p. io.—* The difeafe in general,' fays, he, « attacked fuddealy. and the ftomach was always the part fir ft affected ; a very dit- agreeable feeling and finking at the prxcordia, or at what is cal- led the pit of the ftomach ; a degree of naufca and giddinefs. wore the firll fymptoms, which were foon accompanied with a pain immediately above the eyes and at the temples, or a dull pain at the back part of the head. The lick complained alfo in the be- ginning of coldnefs and chillinefs, feldoin of thirft> always of great wea^nefs and debility, had a tremor upon them, fighej frequently, and when afked any queftions about their complaints, uaivcrfally put their hand to the region of the ftomach, exprcfling id the ftrongeft manner, that there was the chief feat of their un- eafinefs and fufferings ; their countenance was commonly pale and dejeded, and their eyes looked dull and heavy, though the tttoica albuginea of the eye' was of a clear white ; their tongue was moift, and covered with a cream, coloured flougb or mucus ; they were in general coftive, with the abdomen tenfe and hard ; the pulfe was for the molt part fmall and fluttering, in fome few iplhinces it was but little altered from a natural ftate, although the danger was not lefs on that account. The fick feeined always drowfy, and commonly remained in a ftate of dozing or (lumbering during the whole courfe of the difeafe ; but when fpoke to they awoke readily, and when quite awake gave diftind anfwers to any queftions put to them. Few were permanently delirious or co- ipatofe, unlefs for fome fhort time before their death, and many, as I was informed by the fpanilb clergyman who attended thein, were fenfible to the very laft.' Although the furgeon of the hofpital reported, that in the commencement of the difeafe, in fome of thofe patients that were firll attacked, fwel lings of the parotid glands and petechia were obfenred ; the author did not meet with either ' difcolorations ofthefkin, miliary eruptions, hemorrhages, fwcllings of the pa- rotids, or buboes, as fymptoms of the difeafe.* In this fever Dr. &. found a ftrong confirmation of a remark; that has been frequently made by medical writers on this fubjeft, viz. that the danger cannot be eiH mated by the ftate of the pulfe or from the ordinary fymptoms of the difeafe. in the do&or's description of his own cafe there are fome curi - Mi drcuraftancc* which deferve attention. We find a full proof of ftf MEDICIK*. of a fact not yet well explained by phyficiana, though noticed by the generality of thofe who have defcribed the jail di ft em per. It is the circumftanctf of patients feeling no inconvenience from the action of the contagion, until their being expofed to the influence of the open air. The author further remarks on his own cafe, p. 17, that * ;hc uncafinefs and oppreflion caufed a conllant involuntary fightng, whilft the fenfation of heat gave me the idea of liquid fire fpreaJ- ing from my ftomach acrofc my bread, along the courfe of the pectoral mufclcs, and down the in fides of my arms to the extre* snities of my fingers. The heat however was not uniformly the fame, but feemed to come in flaflies, as if frefh inflammable mat-- ter had ocean* onally been thrown on the fire. Notwith flan ding thofe dreadful fenfations, I perceived that my pulfe was regular, and that the frequency of it was by no means in proportion to the degree of heat and oppreffion. in the morning, about fevea o'clock, I took an opening medicine, con fitting chiefly of rhubarb and kali vitriolatum j after the operation of which 1 drank foroc tea ana1 attempted to drefs myfcjf ; but, when out of bed, I found jnyfelf fo extremely weak that I could hardly fland, and fo giddy that I was unable to walk acrofs the room without rifk of falling, and my hands trembled in fuch a manner that I could not write. My tongue was moift, but compleatly covered with cream co* loured mucus ; I alfo felt cold and chilly, and was obliged to, have a fire made in my room. During the day I could eat no- thing ; even the fmell of any kind of broth or animal food occa- Honed ficknefs, and was particularly <difgu(Hng to me.' After pointing out with much clearnefs the fymptoms peculiar to this difeafe ; the doctor proceeds to defcribe the principal caufes that contributed to the mortality of this fever ; in wind} he feems to agree pretty much with the authors who have pre* ceded him in defenbing fevers of the fame kind. We come next to a fubjeel which is much more involved in ob- fcurity, * the nature of the contagion, which gives rife to the jail and hofpital fevers.9 In order to attempt the explanation of this difficult fubjeel, Dr. S. confide rs it under four different points of Yiewl ift. How it is generated; adly, in what manner it i*pro: pagated, with the circumllances more or lefs favourable to its comimication ; 3dly, it's effects on the human body ; and, 4tblv, the means of weakening it's virulence, or of entirely deftroyingit. He ajfo very properly arranges oonragious fevers under two dif- tinci claffes. "*Thc firft he terms fpectfic cdntagions as not arifing from any general quality, or proceis of nature, with which we are acquainted. The fecond clafs he calls general contagion^ as arifing from a general caufe. Though we readily admit the ingenuity and force of the author's reafoning on the probability of thcie kinds of fevers depending on futtefaHion ; there would however fecm to be fome other caufc operating in their production. A chemical caufe, which appears to have been entirely overlooked, would feem to us to have at leaft feme fhare either in the'predifpofition to thele fatal diftempcrs, or in the prod u&ion of them. It is very well known, that in cloie fit up- turns Smith on the Jail Difteutptr. ?# ionsi whenever a number of people are crowded together one of the conflituent principles of the furrounding atmofphere is very quickly impaired* or deftroyed, if frefh air be not as fpeedily fup- piied, which cannot be the cafe in thefe fituatiqns; Therefore the deficiency or lofs of oxjgtnt principle^ in the air which is con* flantly inhaled by perfons in clofe and confined places, may pro* bably have fome eftccl in producing thefe deftruclive diforders. Indeed the well known fact of the ncceffity of a frequent renewal of frefh air, as well as the pale, languid, and debilitated appearance of perfons under thefe circumftances, are ftrong proofs in favour of the conclufion. But however this matter maybe, there can* not he ariy doubt, that contagious fevers * are propagated by an immediate communication with the tick either by means of con- tad or contiguity/ How far the contagious atmofphere extends is not eafily ascertained : Dr. Haygarth ha* found it more limited in fome contagious difeafes than was fuppofed, and our author does not appear to have gone any farther. He differs in opinion with the above phyfician, in fuppofing, that clothes and furniture may imbibe the contagious vapour to fuch a degree as to be capa- ble of communicating it. The jail diftemper, andja/hathe calls putrid contagions are alfo, he thinks, very frequently communi- cated in this way. p. 46.—* Indeed, wherever a vapour can be diftinguifhed by the fmell, we have the demon ft rat ion of our fenfes for what a length of time, not only clothes, but furniture, and even the boards and walls of houles will retain it : therefore, in refpect to the contagion of the jail or hofpttal fever, we may fafely affirm, that it affedU not only thofe who are immediately expofed to the 1 original atmofphere, but that this contagion may certainly be i communicated by the clothes of perfons who have tor any length of time been confined in it; and, what is ftill more furprifmg, ' even when the perfons themfelves have fuffered no injury, nor [ had any difeafe in confequence. [ * This fad being afceitained, we cannot wonder if thofe who are feized with the jail fever, owing to fuch communication, would during their illnefs generate a contagious vapour ; but, however paradoxical it may appear, 1 have never obferved that the nek propagated the difeafe fo readily, as the bodies agd clothes of thofe who, though well, had been long confined in the original atmofphere. From my own- experience alfo, I am led to con* dude, that there is little rifle of receiving the contagion from dead bodies, even from differing them, provided the furgeon does not cut himfelf during the ditfe&ion, the confequence of which haft generally proved fatal. ^ > 4 There are feveral other circumftances, worthy of notice, that increafe or dirainifli the facility with which contagion is commu- nicated. Unlefs where contagion is very powerful, k is feldom propagated la the open air ; I knew only one inftance of this at Wiachcfter. It is much more certainly eommunicated in a room, *od especially if there is a current of air, from the contagious perfon to others capable of being affecled. A moifl atmofphere is ; alio more favourable to the communication of contagion than a. JO -- MEDIC1H1. dry one* A contagious perfon becomes greatly more fo, if hie clothes are wet, and his body heated by exercife, fo as to be in a ftate of perfpiration. Thoie idol fufceptible of contagion are* young perfons, particularly if they' come diredly from a pure air into the infecled atraofphere ; perfons whofe minds are ©pprefled with fear or anxiety ; or who have been weakened by previous? illnefs ; even tbofe who have been fatigued, or are failing, more readily than others whofe ftrength has not been impaired, or which has been again recruited with food. It has been farther remarked, that perfons who have ifiues are feldocn afe&ed by con- tagion.' On the effects of febrile contagion Dr. S. is very (bort, he thinks mil the fevers of th* jail kind, from the fiighteft vernal in- termittent to the true plague, are merely different (hades of the - fame difeafe, and the production of one common caufe, pmtrtfoc? tian. In. fupport of this pofition the author has not adduced any fa&s, he however intends to treat the fubjed more fully in another work. We now proceed to a more important part of our author's la- bours, the means which he adopted lor the prevention and de- ftra&ion of the jail contagion. After fully con fide ring the moft probable means of removing and deftroying the contagion, the do&or, in our opinion, very judkioufly fixed upon the ufe of mineral acids in a ftate of vapour. The mode of employing them in this way with fafety was a ci re urn fiance, that oppofed the greatefi difficulty to his exertions. The fumes of fulphur were well known to be highly noxious to animal life, and to be incapa- ble of being made ufc of either in bofpitals or in the wards or a prtfon. The dd&orfs obfervations having however previoufly led hkn to conclude, that the vapOur of the nitrous Acid did not affe& the breathing in the fame dangerous way, he ventured upon R'« ufe» and his fucoefs at. Winchester, and in fome trials made at the Middlefex hofpital, feem fully to juftify it's employment as a fafe and powerful mean of destroying contagion. The methods which Dr. S. adopted at Winchefter, for purify* iog the prifon and hofpital wards, are thus defcribed : p. 56.—* Upon my arrival at Winchefter, the firft object that feemed to claim my attention, was the enlargement of the hof- pital ; which I found could eaiily be accomphChed, as there were feveral empty wards adjoining, that might, in a few days, be fitted up for the reception of the tick. I therefore gave orders that this fhould be immediately done : at the fame time, to infure the free admiifion of air, fo neceffary for their recovery, I directed that the cafements of moft of the windows fhould be removed, and the windows leverboarded * ; that the chimneys in the different wards ihould be contracted into narrow flues, and a fire kept conftantly in each ; and that, clofe to the cieling, circular openings fhould be made in the walls feparating the different apartments, which would allow an uninterrupted circulation of air through the whole, * * The name given by the tradefmen to a coarfe kind of Vene- tian window-blind/ 5 cow Smyth oh the Jml Dijlemper. 3* 40* capacious enough, with the propofed additfan, to Contain three hundred men. But, whilft 1 was engaged in this moil n*- ceflary work, my attention was called on°, by information I re- ceived of the fick lift incrcafing fo rapidly that, unlefs fome check was given to the contagion, the addition made to the hofpital, and twice as much, would foon be inefficient for the accommodation of, thofc who were daily feized with the diftemper. I now per- ceived that I had begun at the wrong end of the bufinefs ; that it iris neceflary to give my firft attention to the prifoners, and, al- though I might not immediately fucceed in destroying the contfr- jion, I muft at leaft endeavour to leflen the violence of it ; that, this being clone, I (hould have room enough for the fick, and fuificicnt leifure to attend to them. I therefore, after again es- soining with attention the prifoners and prifon wards, adopted the following plan. 4 I divided the whole of the prifon wards into four parts ; and, lodging the prifoners, which could eafily be done, in three of thofe parts, 1 fet afide the fourth for the purpofe of purification, , which was conducted as follows : *« After removing all the hammocks, bedding, &c» from the wards, they were firft thoroughly cleaned out ; then the hammock pofts were well waihed with diluted marine acid, and the £ame thrown, by means of garden watering machines, to the upper parts of the pofts, as high as the cieling. The wards, when dry, were clofely (hut up, and pots placed in them, at different diftan* ces, containing from half a pound to a pound of nitre, which wan deflagrated by an iron heater, put into each pot. The wards were then fhut up for fome hours, and, when opened, were ex- pofed to a free ventilation. After this procefs had been once or twice repeated, the wards were again furnifhed with frelh ham- nocks, palliaties* and bedding, inftead of the old bedding, &e» which was entirely taken away. Having thus prepared the ward*, 1 ordered as many of the prifoners, as could be lodged in them, to be taken to the river in companies, about one hundred at a time* They were there dripped, waflied, and new clothed : aU their old clothes being carefully removed, they were brought back to the prifon, and lodged in the. prepared wards. The good effect ot this plan, fo far as it could be carried into execution, was immediately felt; as none of the prifoners*, fo managed, were afterwards feized with the diftemper ; but, as we could not procure a fufikieat quantity of frcfli clothes and bedding, we were obliged to fupply this defect by fumigating and purifying thofe which we had taken away, and delivering them again to their owners. • We employed tjie new clothes and bedding for the fecond dmfon, as we had done for the firft. The third division of the priibners was treated in the fame manner, and the fame means ware employed for purifying the different prifon wards ; the effects of which, in effacing, the contagion, appeared directly, from the great diminution in the number of the fick. Fearing, however, — — *^» ■ m ■ 1— ■ - ■« in < ■ < ii 1 — .i. m * * About three hundred.' that J! MEDICINE. t that the diftemper might again break out amongft thcra, from fornV latent feeds of contagion ftill adhering to the clothes or bedding, 1 deured that the priloners fliould every morning be reviewed, and particularly examined refpe&ing their health, oy their own fur* {eon ; and, as the fpaniards were by this time fenfible of the at* tention paid to them, and already experienced the good effects of it, they now of themfelves (what at firft could not be obtained without compulfion) took out their hammockt every day to the miring ground, and, when the weather would admit of it, expofed their* bedding to the open air durinV the greater part of the dajv 1 had alfo a (hed erected for their walking under when it rained and a ward or two fet apart for their dining, and did not faffier them to enter the wards where they flept, until the evening; taking care to have thefe wards fumigated; and well ventilated every day/ . We have laid this full account of the' author's mode of mana< ting the prifoners, in 'this very contagious fever, before the reader, becaufe it may be practically ufeful to thofe who are entrufttd with the c4re and direction of hdfpitals aifdprifons. The author's medicinal treatment of this difeafe is equally ju- dicious and proper ; after having the patients bathed, and their feculent clothes fumigated and removed, he feetos on the firft at- tack to have endeavoured to expel the contagion by mean* of antimonial emetics with laxative clyfters or mixtures, and after- wards to induce perfpiration by means of cordial antimonial re- medies with opiates* The advantage of emetics given at the edm- nencement of the diforder has been noticed by Hoffman, and particularly enforced by Pringle, Lind, and many other authors of a ftill more recent date* Of the ufe of blifters, though ftrongly recommended by Lind, our author fpeaks with confide rable diffidence, and has very pro- perly advifed them to be applied only in the beginning of the oifeafe. Together with thefe means of cure, Dr. S. alfo fuggeHs the ufe of calomel for the purpofe of cleanfing the prima *>/<*, and the bathing of the feet, legs, and even the whole body in warm water, in order to wafli away any remains of contagion that may adhere to the fur- lace of the body* Bark and other tonics are likewife to be exhi- bited with a view of nreventing a relapfe, and for the purpofe of trcngthening the fyftem. Our author, with Lind, and fome other practitioners, who have fince written on this difeafe, however, Brongly condemns the ufe of the lancet in this fever. Purging be alfo conliders as nearly as hazardous a remedy as Weeaing, and thinks, that, although it may be advantageous in the bilioua remittent, and putrid fevers, it is extremely improper in %he jail fever* Several other remedies are alfo noticed as the author pro* ceeds, and the circumltances and fituations in which they majr be employed with a probability of fuccefs are diflinctly pointed out j in fadt, betide his own improvements, the author appears * * I had drying pofts and lines put up in the airing ground for that purpofe.* * Smyth $n ibt Jml DjjUmpir* 22 to fiawjudicioufly colle&ed and concentrated in the prefent treatifii Ac aoift importaoc and ufefnl particulars which arc given by others, of the more improTcd methods of treating this very fatal dtftemper. In the firft part of an appendix to this treattfe we meet with siomc additional teftimony in favour of a remedy which the doctor had propofed for the cure of fevers. This is the ftiritus vitriM McU QpiritUi *tberi$ vitrid/ci)* The faft of Dr. Cbiiholm and uouSeur Poiflpnier having recorded the utility of this medicine in the malignant peftilential fever which lately raged in the Wei Indies,, is unquestionably a circumflance highly favourable to the opinion which Dr. S. had loog ago laid before the public, con- cerning the advantages to be expe&ed from this medicine in the care of fever of the low or putrid kind. In the latter part, the author enters into a minute examination of the different means hitherto employed to deftroy the jail conta- gion. In doing this he arranges them under two feparate heads* 'the phy Seal and the chemical/ This part of our author's inquiry deferves the particular attention of medical men, and particularly thofe engaged in hofpital practice, or on board drips W war. ror if the means which have been generally employed to remove contagion be fo ineffectual and inadequate as Dr. S. fup- pofes them to be ; and there does not feem to be any reafog for diluting his reafonin? or the accuracy of his conclufions ; it mud be highly nececettary for practitioners to have xecourfe to nteans of a more powerful and effe&ual nature. Improvements in chemiftry have indifputably led to improve- ments in the arts connected with it, and perhaps in none more than that of medicine, and particularly that department of it which relates to the fubje& ot the prefent inquiry. A more cor* red knowledge of the nature and ufe of mineral fubftances, and efpecially of the mineral acids, derived from the cfifcoveries of modern chemiih, has unqueftionably contributed in no fmall de- gree to render their application in medical pra&ice more certain and exad. The fulpbureoUs acid has been long employed fosf thejpurpofes of removing contagion, but not without confider** We inconvenience from it's noxious qualities ; it was therefore at ctrcumtfance of much importance to difcoveranother fubftance* which might be lefs objectionable in it's qualities, and at fjie fame tjme^ equally efficackrtis in the removal of contagion* Such a fubftitute Dr. S. fuppofes he has discovered in the nitrons acid. Having instituted a fet of experiments fortjie p^rpofe of de» termining the fafcty and efficacy of tbi^, and fome other fub,ftan4ea of the fame kind, he draws -the following conclufions concerning the order in which they may be confidered in rtgjird to iafeneis and utility, p. 189. - ' ' { .> *' \ ift. The vapour of nitrous acid, arifing from nitre decompofed , by vitriolic acid. \ 2. Ditto—of nitrons acid in its fuming (late, or when the a* trous acid is mixed with nitrous gas. _ V j. Ditto--of marine acid, arifing from cotqmon (alt, deoompo* fed by vitriolic acid? tol; ixiir. D * 4. Ditt* §4 . MEDicrw^. * 4. ftltto— ^df nitrous and marine acids, obtained from fne de- , compofittan of nitre and common fait by vitriolic acid. * 5. Ditto — of fulphur, burnt with ah eighth part of nitre. * 0. Ditto— of fulphur, burnt with charcoal. 4 7. Ditto— of oxygenated marine acid, obtained by putting man- ganefe to marine acid. 4 As the firft vapour is perfeelly harmlefs, in any quantity in . which it may be required, it is evidently the moft proper to be employed in all fituations wheTe people are neteflarily prefent ; ind if it fhou Id prove efficacious in defrroying contagion, of which I have not the frnallefl doubt, it is the dtfideratitm\ fo much fought after by Dr. Lind ; but which he confefies, with his ufuail can- dour, he never could find out. * The fecond, though more pungent than the firft, may T believe be employed with the greateft fafety ; at leaft, I have never obferved any inconvenience from ufing it. , But as it can* Hot fo eafily be procured in confiderable quantity, and is at* tended with greater inconvenience and expence, I have of late. * years only made ufc of the firft, * Our experiments like wife warrant us to affirm, that the third, or marine acid, though more fH ma la ting, and more apt to excite coughing, than the nitrous, may be fafely ufed, at leaft in a moderate quantity, where people are ptefent; and where nitre cannot be had, 1 fhou Id have no hefitatton in employing it. * Of the fourth I can fay but little, onjy that, in breathing h. I perceived h more pungent than the pure marine add; and therefore,' unlefs it fhou Id be found to poffefi (bperior efficacy in deftroying contagion, I would not employ it where there are people prefent. * As the fifth never can be ufed with fafety where there are people prefect, its ufe muft be folely confined to fumigating empty apartments^ clothes, furniture, &c. ! - " • The fixth fhould never be employed, as the carbonic acid rtay do harm, and never can have any effect on contagion. • * Of the feventh I have no particular knowledge,* only that it is extremely deleterious, and'i "believt extremely powerful ; bnt^ ■whether it has more effeft on contagion than the other mineral1 aCids, experience only can determine.' Although the muriatic acid has been lately employed in the hbfpitals of France, upon the recommendation of a very excel- lent cheroift, imonf. Guiton of Dijon, probably better known to* the chemical reader by the name of monf. de Morveau, for the purpofe of deftroying "contagion ; we do not remember to have teen the nitrous acid recommended with the fame intention bfy any writer*befbre Dr. S. Therefore the difcorery of this im- provement in the method of removing contagion, mould it be fully eftabltfhed by future trials in fumigating tainted clothes, befU" ding, &c, and in purifying flaps, prifons, and hofpitals, muft be confidered at leanYccJtraHy important with any tjiat hag hitherto* been made in the healing art. * * The doctor concludes his excellent trac"t with fome jqdicjou* rules and directions refpc&ing the manner of ufing the Afferent ftibftances employed for the removal of contagion. To Darwin's" Yootumn*. Vol. II. £5 - To the* above treat ife the author has very properly f libjoined .his account of the experiment made at the defire qf the lords* com* jnriifioncrs of the admiralty on board the Union hofpiral ihip, to determine the effect of the nitrous acid in destroying contagion* and the fafery with which it may be employed;' which is fold alone to thofe who had purchafed his description before, pr. is. 6d» In this account of an experiment, which feenis to have been ably conducted by Mr. Menzies, under the direction of Da S.i there is much interefting and ufeful matter. The refulf of the experiment ftrongly fupports the arguments and opinion* : that have* been maintained in the preceding traet. ■ Thecafy and expeditious manner, in which (hips and hbfpitaJa may be ventilated and purified by the procefles here defevjbed add recommended, is alfo a circumftance certainly important .to thofis connected with, or engaged in, either the naval or military fer> vice. . ; jt t.- • Art. xi. "Darwin's Zoonomia. FoL II. > *• [Continued from Vdl XXIII. >. 4.56,] ' '.' \ Jn the former part of oar review of this work, we produced paf- feges to elucidate the fuperfority of our author to preceding fyfhe- matics in point tof popular inftruclioi}. To thefe we 'afe' tempted^ before we proceed, to add another of extreme importance. . Xt;|a what occurs at p. 18$, on the fubjed of tiarturitlqn,. - \% , ,%/> p. i8g. — < Parturition is not a difeafe, it is a natural procefi, but is more frequently unfortunate in high life than ampngff tju middle claf* of females; which may be' owing partly to.Fear, wijji which the priefb of Lucina are liable to infpire the ladies of f^fbiqp to induce them to lie in in town; and partly tp the ^ad-air qf London,, to which they purpofely refort. / .. ,„. * There are however other canfes, which, render parturition jnorp . dangerous to the ladies of high life ; fuchf as their greater general debility from neglecT of energetic exercife, tlieir inexperience of , the variations of cold and heat, and their feclufion from frefli air* .To which mail be ailded, that great fource of the tfcftntfUon Qf female grace and beauty, as well as of female health,, the jight . jfcays, and other bandages, witlwyhich they are generally torfurejl in their early years, by the a£Uve folly of their friends, . which by r displacing many of the vifcera impedes their actions, and by cpm- - preying them together produces adheiions of one part to another, and aJFej&s even the form and aperture of the bones of the pelvis, through which the nafcejit child muft be protruded. . . ' As parturition is a natural, -not a morbid procefs, no medicine .Aould be given* < where there is no appearance of difeafe. The abfurd cuitc?nt of giving a powerful opiate without indication to ail women, as foon as they are delivered, is, I make no doubt, fre- .• quently Mended with injurious, and fbmetimes with fatal confe- qnences,. See cJa/s II. 1. 2. 16. * Another, thine very injurious to the child,. is the tying an,4 cutting the nave Wuing too foon ; which ihould always be left till the child has not only repeatedly breathed, but till all puliation in 3* toftttfM: the tort ceafet. At otherwife the child is much weaker than it ought to be ; a part of the blood being left in the placenta, which ought to have been in the. child ; and at the fame tune the placenta dbes not fo naturally colbpfe, and withdraw itfclf from the tides df the uterus, and It not therefore removed with fo mirth fafcty and certainty. The lolly of riving rue or rhubarb to new-born chil- dren, and the danger of reeding. them with gruel inftead of mills, is fpoktn of in elate L I. a. 5. and II. 1. a. 16.' Tht dextrous ufe made by Dr. D. of the fun&ton df the ablbrbentt we. reckon among the moft confpteuous excellencies of his work. In health it is obvious, that there will be a due balance between <he a&on of thefe and the other fets of veflels. Upon this depends the proper quantity and confidence of the excretions and fectetion* n tee of the fumce intermediate between drynefs and exeefive fnoiftave, and the healthy condition of the membranes that line both open and dofe cavities. A variety of morbid appearances muft, of cootie, taken place when the balance is overturned. The quota- tions in our former article will ferve, In fome mcafure* to ihow how Dr. D. has applied this principle. We (hall add a few more examples* preminng only, that the number of morbid phenomena, 'w%te£ he ma explained by the herp of it, can be conceived only from the a&ual penrial of the book itfelf. r. 36.—* Lhmm +rid*. Dry tongue ocean in thofe fevenr, twfcere the expired air is warmer than natural; and happens to aft those, who deep with their mouths open ; fhe currents of air hi refniratkn increafing the evaporation. There is alfo a drynefs in the month from the increafed aftion of the abforbent vefTeh, when ft line or a crab-apple are mafticatcd ; and after the perfpiration haa . teen much increafed by eating fait or fpice, or after other copious fecretWs ; as after drunkenneft, cathartics, or fever fits, the nwcus •f die month becomes vifcid, and in fmall quantity, from the iik created abforption, adhering to the tongue Kke a white flough. In the diabetes, where the tbirft is very great, this dough adheres more pertinacibufly, and becomes black or brown, being coloured after a few days by our aliment or drmk. The infpifiated mucus On the tongue of thofe, who fleep witn. their mouths open, is fome* times reddened as if mixed with blood, and fometimes a little blood fpllows the expuition of it from the fauces owing to its great ad- hdfon*v When this mucus adheres long to the papillae of the tongue, -the fkliva, which it ^ontains in its interftices, like a fponge, is liable to become putrid, and to acquire a. bitter tafte, like other jwttfd animal fubilances; which is generally miftaken foranindi- cation of the prefence of bile. S* M. xt. Warm fubacid liquids.' 9. 4.6.— * Calculus artbrtiicut* Gout-Hones are formed on iu- flaffiea membranes, like thofe of the kidnies above defcribed, by the too hafty abforption of the thinner and faline parts of the mucus., Similar concretions have been produced in the lungs, and even in the pericardium ; and it is probable, that the offincation, as it, is Called, of the inmute arteries, which is (aid to attend old age, and Co precede Tome mortifications of the extremities, may be a procoCh M this kind. •An Darwin's Z*jwzj*» Vd.lU 37 ^ * AtApnt-ftones He near the furface, it 11 probate, to** ttlnr, frequently applied in their early ftate, might render them fo liquid^ as 10 permit their reabforptibn ; which the ftisnnlus of the cthft sight atlhe fame time encourage. 4 Rbeumciifmui cbrenicus.^ Chronic rheomadfin. After the acute . ^heumatitm Tom* infpiflated mucus, or material fimilar to chalk- ftones of the gout, which was fecreted on the inflamed membrane, is probably left, owing to the too hafty abforption of the thinner and feline part of it; and by lying on the fafda, which covers feme of the mufcles, pains them, "when they move and rub againft it, like any extraneous material. « The pain of the moulder, which attends inflammations of the upper membrane of the liver, and the pains of the arms, which attend afiJuna dolorihcum* or dropfy of the pericardium, are dif- tinguiflied from the chronic rheumatifm, as in the latter the pain only occurs on moving the afFe&ed mufcles. * u. m. Warm bath, cold bath, bandage of emplaftrum de mtnio put on tight, fo as to comprefs the part. Cover the bait witl| flannel. With oiled filk. Rub it with common 41I frequently, With ether. A blifter. A warmer climate. Venefefiion. A grain of calomel and a grain of opium for tea fucceffive nights, The penivian bark.9 * p. 199^-' DiapbragmjHf* Inflammation of the diaphragm. Pain round the lower ribs as if girt with a cord. IXhIcwt refpiration, performed only by elevating the ribs and in am ereft pofhire. The corners of the mouth frequently retraced into a dJfagreeaMf finjlpj called rifns fardonipis. * Thofe animals, which are furrowed with clavicles, or collar* bonjs, not only ofe their foremoft feet as hands, as men, monkies, cats, mice, fquirrels, Sec. but elevate tjiefar ribs in refpiration a* well as deprefs the diaphragm for the purpofe of enlarging the cavity of the cheff> Hence an inflammation of the diaphragm is fudden death to thofe animals, as horfes and dogs, which can only jbreatftp fey depr$ffing the diaphragm ; and is, I fuppqfe. thp caw pf the fudden death of Jiorfts that are over- worked ; whereas, in |he human animal, when the diaphragm is {nflamjpd, fo as to render, jts motions impoffibk from the pain' they occafion, refpiration can te carried on, though in a lefs pgrfoft manner, by thi j&tercojhjf muscles in the elevation of the ribs. In pleurify the ribs are kept modonlefi, and the refpiration is performed by the dhphragm, as jnay be readily feen on infp^aing the naked Cheft, and which 19 generally a bad f/mpfotn ; m tl>e diaphragmfcis the rilp are alter- nately elevated, and 4epreflfed, but the lower part of the bclljr ift not feen to move. « St. m. As in pleurify and p^npneumony. 'Vfhen tip patient Becomes delirious, and (miles difagreeably by intervals, and is be* pome fo weak, that evacuations by the lancet, cook) be uffed no fur* fiber, and 1 have alraoft defpaired of my patient, I have found iff two or three inftances/that about five or fix drops of 4«GL thebaic;, given an hour before the evening exacerbation, has had the happicft cfieft, and cued the patient in this cafe, as well as in commot* ncripqfunionjr; it muft be repeated two ox three CVfUjinji, fen 3& w MEfllCif**. clafs if. t. i. 4. 1* the exacerbation of the fevei and difficult refpl-. ration and. delirium jjenerally increafe towards night. r 'The ftinVulus bf this fmall quantity of opium on a patient pre- viouflv fo much debilitated, alb by increasing the exertion of the* abforbent vefTels, in the fame manner as alolution of opium, or any other ftimulant, put on an inflamed eye after the veflels are pre- vioufly emptied by evacuations, (Simulates the abforbent fyftem, fo as to caufe the remaining new veflels to be immediately reabforbed. Which fame ftimulants woujd have increafed the inflammation, if they had been applied before the evacuations* See clafs II. 1.2.2. Sect. XXXIII. 3.1. When the fanguiferous fyftem is full of blood, the abforbents cannot a£t fo powerfully, as the progrefs of their contents is oppofed by the previous fulnefs of the nlood-veflels ; whence ftimulants in that cafe increafe the action of the fecerning fyftem more than 6f the abforbent one ; but after copious evacua- tion this remittance to the progrefs of the abforbed fluids is removed % and when ftimulants . are then applied, they increafe the action of the abforbent fy&em more than that of the fecerning one. Hence opium given in the commencement of inflammatory difeafes deftroys the patient ; and cures them, if gtfen in very fmall dofes at the *hd of inflammatory difeafes.9 ' The CQnfideratio/i of retrograde motions may fairly be ftated to nave been introduced into pathology by die prefent writer. It is, Jri our eftlination, ar idea equally ingenious and profound. It's application to a certain extent will be controverted ; but, in other cafes, it's occurrence is undeniable. No perfon, for example, will guefUon the frequent inverfion of jhe motions of the ftomach and conne&ect parts : and yet no theorift, as far as we know, na4 availed himfelf of this Obvious Fadt, in order to account for fom^ curious fymptoms whicn evidently* arife from inverfion. The fol- lowing quotation will exemplify our remark. p. 154..—* Globus hyjlcricus. Hylteric fuffbeation is the percept tiori of a globe rolling round in the abdomen, and afcending to the itomacfc ind throat, and there inducing ftrangulation. It confifts of an' 4neffe&ual inverfion of the motions of the oefbphagus, and £ther parts of the alimenUry canal; nothing being rejected froni pe ftomach. ' *% m. m. Tincture of clftor, tinft. of opium, of each 15 drops. See rtyfteria, clafs I. 3. i. '9. ' ' Vomendi conamen inane. An ineffectual effort to vomit, It frequently occurs, when the ftomach is empty, and in fome cafes continues many hours. ; but as the lymphatics of the ftomach arfe net inverted 'at the fariie time, there is.no fupply bf materials to be ejected j it is foretimes a fymptom of hyfteria/but more frequently sittends irregular epilepfies or reveries; which however may be difiin^uHbed by their violence of exertion, for the exertions oif Syftenc motions are feeble, as they are caufed by debility ; but thofe of epilepfies, as they are ufed to relieve pain, are of the mot violent kind ; infomuch that thofe who have once feen thefe in- efFe&ual efforts to vomit in fome epilepfies, can never again tailtakfe them for fymptoms of hyfteria. ' See a Cafe in fed. XlX. 2. *' € j», te. Slider. Opium: Crude taeltury, ■ * * c * Bor* Darwin YZfejwww." V*h 1L 3$ c Boriorigmus. A gurgling of the bowels proceeds from a par- tial invertion of the periftaloc motions of them, by which thft gak h brought into a fuperior part of the bowel, and bubbles through the descending fluid, like air ruining into a bottle as the water is poured out of it. This is fometimes a diftrefling fymptom of the debility of the bowels joined with a partial inverfion of their ma- tions, I attended a young ladv about fixteen, who was in other reipe&s feeble, whofe bowels annoft inceflkntly made a gurgling node fo loud as to be heard at a confiderable diftanee, and to attra& the notice of all who were near her. As this noifc nerer eeafed a minute together for many hours in a day, it could not be produced by the uniform defcent of water, and afcent of air through it, but there muft have been alternately a retrograde movement of a part of the bowel, which muft again have puihed up the water above the air ; or which might raife a part of the bowel, in which the fluid was lodged, alternately above and below another portion of k > which might readily happen in fome of the curvatures of the fmaller inteftmes, the air in which might be moved backward and forward Kke the air-bubble m a glafs-level. * m. m. EfTential oil. Ten corns of black pepper fwallowed whole after dinner, that Its effeft might be flower and more perma- nent; a fmall pipe occafionally introduced into the return to facili- tate the efcape of the air. Crude mercury. See clafs I. 2. 4. 9. ' Hyfteria. The three laft articles, together with the lymphatic dkbaetes, are the moft common fymptoms of the hyfteric difeafe ; to which fometimes is added the lymphatic falivation, and fits of fyncope, or convulfion, with palpitation of the heart (Which pro* hably confifts of retrograde motions of it), and a great fear of dying. Which laft circumftance diftinguifhes thefe convulflons from the epileptic ones with greater certainty than any other Angle fyraptom. The pale copious urine, cold (kin, palpitation, and trembling, are the fymptoms excited by great fear. Hence in hyfteric difeafes, when thefe fymptoms occur, the fear, which has been ufually aflbciated with them, recurs at the fame time, as in hypochohdriafis, clafs I. 2. 4. 10. See feft. XVI. 8. 1. * The contrulfions which fometimes attend the hyfteric difeafe, are exertions to relieve pain, either of fome torpid, or of fome retrograde organ ; and in this refpeft they ref^mble epileptic con- rulfions, except that they are feldom fo violent as entirely to pro- dace infeniibihty to external ftimuli ; for thefe weaker pains ceafe before the total exhauftion of fenforial power is produced, and the patient finks* into imperfeft fyncope ; whereas the true epilepfy erterally terminates in temporary apoplexy, with perfect infenfibi- ity to external objefb. Thefe cpnvulfions are leis to be dreade d than the epileptic ones, as they do not originate from fo permanent a caofe. , ' The great dtfeharge of pale urine in this difeafe is owin^ to the inverted motions of the lymphatics, which arife about the nctk of the bladder, as defcribed in feci. XXIX. 4. 5., And the lym- phatic falivation arifes from/ the inverted motions of the Jaliva:y " lymphatics; • . - D 4 \ H;^U I 4* MBDICXKI, * Hyfterla is cfiftfaguifhed from hypochondriafis, as in the~lat*er there are no retrograde motions of the alimentary canal, hot (imply a debility or inirntabiUty of it, with detention and flatulency. It is diftinguiftied from apepfia and cardialgia by there being nothing eje&ed from the ftomach by the retrograde motions of it, or of the cefophagus/ Thefe fpecimens have been taken from the firft two claiTes ; the difeafes of irritation and thofe of fenfetion. It is to the difeafei of thefe piaffes that the attention of medical writers, in all ages, has been moft directed. Our author, however, does not appear to left advantage under the heads of volition and aflbciatioa, though in many of the difordtrs, comprehended in bis laft two daftes, pm bad few or no euides. This part of the work was the more diffi- cult, as it includes thofe obicure cafes, which have been dually termed afFeftions of the mind* The general reader, too, will meet with moft entertainment here, as much of the matter belong* to the conduft and observation of common life, rather than to the bufinefr of the phyfician. We fhall endeavour to elucidate the ieveral particulars of this account by appofite quotations. What is Aid on the frogmefik in mania will not only be found tutcrefting jrithout reference to any Jingle individual, but alfo as tt goes to prove, that the recovery of his majefty from his moft alarming lUnefi, fupppfing the current report of his febrile ftate to have been well founded, . was a mere matter of courfe. r. 360.-^ Pfogntfic. The temporary quick pjulfe attending fome maniacal cues is Amply a fymptom of debility, and is the $onfeque*ce of too mat exertions ; not a permanent quick pulfe Jhew$ {lie nrefencc of fever, and is frequently a fehitary fign ; be- pmfe, if the life of the patient be fafe, when the fever ceafes, the in&nity generally vaniihes along with it, as mentioned above. In this cafe the kind of' foyer muft direft the method of curing the infanity; which muft confift of moderate evacuations and diluents, if the pulfe be ftronz; or by nutrientia, bark, and frpajl dqfes of opium, if the pulfe be weak. * Where the caufe is of a temporary nature, as in puerperal in- fanity, there is reafpn to hope, that the flifeafe will cede, what) the brajfes, or other painful feniations attending this ftate, are re> jnovtd. In thefe cafes the child Jhould be brought. frequently to the mother, an4 applied tq her bread, if (he will fader }t, and this whether (he at $rft attends to it or not ; as by a few ftfcls n fre- quently excites die Gorge, or maternal ejection, and removes the infanity, as I have witnefled. * When the madnefi is occafione^ by pain df the teeth, which I believe is no uncommon cafe, thefe moft be extra&ed ; and the core follows the extinction of the peiq* There is however feme difficulty in detecting the delinquent tooth in this cafe, as in hemtcrania, ualefs bv its apparent decay, or by fome previous information of its pain having been complained of; becanfe the pain of the tooth ccafes, as foon as the exertions of infanity commence. * When a perfon becomes infane, who ht* a family of feud* "Children to folicit his attention, the prognostic is ycry uu^vonrable; Darwin's Zonmiui F$L It 4% as it Ihews the maniacal hallucination to be more powerful than thofe ideas which generally intcreft os the molt.' Genus 1, of oroer 1, of the difea&s of vohtioa, offers moth im- * portant knowledge. It contains the cafes of i*crt*jU uB»n <f m*fcUs frmm incrctjed votitim. We (hall transcribe one article en* Ore, and fubjoin a few remarks. p. 326.—' Cuvoulfw. Convulfion. When the pains from deieft or excess of motion are more diftreifing than thole already described, and are not relievable by fach pat rial exertions, as in breaming, or bwehier, mora general convulfions occur; which vary perhaps according to the fitoation of the pained part, or to fome previous aflbriations formed by the early habits of life* When thefe con- vulsive motions bend the body forwards, they are termed emproft- )M>tDnoi; when they bend it backward, they are termed opiftho* tonoi. They frequently facceed each other, but the epifthotonoi ase generally more violent ; as the mufcles, which ere& the body, and keep it ereft, are naturally in more content and more forcible «£fcion than their antagonifts. * The canfes of convulfion are very numerous* as from toothing in children, from worms or acidity in their bowels, from eruption of the difiin& fmall-pox, and la$ly, from breathing too long the air of an unventijated bed-room. Sir G. Baker, in the Transaction* of the College, described this difeafe, and detected its caufe; where many children in an orphan-houfe were crowded together am one chamber without a chimney, and were alraoft all of them affeded with convokion; in the hofpital at Dublin* many died of convulfion* before the real cauie was underftood. See Dr. Beddocs'a Guide to Self-prefcrvation. In a large family, which I attended, Wjhere many female fcrvants flept in one room, which they had con- trived to render inacceffible to every Waft of air ; I faw four who were thus feiaed with convulfions, and who were believed to have been affeded by fympathy from the firft who fell ill. They were removed into more airy apartments, but were fome weeks before - they all regained their perfect health. ^ * Convulfion is diflinguithed from epilepfy, as the patient does aot intirejy lofe all perception during the paroxyfin. Which only Ihews, that a lefs exhauftion of fenforial power renders tolerable the pains which caufe convulfion, than thofe which caufe epilepft. The hyfteric convulfions are diftinguifhed from thofe, owing to other caufes, by the presence of rhe expe&ation of death, which precedes and fucceed* them, and generally by a flow of pale urine; thefe convulfions do not constantly attend the hyfteric oifeafe, but are occafionally fuperinduced by the dUagreeahlc fenfetion arifing from the torpor or inVerfion of a part of the alimentary canaL ' Whence the convulfion of laughter is frequently fufficient to reftrain thefe hyfteric pains, which accounts for the fits of laughter fre- quently attendant on this difeafe, 4 m. as. To remove the peculiar pain which excites the convul- sions. Venefe&ion. An emetic. A cathartic with calomel. Warm Jiath. Opium in large quantities, beginning with Smaller ones. - Jdcrcurial fri&ions. "Electricity. Qold bath in the paroxyfin ; or. 4* i MSBicnrztf cold afperftonk See Memoirs of Med. Society, Loo. V. 3. p. 147, k paper by Dr. Currie.* former writers had referred the various inordinate movements of Ihe voluntary mufcles to plethora, and a variety of caafes ; bat their hypothefes have always appeared to us remote • alike from na- ture and from utility. The principle on which Dr. D. has at- tempted to explain them we cannot but admit ; every nurfe muft be fetisfied, that fuch motions do arife from pain ; for trery child, Who has the belly-ache, exemplifies the pofition : but our author has not, we think, thoroughly" cleared up the fubjec*. . We do not recoiled, that he has any where di&inftly faid, that certain convul- five movements do originate in irritation ; or if he have (aid it, he has not difcriminatecfthefe from the other. The twitching* of a bundle of fibres, while the reft of the mufcleis quiefcent, feera to alfbrd a clear example of irritative convurfion, whkfl, perhaps, depends upon too great a proportion of nervous or (enforial power being conducted by one twig of a nerve. Probably there are more feneral convuwons of this fpecies. The writer of this article nows a perfon, who, for many years, has been occasionally fubje& to ftartings of his limbs, and of his whole frame, as he is dropping, or after 'he has fallen, afleep. The ftartings appear exactly to re- fembie the effeft of an cleclric (hock, partially or generally applied. They have frequently alarmed a bed-fellow ; but there is nothing of convulfion at any other time ; or any thing at this time beyond IT fingle movement ; as if certain mufcles were ftrongly irritated. The writer beKcves, that he has witnefled fome other analogous Acta To the complete ilfoitration of this curious topic would ft &6t be neceflkrv, to aflbrt thefe phenomena, if fuch exift, and alfo to difcover wny certain fevere pains, as from ulcerated cancer, tooth-ach, Sec. are not attended with convuliions ? We fhall relieve this difcuflion, and terminate the prefent article, by our author's account of a very common and very obftinate moral malady. p. 408. — ' Crefalitas. Credulity. Life is fhor*, opportunities of knowledge rare ; our fenfes are fallacious, our reafbnings uncertain, mankind therefore nruggles with perpetual error from the cradle to the coffin. He is neceffitated to corrett experiment by analogy, and analogy by experiment ; and not always to reft Satisfied in trie belief of fatts even with this two-fold teflimony, till future oppor- tunities, or the obfervations of others, concur in their fupport. ' ' Ignorance and credulity have ever been companions, and have mifled and enflaved mankind ; philofophy has, in all ages, endea- voured to oppofe their progrefs, ana to loofen the ihackles they had impofed ; philosophers have, on this account, been called un- believers : unbelievers of what ? of the fictions of fancy, of witch- Craft, hobgobbiins, apparitions, vampires, fairies ; of the influence of ftars on human adbons, miracles wrought by the bones of faints, the flights of ominous birds, the predictions from the bowels of dying animals, expounders of dreams, fortune-tellers, conjurors, modern prophets, necromancy, cheiromancy, animal magnetifm, with endlefs variety of folly? Thefe they have^difbelieved and de- fpifed, but have ever bowed their hoary heads to Truth and Nature* ' Mankind] Darwin's Z*$*em«t. ' Vol 11. jj> * Mankind rhay be divided in refpec*. t« the facility of their be* fief or convWfcion into two clafies; thofe, who are ready to afleitt id finale rafts from the evidence of their ftnfes, or fro* the ferioo* affcmons of others ; and thofe, Who require analogy to Corroborat* or authenticate them. * ' Oar firft knowledge is acquired by oaf ftn/ee; but thefe am liable to deceive us, and we learn to deteft thefe deceptions by comparing the ideas presented to us by one fenfe with thofe prefente£ by another. Thus when we firft view a cylinder, it appears to the? Se as a flat fcriace with different (hades on k, till we correct this? n by the fenfe of touch, and find its* flu-race* to be circular j that is, having fame parts gradually receding farther from the eye than ethers. So when a child, or a cat, or a bird, Hrft fees its own image in a looking-Mafs, it believed that another animal exifts be* fere it, and detects this fallacy by going behind the glafs to examine* if another tangible animal really exifts there. • - * c Another exuberant fource of error cbrinfts in the falfe notions, which we receive in oar early years from the deftgn or ignorance of our inftru&ors, which affect all our future reafening by their perpe- tual intrusions ; as thofe habits of nrofculaf actions of the face of limbs, which are called tricks, when contracted in infancy continue to the end of our lives. * ' A third great fource of error is die vivacity Of oar ide« of imagination, which perpetually intrude themfcftfee by vatiotfs aft fociations, and compofe the farrago of our dreams ; in which, by the fafpcnfion of volition, we are precluded frctffi comparing the ideas of one fenfe with thofe of another, or the inoengruity of their nKceffions. with the afual coarfe of nature, and thus to deted their fallacy. Which we do in our waking hoars by a perpetual volun- tary exertion, a procefs of the mind above mentioned, which we have termed intuitive analogy. Sect, XVII. 3. 7. ' This analogy prefuppofes an acquired knowledge of things f hence children and ignorant people are the moft credulous, as nof poffcffing much knowledge of the afual courfe of nature ; and fccondiy* thofe are moft creduions, whofe faculty of comparing ideas, or the voluntary exertion of it, is flow or imperfect. Thus if the power of the magnetic needle of turning towards the north* Or the mock given by touching both fides of an electrized coated jar, was re- lated for the firft time to a philofopher, and to an ignorant perfoa 4 tike former would be lefs ready to believe them, than the latter; at he would find nothing fimikr in nature to compare them to, he would again and again repeat the experiment, before he would give it his entire credence ; till by t&efe repetitions it would ceafe to be a angle fad, and would therefore gain the evidence of analogy* But tie latter, as having lefs knowledge of nature, end lefs facility . of voluntary exertion, would more readily believe the afTeutons of ethers, or a Jingle fact* as prefented to his own observation. Of this kind are the bulk of mankind ; they continue throughout their fives in a ftate of childhood, and have thus been the dupes of pried* end politicians in all countries and in all ages of the world. . "in regard to religious matters, there is an intellectual cowardice jfclilled into the minds of the people front their infancy* whicfc . . , prevent! M1DIC1NF* prevents their inquiry: eredutity is made in iadifpea&He wta*i to inquire or exert their reafon in religions matters is denounced** (nlul; and in the catholic church is punifhed with more fevere penances than moral crimes. But in refpeft to our belief of the fiippoied medical feds, which are publifhed by variety of authors ; many of whom are ignorant, and therefore credulous; the golden role of David Hume may be applied with mat advantage. «« When two miraculous aflerdons oppose each other, believe toe lefi mien* cakes," Thus if a pcribn is (aid to have received the fmall-pox a> fecond time, and to have gone through all the ftaees of it* one may thus reafont twenty thoujand have been expoied to the variolous contagion a fecond time without receiving the variolous fever, to, every one who has been, faid to have thus received it ; it appears. * therefore lefs miraculous, that the aflertor of this fuppofed &£t hat been deceived, or wi&cs to deceive, than that it has ft) happened contrary to the long experienced order of nature* ' m. m. The method of cure is to increafe our knowledge of the Jaws of nature, and our habit of comparing whatever ideas arc presented to us with thofe known laws, and thus to conntemA the fallacies of oor fenfes, to emancipate oiirfelves from the false isn~ preffions which we have- imbibed in our in£incy, and to-fet the Jacutty of /cafon above that of imagination.' m ' In our next number* we flail give an ab&iad of Dr. D.'s clabo* rate theory of fcver. .£*▼. xii. CtnfiJtrttions on tbt Mtfainal Ufi and ProJm&io* sf FaBitmu Mrs. By Thomas Beddqes, m. d. and James Watt, • Engineer. Part III. With Tables of Cafes in which faBitious 4irs hovg bun tmploycd. 133 pages. Price 3s. fewed. Johnfon* In this publication a confiderable ponton of additional evidence : in Favour at the pneumatic practice in the cure of different difordera is introduced to the attention of the pra&fcioner. The efFe&s -of this praftke, in the cure of fir William Chambers, is fo very extra-* ordinary, that we cannot refill the temptation of laying it before the . reader in the manner in which it is detailed by himfelf. p. 2.-—' Previous to my coming under Dr. Thornton's care, evens means which extenfive experience and great abilities could ftggeft, had been tried by my friend Dr. Turton. My complaint feemed to be of fuch a nature, as to baffle all the powers of art* I was at - thar time hardly able to move from one chair to another. It wat •with the utmoft difficulty I could get up ftairs. I had water in both my lower extremities, and great oppreffion on my breath, fo that when I lay down to fltep, I was frequently obliged to ftart up and refome an upright pofture, to prevent myfelf from being, as it were, fuffocated. My nights were bad, my appecite gone, and for 1 I had not been able to fwaHow any thine folid. Indeed I had given ayfelf up as a loft man, until I heard of the vital air, which my maids myfelf up as a loft man, until I heard of the vital air, which my meads told me had done fuch extraordinary things in medicine and fbr- Sy.- X- conceived that as the application was to the (eat of the afe, it promifed more than moft other remedies, and accordingly about ten months back I began the inhajaiym of this air. &. Beddoes and Watt * FatlltUm Art. Pert HI. *J Thornton approved of the plan of medicine I was porfuing, which wis bitters t6 Aitngthen the fyftcm, and as occafiOn might require, a Winn laxative pill ; thefe were therefore continued. After a Jew weeks' trial or this new mode of treatment by the vital air, the above medicines being continued, my ftrength was fo far recruited, that from toy own reckoning, t could walk upw&itdi of two miles j lay ancles did not pit ; my breathing was relieved ; my appetite improved ; and my countenance fo much- mended, that all my friends, together with my phyncian, congratulated me on my recovery. I was able to pay my refpe&s>to his majefty, wlw complimented me nuch oo my good looks, and. made many inquiries refpecling the , vital air: I was enabled regularly to attend the board. But I had to battle through fuch awinter, as few at my time of life have been able to fupport. The influenza, which was general, was a great diawhack to my full restoration, as the vital air was obliged to be denned from at that time, and recourfe was had to evacuants, cool« kf medicines, blifters, cupping, and a low diet* But this, together with sereraf colds, that have occafionally attacked me, has, in my auad, oaly mawifrftrrt the more the ef&cacy of the vital air in my complaint, for as foon as it has been judged prudent to have again xecoorie to the vital air, the fymptoms that had gaiifed ground earing the intermiffion, have been as conftantly fubdued, and my ftiend Dr. Turton has told me, ■• that I could not do better than to go bade to the vital air/9 to which I do net hefitate to afcribe my prefent freedom from oppreffive^ refpiration, comfortable nights* ' clean ancles, power of eating folids, with appetite, and in a few* words, as much return of health, as a perfon at my time of life (85) has teafon to expe& after fuch an attack, and I think abundantly fuf- acknt to be thankful for, and to prove the virtue of the vital air ball complaints of this nature ; but this I muft leave to you, Dr. t Thornton, and others to determine, to whom I fincerely wifh every '" faccefi in your laudable attempts to leffen the ajflidions of mankind, and have the honour to be, &c.' The obfervations of Dr. Thornton on this very interefting cafe, as well as on many others contained in this pamphlet* are not only judicious, bet dilplay a mind extremely active, and well diJpofei lor the inveftigation of truth. The cautions which are neceflkry to be attended to in the uft oP dUfcront kinds of air, as pointed out by Mr. Watt, ate ajfo ex- tremely proper, and in the prefent ftate of pneumatic pralticfe may he oFconuderable utility in guiding the conduit of the practitioner, r. 37*— € 1. Ozygene air is fubjed to be debafed with &xt$ th, jf any inflammable matter be mixed with the manganefe frona which it is procured, (which may frequently happen by accident), or when it as prepared in a new fire-tube, or one in which hydro-carbonate. hasJbeen prepared; in all tbefe cafes, the quantity of oxygene air pro- duced, will be much lefr than would otherwifebe yielded by the fame Quantity, of manganefe.— -This fpecies of air when frefli made, a&.contams a large quantity of manganefe in a ftate of fulben/bn* which it depofits upon being kept fome hours at reft, t « It has -been found" by feveral patients, that the frefh-made air containing the fiifpeaded manganefe eccafions a d&grteable ficknefc, • * and 4» ittDieifcf* and tftat whiclk totttams much "fixed afr. octafiofrt fiefenefs and pains fo the breaft, which do ndt entirety nibfide for fttfne days, though ttey Vio not feem to be df a malignant nature. « f fu/pefl therefore that fome unpleafaiit effects which have bee^i imputed to oxygene air, may have been owing to one w Berth qf Uiefe cauies ; and therefore recommend, that m preparing this air, there ftould. always be fome cauftic lime weil mixed m the water of theremgeratory, and kept fufpended by a gentle motion of the agi*. tator, and that when the air is procured it mould be weR ffiakeA wfth fome quick lime and water' in the air holder, in which it (hould t>e .kept t we lve~ hours before it is ufed, Shaking it well from time to tints. Td thefe add the precaution of appropriating a fire-tube fc^efir fo die preparation of oxygene, and it will be attained free from any noxious admixture. ' * Hydro-carbonate air is alfo fiibjeft to an admixture of fixed fcir, which from the relation of intelligent pra&it^bners, feems to diminifh its efficacy; arid may not in many cafes be proper to be Wminiftered where hydro-carbonate is ufeful, I am aflured b/'Mif . Uarr, that to procure this air (hydro-carbonate) of a1 £ood quality, 'the water Should be admitted fo flowly, thai it may require twenty < minutes to procure the Hill of the large bellows, and that wh;n longer time was employed, in confequenjee of a flower adrrdfljon qf Vater, the air was ftiil more efficacious.* c I recommend the fame precautions of mixing lime in the water of the refrigeratory; and of making the hydro-carbfonate with Iiine , and water in the air-holder, as for the oxygene; but I am not en- ebled to decide whether it is neceflkry to keep the air till it depones its charcoal, fome gentlemen think that on the, contrary, it is beft to life it when frefh made. " *. ' The great powers of the hydro-carbonate air require the dofc to be meafured with the utmoft accuracy, I therejfbre recommend v •that it be always meafured out of f he air-holder, by pouring in the meafure of water as dire&ed, and never meafured by means of the hydraulic bellows, which is not fo exa& a method, efpecially when, the diameter is large. . * The charcoal from which this air is prepared, mould ajwavs fee previoufly well calcined, aa empyteumatic vapours from half fyirnt . wood, appear to be very deleterious ; perhaps thty may have tlyjir virtues, wit it is defirable to know exaftly what isttdminiftered, and the virtues of fuch airs may be very different from thofe of i$C todrocarbonate.' The fame ingenious philofopher remarks farther, that ' the* njt- moft care fliould be taken that no bits of coal, charcoal,' wo6d, or other inflammable matter be mixed with the manganefe In. pre- paring oxygene air; and that none of the Unfeed oil of the fat life penetrate into the fire-tube.' Tor if any of thefe fubftences be mixed with the manzanefe, fixed air of a highly pungent and noxious quality will be produced. Imperfedly prepared charcoal, or mix* tures of oily Jubilances with it, are alfo prejudicial in preparing hydro-carbonate. The trials with yeaft as an internal remedy cannot be confidered in any degre^ fetis&ftory ; but as it has fufficiently fhown itfelf to bo Jones's 0bf*rvaflkni*9nlhi Hopping Cough. 47 be an active medicine, it mould not be loft fight of. Farther at. tempts may prove in what difeares, and In what ftates of them, it my he advsBtageftofly employed*. EaterpaHy applied;, jt's affects 5^ jear to have 5tfen. determined wi^h. greater precifioni and when afed in this way it'promiits to he an active and convenient remedy. We are forry to $na in tie excluding part o£ the pamphlet, that Dr. B. has been under the.nfcceffity tf cufontinulng, for a timc^ Jus experiments on animals and animal fubftances, for want of a proper apparatus. . From the, profecutipn of thefe experiments we had not only to .expect implements in pneumatic practice^, but alfo inv-^ portant phyfiological Conchxitons. ' ' " In the clofe of the work, Dr. B, promifes fome general reflec- dons da the effects of airs ; but it is evident,, as he juftly remarks, t&at before a theory can be fully eftahlifhed, a confiderable number df additional 'facts muft be produced; and the observations on them be carefully collected and c'AmjJared. * Ait. x 111/ Jn Adjknfs to Mea?qal Students -7 a Letter u Dr.Forfyn isitb iimarlsand^ue/liosiAupou ^uotatifims from Dr- for Act's J)ifir-> utiouon&imjde Feyer^ 8yov. 32 pages, frice is. JdL 1795^ The anonymous writer ttf tMs flimfy' and trifljng performance jTOTf^ihfonns 'us, that focieties have dorie jiiore for the improvement cf medical fcience at Edhibofgh than even .the indutiry of it's pro- fcfers, How far he may be correct in this affertioft ' we ihall not * take nponis to determine; bur we have arfo had fufficient reafonto' tawr, thai inftitutions- of this ldnd have bep'n by no beans' (paring is the propagation of theories. ' I The attacks, which are here made on the ' Diflertation on fimple Fever,' have mpre of quibble than of the folid and manly objection of ^the enlightened practitioner. A*T. x l v. Observations on the Tu$j C$u*vulftva, w, Hooping Cough, as read at tie Lyceum Medicum Loudisenfe, Wherein the Nature, Cauje, and Curt of this Difea/e are endeavoured to he demouft rated, and the Practice of exhibiting Emetics, Jbfwn ta he pernicious ommJ vftkfs* By John Gale Jones. 8vo. 36 pages, Price u, Allen and Weft. In this, paper; which was read at the Lyceum Medicum Lc-ndinsnjt, the author attempts to combat fome prevailing opinions, and to con- tfof ert fome peculiar prejudices, which he conceives to have been* adopted by medical practitioners without fufficient conlideration. The plan of treatment which the author reprobates is that ofadmi- mJbiiig emetics; and he thinks it a much more fafe and advantageous' practice to employ the cordial and ftimulant method of treating the difeafe. Bat notwithftandiug this writer's bold and unqualified aP fertkms to the contrary, wefuipedt, from confiderable experience, that emetics may fome times be exhibited with great advantages, though they ought certainly to be given with judgment and discrimination ;" > 5 'A, *VS> Art. itaGiANrr* ttOORAPHT. AtT. x*. *fe Lhtet tf Dr. Jdm t>mni\ Sir Amy Wctt*t\ tit. Richard Hooter; Mr. G*r*e Htrbtrt*, **i Dr. Jbfar Sawderjhj By Isaac Walton. With Notts, tmi the Life •/ the Jbttbtr. bf Thomas Zouch, vt. a* 4*0. $oJ ptge»» and 8 plates. Price ll. 5s. in boards, York, Wilfoa and Co.; London, KoWbn. 1796. Ik tne present advanced ftate of knowledge and tafe, U may admit of a doubt, what degree of commendation is dne to afi attempt, to diftnrb the aifaies which time has " quietly inumed," by the in- cantation of the graphic, or of the typtora»]tic art* and to give a preternatural refun-ettion to authors, wlo W peaceably withdrawn to their long home on the uadifturbed&dm of dtfty tibnxku Mr. I W. was, we have no doubt, in his tutot, a very worthy man. ^ la Us lawful occupation of a linen-draper, he had, we do not queftion, much and deferved credit, among his rjejghboars of St. Dunftan's in* the welt, as an honeft tradesman. When his fbaeds in bounds en- abled him to retire into the country at fifnr years of age, and enter* tain himfelf with his favourite dxvetfion or #aj*qr, be Certainly con- ferred a lairing obligation on, the lovers of that which Mr. Zoucfe— without confultmg die fifties or the worms—Calls an irmjfc*fkx sumnV meat, by writing, the .Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recreation, comprising, as Mr. Zouch fays, thedeareftaad fulleft inftrnclions for the attainment of a thorough proficiency in the art. Mr. W.'s leifure was alfo very laudably employed in writing Ikes of eminently learned and pious men; and his biographical work may kave furniflied valuable materials to the compilers of britiA biography. But we cannot difcover in it any fiich characters of luperiour jgenius or judgment, as ought to reicue it's author from ttut oblivion, which is the natural termination of moderate talents \ ' or cai| we^ conceive, that the public will be much edified by the republication of Dr. Donne's vifion of his dear wife with a dead child in her arms, or of the profffletic dream* of fir Henry Wottor/s father, and other perfons in his family, to many of whom, fays the credulous biographer, * God did fcem to (peak in dreams/ Btthdp Warburton rmght perhaps' exprefs' himfeli fomewhat too harfhly, when, referring to W.'s life of Hooker, he fpoke of " the quaint trafh of a-fantafik life- writer:" but we cannot find fufficient merit in this biographical wtfrk, to induce us to think, that the republi- cation will contribute much either towards the improvement of tafle, or the extenfion of liberal fentiments. As far asreipe&s re- ligion, it's apparent tendency is, to revive that bigotry and faaati- Cjun, which were formerly (o prevalent among men of all religious feels. And jhis tendency is not counteracted, but rather promoted, by feyeral of the additions which the editor has made to the work. Many of the notes, we readily acknowledge, contain curious and anuiimg biographical details, which add confiderably to the value «f the publication; but with thefe are occafionally interfperfcd suiecdotes and obfervations,* calculated to caft odium and contempt sjygu thofc teSts, which, from the firft appearance of the puritans in \ v the touch's E&kn (flPafon'i Livm. 49 "ffcc daysof filizabe'thto the prefcnt time* have meritorioufly, though not always dfrcreetly, fupported the caufe of freedom. As a proof ;tf this, we quote Mr. vv.'s account of the nonconfbnnifb in the time of Hoojter, with Mr. Zouch's corroborating notes. . f. 233.—' In which number of nonconformifts, -rj though fome anight be fincere and well-meaning rfieri, whofe indifcreet zeal might .be lb like, charity, as thereby, to cover a lhultitude of errors, yet of this party there were many that were poflefled of an high decree of fpiritnal wickejlnefs ; I mean with an innate, reftlefs, radical pride and malice ; I mean hot thofe lefler fins which are more vifibie and *more properly carnal, and (ins againft a man's felf, as gluttony, .and drunkennefs, and the like (from which, good Lord, deliver. ui J ; but fins of a higher nature, becauie more unlike to the nature of *GoH4 whicji is love, and mercy, and peace, and more like the devil (who is no glutton, nor can be drunk, and yet is a devil); 'thofe wickedncfles of malice and revenge, and oppofition, and a complacence in working and beholding confufion (which are more properly his work, who is the enemy and difturber of mankind 1 'ana greater fins, though many, will not believe it) ; men. whom a [ftnious zeal and prejudice had blinded, and made incapable of hearing * reafon, or adhering to the ways of peace ; men whom pride and fel£ 'conceit had made to over-value their own wifdonvand Decome perti- nacious, and, to hold fooliihand unmannerly difputes againft thofe 'men wmch they ought to reve/ence, and thofe .laws which they ought . to obey ; men that laboured and joyed to /teak evil of government *, and then to be the authors of confufion (ot confufion as it is confid- Hon) ; whom company, and converfation* and cufiom had blinded, . and made infenfible that thefe were errors ; and at laft became Co reftlcfc and fo hardened in their opinions, that like thofe who pc~ rimed in the gainlaying of Korah, fo thefe died' without repenting * * If we give credit to the hiftorians of thefe times, the picture .here* exhibited is far from being dr&wn in ho firing colours. Ala*! the love of domination, and an uninterrupted oppofition to the mea- fiues of government* have too- faithfully characterifed the manners t>f thofe uonconformiib. From the combination. of fuch unamiable qualities, what Qtber confequenccs could be expected than thoie which acloalfv burft forth with irefiftible fury? What opinion James I. entertained of them, appears from the following extract from the >« Bafilkon Doron:'! " Take heed therefore, my. fon, of fuch jmficans, very pefU in the church and commonwealth, whom no . defer ts can oblige, nor promiles bind : breathing nothing but fe- .dition and calumnies; afpiring without meafuie, railing without reafon, and making their own imaginations, without any warrant of the word, the fquare of their conferences. I proteft before the efeat God, and fince I am here as upon my teftament, it is.no place for me to lie in, that ye (hall never find with any highland or bo*> jdertr thieves greater ingratitude, end more lies and vile pejjttries, .than with thefe fanatic fpirits." • *• . Vol. kxiv. E' ~ theft S<r MQCKArmr* thefe fpirStual wickedneflcs ; of which CoppbgcMndHickct f, ami their adherents, are too fid teftSmonin. • And in thefe times, which tended thusTO confuftan, there were affbtaairy others that pretended to tenderners of conference, refuting to iubmit to ceremonies, or to take an oath before a lawful ma* giftrate: and yet tfcefe very men did in their fecret conventicle* . 'covenant and 'Iwear to each other, to be afliduous and faithfol ist ufmg their beft endeavours to fet tip a church government that thejr , had not agreed on. To whidt end there were many fefc& parties 'that wandered up and down, and were attivein lowing difcontenta and fedhion, by -renamous arid fecret murmuring?, aM a dtipernoa of fcurrilcms pamphlets and libels againft the church and ftate ; "but ' efpecialry againft the btrnops : by which means, together with very ' bold, and as indiscreet fermons, the common people became & fa- natic, as St. Peter obfeTves there were in has time, " fome that wrefted the Jcripture to their own deftruftion:" So by thefe mesv and this means, many came to believe the bifhops to be Antichrift, and the only obftrnftots of God's difcipHne; and many of them were at laft given over to fuch desperate delusions, as to find out a text in* the «« Revelation ofSt. John," tjut " Anttchrift was to be over- come *by the faord," which they were very ready to take into their hands. So tharthoft very men that began with tender meek peti- tions proceeded to print public admonitions ; and then to (aurica! . setnonfrraaces; and at>lait, (having like David numbered who was not,' and who was, for their caote) they got a fuppofed certainty * of fo great a $uty, that they durft threaten firfl the bilhops, and not " long after both die oneen and parliament ; to all which they wete Secretly encouraged by the earl of Lefcaffav then in great finroor with her jnajeity, and the reputed cherither and patron-general of 'thefe pretenders* to tenderneis of cosfcience, whom he ufed as a Sacrilegious mare to further his defign ; which was by their meant • « f William fiaefcet, illiterate and of the ltfeaneft -extradion^ from habits of the loweft profligacy, and the moft abandoned wkkednefs, afibmed die ajppearanoe of a taint, pretending to haws an inward call, and to berayoorod with a special revelation. Witk him were aflbciated Edmund Conotngcr, a peribn of better family, .and fome others, who declared themmres chosen veflels, proclaim©* war againft the bHhops, andicsepled not to menace lie fafcty of fthe queen herfelf, nnlefs me promoted their fchemes of seiorm. The -inadnefs of ranaticirm has no bounds. Haeket was at length pro- inoonoed by his followers (ministers of the Geneva drfinptMe) to be •••' the ibpreme monarch of the world, from whom aU the princes -of Europe held their fcepties* to be a greater prophet than Mote* -or John Baptift, eren Jews Cnrift, who was come with his far* in his hand to judge the world." He was apprehended and eon- •nfisedj and, after uttering the- moft horrid blaiphemiea, was stares! Iby the common executioner. Cbppinger fiarved hknfeif in piuoiu ,The contagion quickly foreadoa all fides, whilft ecclenaftical author rity was rudely oppofed, and trampled under root. (See Kex**i*+ Hifofj of England fal* II. /. 563, *nd CartfrHjfi. V& ULf> 637.)* . -„, . . i • • - ' ts> Cadogjui's Lift tftht &**JP. Romabi*. ft flthrutt foeh Imodium apo* the bib*)* ast* pfreeui* affafifeta^ amp of their knda, and a larft* proporooa of them for fcimftlf* ' which avaricaooa dafire had fe Uiwied ktsreafaa,, skit fcis OwJwtioat «d greedy hope* had ahnoA flattered him iirtq |>reknt poflbflioa of From thit /rmg cobmiagi mi from many feeap* of oeerfe Jaa* geage, fametimes a&d by th$ puri*aftairtttmiconfbrmiftsaf former times, which the editor had iawodoeed into his antes, wk majrfj . without any violation of candoor*. infer at lea* one deftgn of thir aepwhlkation at the prefcnttime. ,3?hepablicatton has* howeve* the merit of literary induftry, and of typographical elegance* a*ul is embeUiihed with heads of the fbfapeda of the work, and * viqw of Ltighfeon Qhnieh, built by ^lr. George Herbert. A*t. svi. 7** Lifs of th* Rm. William Romaine, m.a. fats * Mi&T e/ibe Umikd Parijbas of St. Jadrmu by the Wafdroht, am £#. Ann\ Blackfriars ; and UBmren of St. Duo/lam's s* the WtJL By William Bromley Cadogan, m.a. €vo. 96 pa. Pr. 1** 6d* Vernor and Hood. 1 796. When we recoiled for how long a term of years tbe'name of Mr. Romaine has been mentioned With fome dlmndiori, and how* mack popularity he obtained. as &. preacher* we rannnr -otfrrvc, { without furprize, how few fads, which can at all Intereft the public at large, his biographer hat been able to colled. The turn of the narrative may be briefly flated as follows. . The Rer. W. Romaine was born at Hartlepool in the. county #f Durham on the ajth of feptember, 1714* He received hie early education in the grammar fchool at' Houghton fe Spring in the fame county. In .1730, or 1731, he entered upon his ftudlea sft Oxford; and was afterwards removed to Ch rift Church Col- lege, where he took the degree of matter of arts In 1717* Tot fevcral years' he was curate to the pariflies of Banltead and Hortcm. in Middlefex. Preaching in St. Paul's church during the mayor- s&ty of fir Daniel Lambert in 174 1, his popular talents becanle confpicuoits. In 1749 ho was cnofen lecturer of St. Dun dan's in the weft, and in 1750 was appointed morning preacher at Sr. - Oeorge's, Hanover-fquare. He was foon afterwards appointed to die profefibHhip of eftroeomy in Grefham college; but it does sot appear, that he ever coptributed much to the improvement or dUrufion of fcience m that /**r»ft/feminarjr. Havlxfg early adopted the Hutchinfonian fyftem, the Bible furniflied him with his sftro*' womieal as well as theological knowledge, and he placed more con* £dence in the Prtncipia of Mofes, than in thofe or fir Ifattc New ton. The newtoman theory was too mechanical to fuh tbefub- lime conceptions which he had acquired in the fchool of the ' my flics. In 17 j6 Mr. R. became curate and morning preacher in St. Wave's, South werk, Where he con tinned till 1759. In 1764 he became reftor of the united pariflies of 9t. Andrew's and * St. Ao.n, in Biackf riart ; and this reclory, together with the lee* turetilp of St. BunftW* in the Wefrf he held till his death, which *appa«d July a6, 1795* 5* C6VIRNiTbHT\ *' Mr. Roroline is well known to have been a fceatauV adher&fff to the pure <iodrine and ftric"t. difcipline of the church of England^ HU whole life appears to hate been devoted to religion ; the in- tere&s of which be purfiied ia a manner which ranked htm in the clajs of enthufiafts. His peculiar fentiment* appear in the no* neroui fermons, and other theological trads, which he publiihed at different times. Beidc tb*(e he ptfbtHhed' a new edition of Cala6o*s Concordance, .and wrote an Anfwer to Warburton's Di- vine Legation of Mofes, which even hU biographer admits to* have been written with too much warmth, and to hate been biemithed with faults, which maturer years might have corrected. It appears from fome circumftances mentioned in the courfe of this narrative, that Mr. R.'s natural temper was harflft and vio- lent; but his gerfevering exertions, or, in the language of cal- vintfmi divine grace, fo far can-eded the defect, that, as hUbkw vrapher afiures us, k was in his latter years fcarcelv difcoverable. Thefe memoirs abound with proofs of Mr. Romanic's religious zeal ; and if they be written in a ftyle, which they who are not ac en domed to ufe it will call fanatical, they will not on .that ac- count be the lefs acceptable to the admirers of Mr. Romaine'v writings : of thefe a complete lift is annexed. . . GOVERNMENT* AtT. xvii. Rudiments of Political Science, Part the tirfl ; con* iainikg Elementary Principles t <vbitb an Appendix. By Angus Macaulay, a.m. 8 vo. 414 pages. Pr. 6s. in boards. Eger- ton. 1 796. Political fcience, depending on the knowledge of human nature^ and an acquaintance with the a&ual hiftory of mankind* may reafonably be pre fumed to be progreilive. The continual accumulation of fach, which (how the comparative utility of different modes of government, mud, by degrees, enable men to> form more correct notions upon this fubjeft : and. it is a laudable exertion of ingenuity to compare the hiftory of dates with the various theories of government, in order to deduce fuch condu- . fions, as may ferve to improve this important branch of know- ledge. The ingenious writer of the work, of which the firil part is here presented to the public, propofea tc* examine, under a new ar- rangement, the feveral forms of government which have fubfifted inluimjip focietv, in order to mark the peculiar characters by w.h!i:b cacji is difiinruiflied ; and he hopes to be able to deduce fu<jb cbacfufrons, as mall detedl political errour, confirm and pro- pagate political truth, and facilitate the ftudy of political fcience. Tbeprefent volume, which is introductory, treats of the noceiBty and the right of civil government; of political refinance, and. in- dividual content, and of forms of government in general. The rieccjity of civil government is inferred from.the expediency of union and concert, among men, for various important pur- pofei; and from the numerous diforders, which are produced tty tfee Macaulay's Rudiments of Political Science Part /. 53 . rfie follies amTpaffions of men*' In order to eftablirti, flill more completely, this neceffity, Mr. M. controverts the accuracy of the representation, given by Dr. Robertson and others, of the amcric^n indian»as exifiing in a ftate of focial union without ajrfH ]pind of civil government ; and brings, fev era I argument! and au- rhorities, to prove, that defpotic government was generally pre- valent in America at the time of it's difeovery, and to fhow that America was peop'ed from the north eaft coaft of Afla, and de- rived it's political inflhutions' from that country. Roiifteau's theory of a ftate of nature, which unites «5vil liberty jvith barba- rifm, an4 flavery and defpotifm with civilization, Mr. M. treat* as vifionary and dangerous ; and that, of Smith, which divides the progrefs of fociety into diftinct periods, in which "jften" were fucccflivelv hunters, fhepherds, hufbandmen, artizans, ajfr) mer* chants, he conceives to be incemfiftent with hiftoricat fad. # '" The ends of civil government, according to this theoriA/are, f6 promote knowledge and virtue, and guard fociety againft the effects of folly and wickednefs ; to prevent, or Amply, the wants of fociety ; to protect it from foreign injury ; and to adopt fuch arrangements and regulations as may beft promote public Jiappinefs. Jn this part of the work Mr. M. feeros to fall into the common errour of expecting too much from government, aa$ aligning it too msuiy offices. He objects to Montefquieu'tf, Price's, and Priefllcy's definitions of civil liberty r and approves, in the main, of Locke's ; but thinks that of the french constituent affembly, which places it in the power of doing whatever does not injure another, the moft clear, concife, and comprchenfive. La- bour he confiders as the only original foundation of the right of feparate property; the fecurity of property he ranks among the principal objects of civil government ; and he treats the equalU zation of property as impracticable, and it's common participa- tion as a romantic and injurious project. The right of civil government Mr. M. conceives to be founded on thofe rights of man which rife out of his moral relations, and to imply reciprocal duties : all right to govern he derives not from a divine grant, but from the appointment, and content of civil communities. The fubfequent, as well as the original right of government, he derives from confent, to the excluf on of all other pretentions, fuch as pofleffion,. inheritance, cuftom or pre* fcription, ancient ftipulation, virtue of rulers, or expediency. On the fubject of the right of prefcribing to pofterity, we meet ' with the following judicious and liberal obfervations. p. 143. — * A fourth pretention to a right of civil government, unconnected with the will of the people, has been founded on, ancient confent or ftipulation : but this claim is flill more prc- pofterous than any of the preceding. The fupportefs of this claim, to be confident, mud attempt to maintain, that a progeni- tor has a right of civi). government over all \\\s defcehdants ; that he may transfer this right to be enjoyed in perpetuity, by whom- fceverhe pfeafes; and that his pofterity muft be for ever fubject to all {lis poluncaCarrangements, and bound by ail his imputations; Bttr no reafon can be amgned to prdve, thai fuch right, bas ever ., £3 been £4 0OrEHNW£#T. been poffeffed tyrr one progenitor, which U net equally coorfur jGve, in proof of a fimilar right being' poflefled, bv all fucceeding progenitors, with refpe& to their feveral defcendants. It is ob- «"ous, that the greateft confufion of political rights would reMc om fucb a fyftem. * But the advocates of this claim will probably decline to en? counter the numerous abfurdities, which flow, from the fuppofed exigence of a right in a progenitor, to extend his political au- thority over all his defcendants, to all future times. They will ' rather found the fuppofed obligation of moderns to adhere, impli* citly to the in dilutions of antiquity, on the confent or ftipulations «f a whole ancient community, than on the decrees of a fingle progenitor. l< will then be incumbent on them to fliew, by what peculiar privilege, one generation could potTefs a right of forming a political constitution, which all fucceedio^ generations were . Jbounden invariably to niaintain ; or whence it could derive the ^prerogative, like the lungs " of the medes and perfiana/' of en* acXing laws* which mud remain for ever unrepealed. As no fucb 'prerogative, qr privilege can be proved to have been ever enjoyed py any generation ; the confequeoces, deduced from the fuppo- jftio,nJ tiwft be abandoned. In facl, the men of the exiiting £C aeration mult be more competent to judge of their own political liappinefs, wbkh is the great end of civil government, than thole bf any former uina. Admitting an ancient generation to have j>oflefied all the wi&tora, which is proverbially attributed to enceftry ; and tb have formed a conftitution, excellently adapted to the various circujnftances then exifting ; yet many important cbanges may have fince taken place, in the external connexions* *s well a* in the internal circumftances of a nation, which nay re* tjuire correspondent changes in its political conftitutiotu Tbr condition' of the members of a political community, thus ctrcun> iBanced, would be truly deplorable, if tbey were condemned for ever to emdurr a form it government, which was become ill adapted to their fixation ; and with fuperftitious veneration, to i and it 4own so the late ft poltcrity, like a facred relic; merely ecaufe their anceftors bad planned it. -They would find but gender confolation in the reflexion, that their political conftitit* tion had foiled their anceftors* when things were in a very difc ferent ftaje. Befides, the original framers of a coniiitution may not havp been endued with confummate political wifdom : they inay bave adopted a fyfiem fundamentally erroneous, or defective % yet its errors or xte£e&j maj pot have appeared, rill fucceediag fenerations discovered tbem, by lamentable experience. Sue- Ceffive improvements may have alfo rendered a future generation Hjore enlightened, and better qualified to frame* or to reform a conjt'yution, than the original founders of the Hate. Wretched therefore would be the lot of human beings, if tbey were debar* l»d from availing tbemfelves of the lemons of their own experi- ence, and progreffive improvement in political knowledge; and eonfined for *reij to fbe %ft jrude experiments of their «arlieft fere&oejtt Maorolajr's Ru£mtnh jf Mkital &#<«*, Tart J. afc - * tnssr pi eteunou them, whether eaaf oared a* a daanref; righV ia cot geaeratioa, to prefcrfcetiie form, k* which civil govern* . ascnttett be invariably conducted for ever | waeacorrefotmefoeaL •bligation, , on posWitjr, to maintain an ancient eaftftitntioo,. ' without innovation of improvement, merely on account of im antiquity, appears as hoftile to human happinefi, as it is un- fbuntfea and aofard. It is obvious, that tie apparent ptaunoility nf this pretention, like thai of prescription, it conne&ed with the vulgar miflakc of confounding property with civil government * and of conceiving, that the rules) which obtain with reflwcl to etates in cattle, land-, or money; hold alio with refpec* io poKu- cal authority. It is evident, that the rights ana obligations, which arife from contracts relative to property* are as, improper? to be applied to civil government, as thole, which tefult from* the regulations adopted ia -different countries, in order to dates** ■me prefcriptioa. A man's property is wholly at bis own di£ ssoiai ; he has an abfolute right relatively to the conduit of qtbetf.' sen, to employ it to what purpofea he plqafes.; fo long as he> re*, stains from encroaching on others : he inajr transfer hit right t* uaomfoever he fhoofes, and on any conditions* unleft refrained by the pofitive taws of the community. Thofc, who. .urge- th* tndifpenfable obligation of adhering to ancient political inJUtu? eions, will not furcly be fo abfurd as to contend^ that aji future* generations of human beings were at the absolute drfpofaj. of an* ceftry ; and that a man has a right to grant away the CuJbsnjUipA . .and obedience of ail his poiterity, as helm to difpofe of his cat- tle, or his furniture. Yet on no Qther principle of reasoning, can the rules, which determine the obligation of c&tracis about property, be applied to ancient uipuUtiQU* rejativ* to civil go- vernment.* With refpec^ toftUtical rtfiJUmc^% it is maintained, that to refift a government, which exilU from the approbation, or %Q(|uiefcence of the community, null ever be criminal* hecauft it it the, exer- «ife of violence agsinft rightful authority;} bu& that it is, incum- bent on political communities feverally tQ choqfe that form. of government which they conceive beft adapted to promote theif^ political happinefs; or to change a bad conftitution fbr % betret? when k can be prudently ejected ; and Qonfequentlv, that, if any* political rulers mall forcibly oppofe the manifed will of a cominu- •• nity to reform it's conftitution, they would be, guUty of that re-- fiftahce which is univerfally criminal. '' Oh the queftion of individual confent Mr. M. admits the- right of Separation. Continued refidence he conffders as determining* the political community to which every man belongs, but adds, * that, in order to indicate confent by refidence, the citizens nftift ; be at liberty to depart. The ftippofed rijht in civil governor* to enforce refidence is mown to be neither inherent in the tuturcf ' nor neceffary to the ends, of government. This volume concludes with fome general obfervations' On thn difference between forms pf government and conftitutions ; on the importance of the inquiry concerning the diflinft characters of fOYernments, and 9a the drjcncUncc of national cJiaraQc; oathe I 4 fiPWi form of government. The appendix contains tintcrefting b* ftofi* cal elucidations of tfee. authorfa principles. Though we do rot. . perceive much novelty in this writer** ideas, hit work, as far av* it it advanced, is written .with pcrfpicujty, temper, and liberality** -and raife* agreeable expe&atious concerning the fequel. u M !•# rotTar. ths drama. Art. xviii. The Birth and Triumph of L*ut. 4 ?"*- fy Sir James Bland Bulges, Bart. Royal *to. 68 pages. Price 6a, Egerton. 179$. . The plan of this work is taken from a feries of plates, entitled, •' The Birth and Triumph of Cupid," publifhed by Mr. Tomktns/ • hiftorical engraver to her majefty : it is intended as a poetical illaftra-* tion of thefc elegant engravings, which are faid to be copied from the drawings of a lady of high rank. Although the ftibjetf might feem tft promife fportive gaiety, the poem is rat her of the elevated than of the trivial kind ; it is written in a regular and (lately meafure, and adorned* with the ftudied graces of poetical djttion. In the opening, the poet forbids the intrufion of wanton love, and devotes his lays to that fove- Teign power, whofe birth was hailed by the Ihout of angels, and to whom was given the fupreme control over unknown worlds* , Sent forth, by tne plaftic power, from a condenfed vapour, the young cherab flood confeft in his infant dharms: r . 6- • * Awhile, as if entranced, he gazed around : He moved, and Heaven with unknown radiance gleamed j He (poke, and liflening angels hailed the found j " ' He fmileff, and univefiar Nature beamed. * , By Infant Love fubdued Creation feemed : And Time transported all his power, confeflcd ; Of piefent joys and future bills he dreamed, ' • ' Of conftant hearts with lading onion blefled ; Then, fondly elafped the Cherub to his glowing bread. ' % This elegant Jqnd of verification is continued through the piece, lot aftory of Love's adventures, grounded on tbegrecian fiction of Copid's bow and arrqwt employed in wounding hearts, is fo playful ana puerile, that, exhibited in majeftic iianzas, it can only produce a ludicroqs efcet, Ip eafy and wy anacreontics we might be amu/ed to read of the child Cupid finding a bow and arrows, and,. when he mines hit mark, {peaking them in vexation ; but it is impoffible to read {he fame pretty fale, fublimed and dilated through a long conrfe , of elaborate verfe, without a ftjong perception of incongruity. We. Ttte firft prefented with a grant} vifion,, in which Love contemplates the fvftcm of the uni verfe combined by the Jaw of gravitation, and U vjfited by an angel, who is comAjffioned fo (bow him the feven planetst. and to inform him that he is deftined to ufe his bow and arrows in the ' ffik> JTt then fee Love, in obedience {q tfce vifion, (ailing through the etjje/icl, gain to, his apnointed planet, -and fighting on one of the white clhft of 'Albion, as fhe-wbrld's gre*t mailer. . After all this mag- -,r— — *-*"-■—*-_* - f- - <-« mff. * two Bnufrf a Bum * $f wad Hug Art** &at Ik through the grove on fladowy wings, aoc) fficr feme diftcidties, transfixing them both .with oiie atfowTleking or* sod offering tbem on an aftar to heaven : he is then born 'away on I or drawn by his doves, taking with him,'* placed on the high da* nYi teat/ the two team which he had pierced* f fo lav his glorioca prise before the eternal throne. V-This allegorical fiction evidently asses confiftency and dignity ? the poet has, however, -thrown about itfo fnanr em belli ih menu u, on the whole, to prefent the reader with i pleafing exhibition. The engravings, on which the poem is founded, m*y hrpmrhafcj oftbcfamc fize. Ait. xtx. Benofey, a Poem. ^to. 32 pages. Price 38. Warrington, Eyres; London, Johnfon. 1796. • Foisy performs, one of her moft pleating offices, when, in imitadoi) of \*j fitter art, (he fooths the penfive mind with interefting pidnreg of former days, pr. with tranquillizing landfcapes of firpple nature and rani life, This office is very happily performed in the truly elegant form now before us. The poet appears to have written under thf fflfloence of : . * A penfiye caft of thought, a ferious vela Of melancholy foftnefs, not too lad, Such as will ferve to fboth, but not differed** 1 In harmonious verfes, ftrongly marked with the pleafing charaAer of daffical fimplicity, and, at the fame time, uniformly railed abovs j*ofaic dulnefs, the author takes a retrofpeel of the ancient hiftory of d* 'pot which he celebrates, and very happily introduces a ftoryv jfffit- ^tved in a MS. in the Bodleian Horary, of the murder of nr John ktler, « who was flaine in his bedde bv the procurement of the lord S&ndley/ Then, reverting to the preient rural beauties of the {bene, ike poet defcribes them with that delicate fenfibility which jives tq poetry it's fweefeft charm, interweaving with the defcrintion mftroe* ^icfleclions and pleating fentimeots. The paffage which we flud| *Wt from tlita poem for the amufcmeut of pur readers, and in cor> ^nation of the prajfe we have bejkbwed upon it, is a .beautiful defcrin* f°o of hay-makirig. f. 19, 9 Them fee the mowers, to their half-done talk Early returning, jocund, o!er the grafs, • That yefterday they cut : with ftone well-ply'd, Bending, they whet the clear- refoonding ueel; And now in order plac'd, ftep after Hep, Slow-following, with fuccefiive well-tim'd ftrokes, The fcyrhe they brand ilh : falling at their feet In iemicircles wide, a mingled heap Of feeding' italics and flow'rs of various hues In wild eonfufion lies, to bloom no more. ' Meanwhile anum'rous train of men .and boys, x And country maidens, bearing in their hands * The rural trophies, cheerfully begin TOiai*. pleafing toil, and fcattrr far and! w*dj, With airy tots, the odorif 'rous hay ; • ■ ♦• ' - V& *V* JLtttbariht! Whites* new the efitnlfnf fir** Iu7plndoareU» poon forth kit flopbg 070 Stronger, At field natti moving fcene Of gaiety and bufroets, mirth «m toil* Metay the jokes, and frequent are die laugh* Enlivening their labour: entheeopfe 2 Of jender hedge, where |ay the wild-reft blooms, - Is laid die copious cae, with needfitl store Of Honor fill'd, and cover'd from' the fight •/. Ofboiyfiiea, Foil eft the heated twain* Thither is feen to pace, and from the cup Firft takes a long, deep draught : then to the fair, |dot aikiog, bat whofc warm fiqlh'd cheeks betray Her thirft, flow-carrying, prefects the cop With awkward gallantry. Fatigued, the band Awhile repofc : the fen-bornt clown, roboft, Putit on bis knee Ms modcft-fookiftg Mr, Fleas'*, and yet half aAamM: ah F happy he, « If from her ftp* he gains at )aft thekift, * - With mant Itnsggles won ; not ia eVn (he, Tho9 her dtforderM locks with many a frown . Now (he a4jaAs, difpfeas'd at heart to lofe The fragrant prize (be wiftVd not to withhold** <■ She ieekrnot6>enfnare a captive train . Of fovea to grace the triumph of her eyes ; Nor, having won her lover's faithful heart, To leave him, proud-exulting in his pain*. Foe him alone the ribband gay is feen, • On Sundays dreaming in her hat of ftraw, laring at church unwary eves from pray'rs. Still near her thro' the field he ftrives to toil, And oft, when unpereeiv'd, they tdl their love In fidelong glances : language fweet ! that fpcaka In filence more than all th' aneAed fop, FrtfbVd in Flatt'ry's arts, with oily tongue, feen in his vainer Fair's deluded ears. Here 'tis, that Love beftrews his pleating joyt, Unblended with his cares ; for here no fears , Of.mktingjealoofy diftnrb ibe'breaft. He bmm his maiden true, as (he her fwaln ; And fo (hall eaeh be orov'd, for Htmbn (boa In bondage fweet frail join their willing hands* * Bi kind, ye Southern Breezes! blow not yet Nor bid your train of gloomy clouds and (noVis, Unwelcome now, deform the tranquil (ky t But let the frequent wain, unftopp'd by rains. Clear the dry hayfield of its dulky piles !' mmmmm^mmmmmmm m 11 11 1 1 1 i«nMWM«MMMMMMi • * DmmfngnnUMJttfiryHftaJf/cMk Cervicem, **tfacilif*<vitiaweptt> £tg*#Jteati maps pudtat <tipu Hot, - ; A»r^ Epijlltfrm Sb-d-nU the Rt. Hon. H. D-nd~t. Js, hT. XX. MftfU frtm R+elh-J Br-nfj Si~-d*9 Efq. H the Jtfcif UmmmUt H-**j D-nd-s. 410. 3* pages Price as* 6d. Owen. Tag verses here riven to R« B. Sli— d-», cfi|., are net exafiry tuck Mr. Sheridan woold write even after dining with Mr. Dvadas at rioUedon* With all the infpiration of generous wine at a minifter% ■>, hi* mnfc could never hope to foar to the fublimky of due fte. Exempli grmi*. *. $. « Had Pitt and yon, like Neefcar, fway*d your king. And Joofcn'd Law and Order's fecred fpriag. Accomplish 'd would have been the pray'f of Stone. And Thames have flow'd a Aiming Ptilegethoni •■ While T— ke and him had drank their Burgundy, « Cool* mid confufion, under their own tree* «• If T~ke*s Robefpierrean double avocation, ' « Allow'd him time from olund'ring all the nation!" I marvel moch that Britain s Guardian, Law, Left engltfh Seycyes one mile from Abcrfhaw!' liad leader, when you have fnffictently admired the fbxvhtg feorJ. at of thefe lines, admire, we befeech yon, the beauties of the laa* fcje; particularly, the elegant inverfion, « accomplifli'd woold have a;' the foft alliteration,* nWd a flaming Phfcgethon'— and, above 1 1 the boh) exceotricity of the jphrafe, ♦ T— ke and him had dnmk/ ich an ordinary genius, whp fears the grammarian's rod, would not fe dared to have written otherwife than— T— ke and he had drmdL-+ this writer's wonderful command of the moft mufical melody of — * ~~\, we moft give another fpecimca or two: of France fc*> #.3. ' A hell, indeed, where famrnt, fnmd, and/nnr. Reign UDCOotrouTd, fans pity or resnorfe ! Where trugbt is tmtgbt but horrid deeds of blood 1 And nilUw mxrdtrd in the mmddridmmdV |V Mis. Jordan; ' • Nor fprishtly Jordan, lafs of Richmond Hill, With <wealti>, and 'worth, and ev*ry nqijb at w/// ffUe ingrnioua depi&er of chanters, in laudable imitation, sfj ft, of certain quack dofiort, will tell you in a moment what any is, if you will only inform him what he eats and drinks j c» g. >. & • M-cl-d and L-d-rd-le, fo wild and frikey, May 'nt that be owing to their drinking whiflcey r* ^ la). ♦ Ia^gnres and philology, 'tis dear, That Smith's potations mod be pert fmaB beer/ K 15* * L-ndf— ue's fofall of fleck, infiduoagguijr, J * His beverage, fure, is vinegar and oil I* [If he lancheon'd off aa os cheek* or had a balba of fear trout, ^ all that be cared for/ Uj* ' • — . AlllcaotarefOr—/ iath^hadiv^awma^asMl^oUwbey^ ' J- <J>. roBTfcVk • In profe, however, he finds fomething elfcjo fay of thw y^uof orator: * *. iy. note. f This juvenile wouM-be*ftatefm*n, pofiefles ia confc dcrable (hare of what may be called parrot loquacity. Like his grace pf £«dfcd, and fame others* he delivers a very paffakle; verbofc, frptby oration, when he has properly received, his leffon/ . XJi Mr. F-x he fays in verfe, * . . .. * He's fram'd a balance for our fure perdition ^ By France and Britain forming coalition.' Of his fpecch made on the 10th of may laft he fays; * fuch.a farrago of egotifm, meandrings, and abfurditits, never iflued before even from Jlis mouth : he leems to be driving to his dotage/ Wc rnufl add, by way of contrail to all thefe cutting lareaOns, one example of Ac writer's powers in ferious panegyric : *». it, note, ' Lord L— oe, at the end of the american war, prophef(ed, that f the fun of Britain," as- a great nation, " was fet for ever!" It certainly was very low funk in the weftem political horizon at that time. But the capacity of Mr. Dondas has made it rife aga|n in the eaft ; and the great genius of Mr. Pitt has made it blaze- on Great Sritain and Ireland, in a more bright meridian fplendour than \i\mtf cfore exhibiteoV Ev?& ! ^,*T. *XJ. Sketches in Ferfe, with Profe Ulttftratkms. Small 8vo, 156 pages. Cadell and Da vies, 1796*. Except a pretty long Ode to the prince of Wales on his intended marriage, of which the loyalty furpalfcs the poetry, this volume is nwde up of very (hort and trivial pieces, which afford little ground for ^rake on any other account than tor a tolerable facility of verfification, The annexed profe illuftrations will not juftjfy us in making a more favourable report of the writer's philpfophical fpirit, than his (ketclya cf his poetical talent. The firft and principal profe paper is a ferioas vindication of the abford, fuperftitious, and exploded belief of appssri- $ims. The fecond is an apology for the fcarcely lefs fuperftitious and abfurd refpeft which is paid to family diftinfiions. ITie reft arruot of fufficient importance to require diftinc) notice. The volume is very elegantly-printed, &%*• xxii. CowerfatioH i A didaSic Poem. Irs three Parts. Bg > .William Cooke, £tt|. 410. 44 pages. Price' js. 6d. Edward* 1596. ■ ^ « It is furprifipg, that an art, which every body nracrifes*every day, fhoold never have been explained fcientifically, and reduced to dear -principles and fettled fules. Tip fuhjeit of converfatioh baa been lightly touched by the cflayift, the fatirift, and the didactic poet, but has never been accurately examined by the pbilofopbcr, with the brnejro- Icnt flefign of rendering it more pleafant and improving, — A didadk poem, umilar in defign to (hat now before 'us, was written many years ago by Mr. B. Stilhngflcet, and is preferyed in the firft volume of Doditey's Collection. In poetical merit that performance is ftjperioor to the prefent. Mr.< C.V ideas on she. fuhjeft of coftverfati&rsMre judicious j but dfi verji&cajioji is t> ipodcate, that we oucftiin whether Irwin'nTriumph of Innocence. $} pfenfible precepts, and good advice, would not have been more ac- KttMe & cttgant'ptdfe/ * •* ' ^ • ^ ■Ut. xxiii. The PVtog* Mufti *r,a Pom en Simmer. By Ju*eriis. & Aid. 114 pages. Pnce 4s. fated, York, Todd; London, John* il lOO. I "7QO. ' It is a common miftake amongft young poets, \o talue themfelvea loo highly upon their facility or invention, and rapidity in writing* "^tfcttthor of this poem, though apparently a modeft youth, informs reader, perhaps with too much ieif- complacency, thar, befide this g'poem, confining upwards of two thoufand lines, he has written! two others, on Spring, and, Winter, which were all completed before he had attained his nineteenth year. He likewile mentions a cir~ cumftance which feems very furprifing, and which, indeed, affords % ftnmg preftirnprion that his has been an untaught >mufe, that his firft attempts to defcritte the* fcafons werc^ written before he had fcen, or heard of *r ThonnWs Seafons." Criticifm rauft judge of the merit if any production by it's quality, not it's quantity; and it Would be4 Aeat injoftictf to this yonng bard, who appears very ambitious of laving • his btid4*ng genius foftered by a ray of public patronage,* Iro flatter him with any praife for the length, or early production of his poem. The piece would certainly have been more fit for the pubnc eye, had a conftderable part of it been cancelled, and had the reft been polifhed with greater care, upon a diligent and judicious1 tomparifon of it's defcriptions, fentiments, and language, with thofrf 1 of ihoirifon, and other eminent poets : it would then have been left encumbered with common-place reflections, and un poetical phrafeo- tyj; the aothor would nave been more fenfible, how much k ^fequrfite to form a good defcriptivepoem ; and, on a fubjecton which he had before him fo excellent a model, he would not have been con* fated without exerciiing great caution and difcrimination in the felec- ( rion of his images and fentiments, and' the utmoft diligence in render- i ing his language correct; elegant;1 and harmonious* Too much ) confidence in the maxim', Poeta nafcitur, nan fit, has brbugh? upon many a young adventurer in poetry the fate of Phaeton. When this ruftic hard (hall have properly availed himfelf of thefe hints, he may appea? i before the public with greater credit. We do not mean, however, } wholly fo depreciate his performance, in which, notwithstanding 1 federal defects anting from the want of that correct tafte which is only to be gained by an intimate acquaintance with the beft writers, we ! Jifcover marks of talents capable of bong matured into excellence. ( Art, xx IT. The Triumph of Innocence; an 6de>; written on the De- liverance of marin There/a Charlotte from the Prifon of the Temple* I By Eyleslrwin, Efq. M. a. 1. a. +to. 22 pages. Ni col. 1796* I Thi fubjeft of this ode afforded a fair occafiori for the difplay of I teaaer fentiments in elegant verfe, which the writer has not very I ^tppily improved. The poet has been more folic itous to pour out bis 1 indignation agaioft democrats, than to exprefs his Sympathy with the. \ farrows and the joys of the roysl orphan. The verfes are qot \ *holly deftitute of poetic merit, and are beautifully printed with Mner'ft ty^as on fine rellum paper. * Art. 6% THE DRA1HU A*T. XXY* /*«, w Trageij. 8vo. 124 paps* ftfe* ** It, Edwards, 1796. Tmb fsbk of this tragedy b founded 00 a difitfing ftory recorded li the annals of Portugal* The anfcupy fate of the heantif oi anal innocent Inez de Caftronas been made die fabjcft of poetic defcav by Cwnoens* and of tragic reprcfentation on the fpanifh, £ronch, and cnglifu theatres. The author of this dramatic performance difelaiirl snTobligation to the former occupants of the ftorjr; and we can eafii* credit the declaration ; for the piece bean unequivocal marks of as* ginality, and poflcflfes, in thigh degree, the cflential reqoifites of a. goocf tragedy. The principal bnfinefs of the play confifts in a plot againft the fife of Inez, a caftilian exile* the reputed miitreis, but real wife* of Pedro* die prince of Portugal, whofc hither, the king Alphoofo, a fern and haughty defpot, is indicated to condemn her to death a* the feducer of his fun, by the malicious fuggeftions of hit three mi* sutlers and friends, Alvaro, Coello, and Gonfidez, and by the fecret machinations of her difappointed and revengeful rival Xeonori* a lady of the blood royal ot Portugal, once beloved by Pedro. The intereft of the piece is heightened by making the queen. Pedro** mother, acquainted with his marriage ; and the pathetic effect ia much increafed by introducing Fernandez, the father of Inez, firft as a ftranger, under the name of Almada, and, after a very aghfting di& covery, as a (barer with Pedro and Inez in the diftreu produced by Alphonfo's cruelty. The diftinft features of the principal character* axe ftrongly marked ; the fentimaits are hapnily appropriate; the lan« gpage, without being uniformly fplendid, is often embelliihed with poetical imagery ; and in thofe parts which require tragic vehemence, the paifions are exprefled with uncommon force. To give our Reader* an idea of the author's powers of fancy and expreffion* we tall cop/ a few detached paflages: f. 15. « By heavens I Arvaaot SheftenVd like ehaftity herftlf, indued With human form ! her lucid cheek alone Wat warm and tender: in her heart appeared Majeftk virtue on her throne of ice f And when I would aflay her with loofe paffion, Something within her9 Kkc divinity, Aw'd roy rath putpofe, and congeal'd the founds Half £ orm'd and trembling on my tongue/ • Deceit Ways on her cheek, as the light fun beam dances On the quick furface ot the deep abyfs.* • More lovely through a veil of tender forrow Her beauties fhone; as whrn the fun at noon Through a cloud's -filky fleece (beds foftened day.J *" ^. 95*—* Think'ft thou, Gonfelcz, that the fir ereign's porpoifc Is not too fe tried to be blown away , J3y the weak impulfe of a v.omanVfigh? "Surely thou know'ft hot yet oux monarch's firmncitl 3 rn» Intz, a Trip+i |g Its Bee a rode, befieged in vain by oceans I *Tis like the polar ice, fcirilt nigh to heaven* On which tl* fun, with iiteffbclodftwrc, Hays for a *x-moa*> day !' #• 71.— • Ah ! what it man t— a bobble raited in pJa^» Which fweUs awhile ;— fparts its qojcjf vaiyirtg; tints, A borrower from the fan ; then barfting melts ' T Into its uaieiil elements, nor leaves * A trace vhiixL*~4if iif is creation** wbnder t , '" With faculties that walk the range of- heave* 3- ' With appetites that gorge upon the earth ; *An angel-brusH 'attended in dbfiri With I^c^aW time, yet bomsW in frimiofi " r By a nsere point and moment. Itifr Us aim* lto his atftunmctt angui&v*^**^ «» * From day to day in care of fordid being ; While hour to hoot repeats the fame dufi tale, IHI wearied .nature flcqps :— or, meteor-like. He dares and flafh^s9 with ilkfivefplendoiuv '« 1 * Tillhis thin flame is fpent,— Our morn of life .v Is wet with forrow's aew: — oar noon involved In paflion's ftorm ;— our evening pale an4 chill,] And fading into night : — and when this fun Is quench^ in daiknefs,— fhall no day-flat rife ^ To warm and waken ns ?— there (hatt*- and then The joys and cares which fhocfc this fev'riih life Shall be no more remember'd than a dream* * Yes ! 'tis the diftant team of this new day t Which gilds this vale with all its boafb 6f luftre, Ami fills oor nems with fpirits for our travel/ jk A part of the (bene, in which Inez difcefvers her father, (hall fervean ifpeamen of the more inipaffioned language of this tragedy. #. 7*. 'Almada. « It grieves me, madam, ' To fee the felon grief approach life's prime* As now in you, and rifle it of fmiles. Haply 'tis too affuming in a ftranger . To aflk what moves yon in this pnde of .life, Girt wish the means of envied happinefa* . To yield a thought to pain ? — Dear lady, pardon An old man's fondnefs ; — if he, lives to bleis vou. Think that in me you hear your Konour'd father. . * Ihez. « Father I— O heavens I « ARMADA. * Mine, lady, are his years* Though not his blcffing.— Grief, I know, can readr - And (hake the loftier! ftate,— perhaps the pain Of fome frefli-fevcr'dheart-ftring prompts the figh, And my officious love provokes the wound To livelier pangs :— yet bear me while I &, Life both your happy parents r lift* Kt "THE DRAMAS * . •-• « * 'itflZ* . • > Sir, they fleep '.. iUfeb in the eoM dumb grave,— nor Heed theforrnwa Which We their orphans cheek f . ^ / Almada* « The lofs of parents ft great—but common ;— felt awhile , by nature ^ And then nomoteremcmberfd^Heie, perhaps* The woe^ii recent. 4 I*«. * No I— otoe parent far tee {oft ripening into* wofttan ;*-*nd the other brfook tpy childhood s^-Oh— the kindeft father, That ever ftrain'd an infant to hit bofom 1 4 Almada.' « Time nrofc have dried the fource of filiaf tears* However foil. O Rill vouch&fe me favour ! , Is it a brother's lofa that touches you And melts' you thus in grief i 4 Ikez^ * No brother, Sir, ftas ever claim'd my love, or to my arms Given a divided parent. — I was all The bleffing of my mother's bed, and now; Alas! ira all my face. * Almada. * It muft be (he ! . , Down, down my heart ! {Aftdt)^hr\<K, bkfled wtttf ,' your .parents, . Jhricebleffed Portugal! — the favoured land m { Which boafts your honour'd birth ! . ' tf Inez. . « "My birth can make . . No country* proud : — but here in Portugal I am, as thou, an alien, — To Caftile I owe my birth. On Guadiana's bank*, Near Calarrava, where ray family Long vied with thofe on thrones, my childhood play'e^ 'Almada*. ' TKc fierce moor o'erfprfcad the Wafted region. Hurried your mofher and yourfelf to. chains, And flew your father. *Ikez. * You amaae me, Sir ! . . - Whence could you learn my melancholy Iroty i « Almada. c I was not diftant from that fcene of ravage* I bad a daaghtcr too, whom then I loft. 2 ' Ilf BX. hits a Trapdji ?J * Iwsas. * A daughter, fir ! • Almada. * Oh yes!-— a daughter— lovelie? Than the firft morning that awaked in Eden And Tweeter than its breath.— The accurfed infidel* Surprifed my caftle, as my charming girl Had number'd her tenth year.— Had late permitted. Even as 1 fee yon now,— fo fair and peerlefs, Would (he have btefs'd my eyes :— but-**h— for eve* Loft I my much-loved — Inez! *Ihiz* * Am I waking, Or is it all illufion ? — but the grave Cannot give back its dead !~I faw my father— O fight of agony !— opprefs'd by numbers Sink,— a pale corfe I— beheld the murderers fwords Steep 'd in his life.! • Almada. * Ay fo, indeed, thou thonghteff* Fernandez fell, 'tis true, with many a wound ; And lay, with heaps of reeking death, unnoticed. Till the retreating foe, with the next fan* Refign'd htm to his friends. — Their care recalTd The wand'ring pulfe of life :— when, to behold The lofs of all that render'd life a bleffing, From fweet forgetfulnefs to fenfe— I woke I • Inez. « O heavenfupport me!— O — my long-mourn'diathctt \ And is it thru I clafp f — fcarce can I thirik it 3 Though every fenfe avouch it. — Yet 'tis he ; This is no mockery f— Upon my knees Let me implore thy bleffing !— -Tell me wherefore Conceal Fernandez in Almada ? — tell me Where haft thou fojonrn'd ?— They reported faHelf Thy caftle was deftroy'd U- ' Fb*vavd*z. * Another moment, 0 my loved daughter ! when my heart's left bofyy Shall give thee all.— My caftle was deftroy'd. The hateful fpot, which, told me of my lofs, 1 fhunn'd, and fought to hide me from my woct In a lone feat, I own'd neardifttnt Ebro. There had I ftill remained :— But Pedro's tyranny, Blefs'd be hcav'ns will ! invaded my retreat ; Sek'd on my lands ;— and *kove me from Caftile* Stripped of a name too fpiendid for my flight* A vagabond and beggar,— to find here More neafuie than Deft.— O my fweet child 1 • • . But fpeak*— your mother !— faid you that Qp> dk4 J Lorenaa gone U- to fold her Here with tW t*l,xxiy. F Were 66 THE DRAMA* Were too much ecftacy !— yerin her Inez She ftill furvives ! — a* thou art now, my girl ( Was my Lorenza when (ht trown'd my arms A blu&ing bride— Come grow unto my bofom, Mother and daughter both ! — But now relate, If the wild hurry of your foul permit, Where have you linger'd for* thefe ten long years ? How nouriuYd being fmce by fate dented The (helter of thefe arms ? How baffled too My anxious love, which ftill, with princely offers For ranfom or difcovery, fearlh'd the realms Of our unchiftian foes ? * Inez. 'Ofir! O father! My thought is giddy ; and tumultuous pkafure Stifles my utterance !— my ftory's brief. The fudden tranfition from the father's joy to difappointment and diflrefs, on the apprehenfion that his daughter has porchafed her pre- lent fplendour at the price of her honour* and his fubfeqnent relief by the explanation which Pedro's appearance occafions, excite an uncommon degree of intereil aud agitation. Through the whole of the fifth aft the paffions are ftrongly exprefled ; and the cataftrophe leaves the mind in full pofleflion of the myftcrious pleafure of fympo- thy with fufiering innocence. The piece has not been offered for reprefentation ; and perhaps, in it's prefent form, the dialogue might, on the ftage, appear in fome parts too much protracted ; out if a few eafy alterations were made ;— if, for inftance, the fcene between Coello and Alvaro in the firft aft \ were (hortcned ; if the dialogue in the third aft between Alphonfb arid Pedro on war, the calm obfer various at the end of the fourth a€ft on hunting, and the reflections of Fernandez (p. 1 12) after the murder of his daughter, were omitted ; if the murder of Inez, which excites too much honour, were thrown more out of fight by being merely related r and if the tragedy were to terminate with Pedro's confoling fpeech to Fernandez (p. 12c), leaving the puni foment of the guilty to the reader's imagination ; — we are of opinion, that both the managers and the public would be thankful to the author for fo valuable an addition to tne flock of engliih tragedies. H*T. XXVI. Village Virtues: a dramatic Satire. In two Parts. 4to; 45 pages. Price 36. Bell. 1796. With all our boafted philofophy, prejudice, it mud be owned, ftill governs the world. The rich can find nothing in the poor but ftupidity or villapy ; the poor can find nothing in the rich but pride and inhumanity : whereas, the truth is, there are good and bad of .all ranks ; and charity may hone, that the good are the moft numerous. — That part of thi&faUe judgment, which cot*» fills in thinking that virtue and high life are totally incompatible, and that innocence can exift no where but in a cottage is, with foine degree of humour and fpirit9 expofed in this dramatic piece. ' % "Sir Pillage Pirtues : a Dramatic Satin. *&f Sir David Dowhwright, to convince his filler, lady Mount* kvet, chat folly and vice are not confined, as flie fuppofes, to high life, engages a gucft todifguife hi rofe If as7 Sturdy, a blunt but knaviQi farmer ; his houfe-keeper to att the part of his wife, a (hrewifb, drunken dame ; his two daughters to play the rural coquets, Rofe and Phoebe, and another friend to reprefent Wil- liam the lover. The llory is well contrived to anfwer the writerS purpofe ; the piece is drawn up with vivacity, wit, and drollery ; and it contains fome fatirical ftrokes at the fafhions and humour* of the times. The following fcene may perhaps treat our readeifc with a laugh.— p. i6. * William, Rose, and Sturdy. * William. Upon my foul, Rofe, this Mrs. Harrington of y dura feems a very good fort of perfon, and beftows her gifts with- fuch judgement, as does honour to her underftanding. * Rofe. Oh ! I (hall love her the longeit day I have to live ! But I am afraid, William, that you are forry enough to hav* quitted London ? 1 William. To be Aire, child, London is a tolerable lounge. * R°f*i Ah ! how I long to fee it. * William. Why, in truth, 1 don't think that a winter's poliih* ing would do you any harm : it would enable you to appear with more decency, as Mrs. Tripit. Your drefs now, for i n dance— Nobody wears any thing on the head at prefenr, except tur- bants. Je. Except turbots ? — Surely that mud look very odd! llliam. And betides, my dear Rofe— Let me die, if you've , ; not got a body ! ! * Krfe. Lord ! yes, to be fure I have ! I i \ William. Why, no women of fafhion have bodies now-a-days ! 1 Rofe. No? Blefs me! Then what muft be done? for I've been fo Jong accuftomed to have a body, that I fha'n't know what , in the world to do without one! And pray, how do the London ladies contrive to get /id of their bodies \ * William. Oh! nothing is fo eafily done. They only join their bofoms to their hips, by tying their petticoats under, their arm-pits. 1 Rofe. If that is all, 1*11 tie mine under my chin, and poke my hands through the pocket-holes. 4 William. Then you'll be in the very pink of the mode. l* Sturdy: But pray, William, what do you think about the pre* fent Hate of affairs ? * William. I don't think about it at all. * Sturdy. What then, you never ufed to fpeak at the debating focieties? - ' * William. I beg your pardon ; but the iefs I thought,- iht more 1 talked. 'Tis a receipt that was given me by a very great orator. . i; « Sturdy. Who was he ? . ..-;». J William. A gentleman who was an honour to his cloth, Mr. fiimoft Shoulder-knot. Of him it might be faid with truth, that no man in London was longer-winded— a great virtue in a public F 2 fpeaker* <tf ' frOVEiS. fpeakef* I have known him' harangue for three hours together, and when he had finished, leave as much for the next orator to fay, as if he had never uttered a fyllable. Ah ! our club had a great lofs of him ; 4 Rofe. How did you lofe him ? 4 William* Why, Simon's patriotifm proved his ruin. He paid fomuch attention to the affairs of the nation, that he paid none to his matter's; and thus being out of place, as he was one even- ing proving to the club very clearly, that he could pay off the ..national debt, he was arretted by his landlady for feven pounds, five (hillings, and a penny* 4 Sturdy. That was unlucky ; and pray on which fide of the queftton are you ? 4 William. I am an oppofitionift. 4 Rofe. Really ! And is it difficult to be an oppoiirionift ? - 4 William* By no means, for the whole fcieace confifts in this : -—When the Minifter fays, the country is in danger, we fay, it's fafe ; and when he fays, it's fafe, we fay, it's in danger* 4 Rofe. Is that all r Then I could be as good an oppofitionifl as the bed of them. , * Sturdy. Or you wouldn't take after your mother.' Though we are plealed with the humour of this performance. we cannot acouit the writer himfelf of prejudice. If our Pillage Virtues be indeed fuch as are here reprefented, it (hould not be forgotten, that our villagers have learned them of their betters. NOVELS. -A*T. XXVII. Paul and Virginia. Tranflated from the French of Bernardin Saint-Pierre i by Helen Maria Williams, Author of % Letters on the French Revolution, Julia a Novel, Poems* &c. iamo. 184 pages. Price 38. fewed. Vernor and Hood. 1796. This elegant tranflation of a fimple and pathetic talc, which originally appeared in " JLes Etudes de la Nature, par M. Bemar* din St. Pierre," was written, as the t ran flat or informs the public, at Paris, during the hbrrours of Robefpierre's tyranny, from the hope of cheating thofe days of calamity of their weary length. It is a little unfortunate for this publication* that the englifh novel-reader is already acquainted with the ftory, in a tranflation of the fame work, publiftied in the year 1789, under the title of Paul and Mary, of which the reader will find an account in our Rev. Vol. iv9 p. 479 : and. that the tale has iuft now made it's lecond appearance in an englhh drefs, in Dr. Hunter's tranflation of St. Pierre's entire work. Mifs W+\ talents and tafte, ma a translator, will, however* to fay the leail, fuffer no difparago ment from comparifon : and her performance U diflinguiihed by a cireumflance, which will not fail to recommend it to the attention of thofe who have beeu formerly charmed with her poetical pro- ;dn&ioB*>--4everal beautiful fonnets are interfoerfed in the work,, fro» which the reader will perceive, that the icenes of alarm and tcrrooj- Hincks's Defence of Revtaled Religion. 69 ttrrour, through which the tranflator has pafled» have not damped the fire of her genius. Referring our readers, for our opinion of the novel, to the article above cited, we (hall give then) a fpeci*- men of it's new embelHfhmcnts in the following Sonnet to the Strawberry, p. $8, * The ftrawberry blooms upon its lowly beds Plant of my, native foil I— the lime may fling More potent fragrance on the zephyr's wingf The milky cocoa richer juices (bed ; The white guava lovelier bloflbms fpread— But not like thee to fond remembrance bring The vanifliM hours of life's enchanting fpring9 Short calendar of joys for ever fled !— Thou bidft the fcenes of childhood rife to view, The wild-wood path which fancy loves to trace ; Where, veiPd in leaves, thy fruit of rofy hue Lurk'd on its pliant item with modeft grace- But, ah ! when thought would later years renew, -Alas, fucceffive forrows crowd the fpace !' THEOLOGY. A* T. zxv 1 1 U Letter; originally aSdreJJtd to the Inhabitants of Cork in Defence of Revealed Religion, occafoned by the Circulation of Mr. Paint's ** Age of Reafbn" in that City. Second edition, 1 usages. Price as. 6d. Qork, Haley 5 J^oncjon, JohnfoQt '796 The public is indebted for this defence of revelation to the rev, Mr. Hincks, of Cork.' It is a judicious fummary of the fading arguments on the fubjecl, with a particular reference to the attack of Mr. Paine. The writer has borrowed, as he him*- felf acknowledges, many of the fentiments, and frequently the language, of thefe letters, from authors who have written more largely in fupport of chrikianity* This circumftance may ren- der it unneceflary for us to give a particular analyfis of the work, efpecially after having repeatedly prefented our readers with ab- ftra&s of fimilar publications ; it does not, however, diminiih the nlue or utility of the performance. Mr. H. has digefted his materials in a clear method, and his language is throughout perfpicuous and unaffected ; his fummary is very woll fuitedto a munerous clafs of readers, who have not leifure qr opportunity - to perufe larger works, but who, neverthelefs, have been in- duced by the popularity of Mr. Baine*s name, to look into hfc 4fAge of Realon.". Tne arrangement of this abftraA is as follows ;^Mr. H. in the irft place controverts Mr. Paine's notion concerning the ali-fuf- ficiency of reafon, by appealing to hiftorical fads in proof of it's imoecillity ; and endeavours to (how, that, wherever religious, knowledge has rood prevailed, it has been, diredly or indjrcftly, •wing to revelation. He next examines the contents, of tne fcriptuic*,; to prove, that they teach a oure atuUxscJUot fyfcni fi THEOLOGY. bt Morality. After replying to the objections anting from tbe widely different. fyftems of belief, and feds of chriftians, from the . want of universality, and from the imperfecl ftate of the books of Scripture, Mr. H. proceeds to date the direct evidences of the reality of the principal fa&s relative to chrittianity, of the genuine- nefs of the books ot the New Teltament, and of the credibility of the chrillian miracles* He then examines the genuinenefs of the books of the Old Teftament ; inquires into the weight of the evi- dence from prophecy for the truth both of the jewifh and chris- tian revelations) and concludes with an examination of the pre- tentions of Mohammed. Dr. Lardner and Dr. Paley appear to have been Mr* H.'s principal* but not fole guides : he has not been a fcrvile copyift. A*t. xxix. Rea/bus for Faith in Revealed Religion ; oppofed to Mr. Hollis%$ Reafont for Scepticifm % in a letter to that Gentle- man. By Thomas Williams. Author of " The Age of Infide- lity," 3k. 8vo. 46 pages. Price is. Heptinihall.. 1796. Candid obje&ors to revelation are entitled to a candid reply ; tftdfuch Mr Hollis has met with in the prefent publication. They who have read •* The Age of Infidelity" will not expelt, that, this writer (hould make as large conceptions to Mr. Hollis as fome otjiers would have done: he .maintains feveral pofts, which an unitarian chriftian would think it for the honour of chriftianity to abandon ; but he combats his adverfary fkilfuily and fairly. In reply to Mr. Hollis's firft objection derived from the fcrip- ture doctrine of future punifhments, Mr. W. Admits the punifli- ment of hell. to btjinal% but is of opinion, that the number of the miferable will bear a fmall proportion to that of the happy ; and that even upon the fuppofition of the doclrine of necettiry, if, as necefTarians admit, that doclrine do not fet a fide all puniflimenrs And rewards* the criminality remaining, the punifliment ought alfo to remain. The good nefs of God* he conceives, requires., that the introducVion of evil fliould be attended with advantage to ' ihc fyftem, but not that advantage fliould refult to every indivi- dual : the almighty parent may know that, in fome cafes, mercy id an individual would be cruelty to the reft. For a full reply to the objection arrGnjr from the extermination 6f the canaanitcs, Mr. W, refers to his " Age of Infidelity ;»» but on thh point adds, that God fhowed juflhe to tbe canaanites in publiflmj£ the caufe of their punifliment, and mercy in making them an offer of life on their renunciation of idolatry; and thfct this hieafure was calculated to infpiie the ifraclites with a reve- rence fbr God, and a hatred of vice. With refpeel to tbe pecu- liar hardfliip of the cafe of the amalckitcs, it is argued, that (hit people, though df the flock of Abraham, having aportatifed from fhe religion of their anceftors, and having been the aggreflbrs igairift the ifraclites, and taken a cowardly advantage of their feeble jit uatioh, (fee Dcut. xxv, 17, 18,) both they and their cnildren. who had copied their crimes, were juflly cut t>lf. Tbo Imprecations of the Pfalnis Mr, W. thinks vindicable, ' on the iround'of tire difference, between judaifm and cbriflunity ; tb+ cfraraftt? Volnefs- Law rf JNamrt. . j$ character of the former being jujfice, of the latter* mire* \ and alfo, becaufe thefe prayers are to be confidered as an application to God, as the fupreme magiftrate of the jews, for juftice against the enemies of tjicir church and the Hate, or as mere prediction* of their deftrucTion. To the third objection, from the improbability of miracles, it it replied, that the weight of antecedent improbability is nothing againft facts ; and that, revelation being reafonable and defiraUe* miracles to authenticate it are not improbable. Mr. W. feca nothing unworthy of deity in bis aflunnng a vifible and created form, and holding colloquial difcourfe with men. In addition to the general ftatement of the evidences for reve- lation given by Dr. Paley and others, Mr. W. infills ftrenuottfljr upon the character of Chrift, which he thinks wholly inconfifteat with that of an impoftor ; — upon the evidence arinng from the biftory and prefent Hale of the jews ;— upon the antecedent pro- bability of a divine revelation, confidering it's utility, and it's analogy with natural religion ; and laftly, upon the tendency of partial, towards univerfal, fcepticifm. For our account of Mr. HolhVs Reafons for Scepticifm fee Anat. Rev. Vol. xxm, p. $37. Art. xxx. A Defence of the Mofaic, or Revealed Re/Mo*, proving the Authenticity of tie Pentateuch: the Confi/lency of Mo/es's Defcriptum ninth the Principles of Natural PhUofophy now current ; and the Truth of Scripture Chronology* humbly offend to the Perufal of Pbdafophical Infidels. By John Jones. 8vo. 30 pages. Price is. Griffiths. 1796. This is a production of confiderable Angularity, but too obfcurely and confufedly written to afford the reader much fatisfa&ion. The author informs his reader, that he is not interefted in the flux or re* Dux. of religious craft, ' and is not of that multitude, whofe mind abforbs the rays of truth, whofe grand defign is to fupport that idola- trous order, priefthood9 which curfes it's avouchers with no fmall gain :' he adds. ' that he is not tinclured with the ill-boding clouds of fanatf- cifm, nor does he wifh to overturn the femiments of any feft of people, who, provided it be not detrimental to fociety, are intent upon; adU here to, and are attracted by, fomc (hoot of an univerfal and durable good/ — * I was led/ fays Mr. J., * to invefligate the fubjeft in hand by doubting : reader, doubt ; truth will follow it : well was it obferved by a writer of old, " He who doubts nothing, continues ignorant; but .he who is given to doubting acquires knowledge." Actuated by this mental principle, I gave myfelf to enquiring; the refult is, my being convinced that the Pentateuch is authentic,, die mofaic date correct, and the principia of Mofes confident with die principles of natural philofophy no* current/ For the grounds of this conviction. we mtrft refer to the pamphlet^-we have no donbt .of the writer's indoftry, and fincerity : but be is not very happy in his^meshod of communicating his ideas, and the fobject has been frequently di& cuffed more latisfa&orily by former writers. Aet. xxxi. The Law of Nature ; or Catechifm of French Citterns. Tramfiaud from the French of C\ F. Volnty% Author of « The Ruins of Empires i &c. &c. and Profefflr, fisue the itatffc/tyv, est Posit. Svo. t£ pages. Price is. Eaton. 1796. ' F 4. Soul fl- THEOLOGY. / So*! degree of attention may be expefted to be drawn towards a ^publication, which informs us of the manner in which the new trench iyftem provides by inftru&ion for the prefemtion of good morals. The ground of moral obligation is in this catechifm laid in the law of nature, which is defined, the con/jfient and regular order of aShn bf which God governs the univerfe* This law is defer ibed, as anreriour to every other law ; as derived immediately from God ; as common to all timet and countries ; as uniform and invariable ; as evident and pal- wrble, confiding entirely of facls preferred to the fenfes; as con* ibrmable to reafon; and as juft, pacific, tolerant, and beneficent. According to this fyftein, the torft principle of the law of nature, with xefpeft to man, is (elf-prefer vation, fccured by the ienfe of pain and pkafore ; and the mod perfect ftate of man is a ftate of fociety, in which he is injhu&ed in the law of nature, and tanght to feck phyfical good by the obfervance of this law. From the law of nature are here deduced; individual virtue* comprehending fcience, temperance, courage, induftry, and cleanlintfs; dpmefiie virtue 9 including economy, * paternal love, conjugal love, fraternal love, and the mutual perform- ance of the duties of matters and fervants ; wAfoclai virtue t or juftrce, comprifing all the actions which are ufeful in fociety, the excrcife of - charity, probity, finceritv, mildnefs4 rnodeftv, and Simplicity of man,. Iters. Thefe branches of virtue are diftjacUy deduced from the law' of pature, find the prefent condition of men ; hut no mention is made of a future ((ate; and other doctrines aqd inftituriona are (lightly, arad difretpecVully noticed. / ' A*T. xxxii. Catechetical LecJuret; or the Church Catechifm eqflained\ By the Rev. William Armftrong. 8vp. no pages. Price is. Berwick, Pherfon ; London, Law. i ng6. Wi cannot recommend thefe LeQqres as particularly well adapted to the purppfe of explaining ihe catechifm ot the church of England. The comment itiejf needs m.uch explanation, and would perhaps be left intelligible tq children, than the ftort and firnple formulary which it undertakes to illuftrate : it is a verbofe performance, which, after Seeker's Leclures on, the Catechifm, might have been fpared. A judicious abridgment of thole Lectures would be ufeful. ^ttT. XXXUI. ffifim Meditations^ comtfed while in Confinement in the King9* Bench Prifin in the Year 1 793. By the Rev. William Wool- ley, |i. 4. Chaplain to the MaHhalfea; Author pf * The Cure for Canting,' $c. 12 mo. 88 pages. Price is, 6d. Egerton. 1796. Tis pity that the- author of the Cutejfbr Canting did not firft exer- cife his kill in performing a cure upon himielf : the public would no$ then have been doubled with thefe canting meditations. Art. xxxrr. Sermons, by George Hill, d. d. f. r.s. e». Principal of St. Mary'a College in the Univerfity of St. Andrew, one of the ^pnifters of that City, and one of his Majefty's Chaplains in Ordi- nary for Scotland. 8vo. 453 pages. Price 6b. in boards. Edin. burgh, JfeU and Bradfure ; l^ndoo, Cadell and fVrvies. 1796. It is one of the bad efiedb of that narrSw fyftem of ecclefiaftical policy, whic^ TOuijes uj^ornjity qf faith in, it's ckrgy and pople, ' ' that Hill's Sermns. yy that it leads public teachers to difcourage rather than promote freedom of inquiry, and to content themfelves with a popular difplay of the received fyftcm, iaftead of an accurate examination of the grounds and reafbns upon which that fyftem is built. The learned author of the prefent volume is, we have no doubt, well qualified to difcufs the fundamental queftions of religious and chriftian belief, and to affift his hearers in proving all things, that they may holcl fait that which i» good : but we remark, that in his difcourfes he cautioufly avoids dif- cuffions of this kind, and particularly, that, in the firft fermon, he introduces himfelf to his readers as an enemy to theological innova- tion. While, under the plaufible pretext of avoiding occafions of animofiry, he difmifies controverfy from the pulpit, be indirectly re* commends an implicit acquiefcence in prefcribed articles of belief. Referring to the church#of Scotland, he (ays, p. n : ' Our church, by the frandards which (he requires her minifters to fubfcribe, hath wifely' provided for the uniformity of teaching, and for the peace of your ajinds. Thefe ftandards contain the present truth, in which you have been educated, in which we truft you are eftabliftied, from which we wi(h not to depart, and within the limits of which are contained nujn- berlefi fubjccts of ufeful preaching/ Within the limits marked out by ancient counfels and aflcmblics Dr. H. teligiouflv confines his doctrine. No novel fpeculations are therefore to be expected in thefe difcourfes ; but on the old ground of orthodox belief, the Dr. difcourfes with energy ; and his fermons prove him to be pollened of confidcrable talents for popular eloquence. The firft difcourfe, preached on the doctor's ad million as rainifter of St. Andrew's, is a caution againft a foninefs for novelty, and an ex- hortation tp be fatlsfied with being put in remembrance of things already known, and ' eftablifhed in the prefent truth.' The fecond fermon is a general illuftration of the diftinct characters of virtue exprefied in the text, If^hat/grver things are true, boneft, &c. The means employed by providence for fupporting a regard to virtue in the world; and the tendency of virtuous conduct /to fecure a competent (hare of earthly bleffings, are well reprefented in the third and fiurth fermons. The fifth, which is divided into two parts, is an interefting exhibition, of the character of Daniel, under the two diftinguifhing features of wifdora and piety. In the ftxfb fermon, on religious re- signation, the confiderations, which religion offers to* fupport the mind under the preflure of affliction, are pathetically difplayed. In $k feventb, a contrail is drawn between the characters of John the haptift and Jefus Chrift, and inftructive leflbns are hence deduced con- cerning the manner, in which our intercourfe with the world may he heft rendered beneficial both to ourfelves and others. Prophecies in the Old Tcftamegt relative to the Median, and his character as an inftructor, pattern/ and redeemer, are the fubjects of the eighth dvt coorfe, which is written in an animated drain of oratory. The fame subject is purfned, in the fame eloquent manner, through the ninth v fermon, divided into two parts. The tenth fermon is an interesting iUuftratjpQ and improvement, of the hiftory of Stephen's martyrdom. The happinieis of the future ftate, as arifing from the removal of all pecafions of diftrefs, is in the eleventh fermon popularly defcribed. In fhe t***lftbA Which is what, in the fervice of the fcotith church, ia CftUs^ 4 fctirV1** W commentary on a confidcrable portion of Scripture 74 THIOtOGY. with tefleAiohi, Dr. H. explains and applies that part of the fcraoa on the mount, which condeams oftentauop in almfgiving and prayer. The thirteenth, which was preached before the managers or the Urpiiah Hofpital in Edinburgh, unfolds the means, which providence employs* for rearing and educating the young of the human fpecies : the fermon concludes with an animated recommendation of the charity* The fourteenth is a well ftudied, and well written difcourfe, preached at the opening of the General AfTembly in 1 790 : the fubjec\ is, the profpett Of the univer&l prevalence of chriftianity : and the objection againft the probability of this event, arifing from it's prefent partial attention, is ingeniouOy examined and refuted. As a fpecimeu of the doclor's mode of reasoning on this fubjeft, and of the general ftylc of thefe' difcourfes, we copy the following pafiaee : r. 3f 4.— :' Id exacl conformity to the view which has been given of the general courfe of nature, and of the moral education of the world, previous to the firft appearance of chriftianity, the partial pro- pagation of it has already diMiied a large meafure of religious know- ledge, which concurs with other circumftances in preparing the world for its being univerfally received. ' The heathen raoralifts who lived after the days of our Saviour, discover more refined and confident notions of the Deity, and more enlarged conceptions of the duties of man, than any of their prede- ceffors. They profited bv the Gofpd, although they did nqt acknow- ledge the obligation ; and their writings duTeminated forae parts of its inftrudion, although they difdained to appear as its miniaers. — The fagacious prophet of the eaft went further. Avowing his reverence for Jefus as a teacher fent from God, he fcrupled not to avail himfelf of the light of the Gofpel. The Koran inculcates the unity of God, in op- position to the idolatry of the nations : it retains, amidft many Hcentioua maxims and much frivolous fuperftition, a part of the christian mo- rality ; and that accommodation to local prejudices and vices, which degrades the religion of Mahomet, but to which ic has been, in fomc meafure, indebted for its fuccefs, may thus be con fide red as a ftep by which the governor among the nations is to lead fome of them from the abfurdities of Pagan ifm to the true faith. * When Conftantime embraced chriftianity, thofe parts of the then known world which the roman empire did not include, were very far from deferving the name of civilized; gnd many of the countries that have been lately difcovered, are in the rudeft ftate of focietyv But the converfion of favage tribes to a fpiritual fyftem, is impracticable* Much time is neceflary to open their understandings, and to give them habits of induftry and order ; and it is by flow degrees that they come to adopt ideas and manners more poliihed than their own. Although, therefore, plans of national ambition and commerce have tranfmitted to diftant regions the report of bleflings infinitely more important than any which are embraced by human policy, it cannot be a matter of furprtze td an intelligent and candid obferver of human affairs, that the value of thefe bleflings is not inftantly perceived, and that the precipitancy of vifionary reformers has often been checked. But a continued intercourie with the nations of Europe, will gently under- mine that fabric which ignorance fupports: improvements in art and fcience wit] enable the mind that is now untutored, to Hfe to rational conceptions of the Deity : the errors of idolatry ^will be rendered glaring Jones's Sermtn. 75 glaring by the approach of the trae light ; and in the voyages and difcovcries of modern times, which make us acquainted with the manners, the views, and the interefts, as well as with the geographical fituation of ail the inhabitants of the earth, there is a preparation, not perhaps intended by us, yet fuch as the nature of the cafe requires, for the knowledge of the true God and his fon Jefus drift being com* monicated to the ends of the world,' < The fifteenth fermon, on the obligation and utility of the chriftian fibbath, is a very'fenfible and feafonable difcourfe. Tbcjixteentb, on die happinefs of the fubjects of the britilh government, is an eloquent harangue, but ftrongly marked with national partiality. The^war- Utntb, preached at the annual meeting of the fociety for the benefit of the fons of the clergy of Scotland, exhibits a ftriking picture of do* meftic affection and pietv in Jacob's benediction to Joleph. On the whole, though we do not think thefe fermons much adapted to advance the progrefe of knowledge, or promote liberality of fenti- meat, as literary competitions and fpecimens of pulpit eloquence, we rieetn them entitled to much commendation* The author pofleflc* in a considerable degree that facility of conception, that vivacity of fentiment, and that vigorous and animated ftyle, which are xequiiite to form the popular preacher. Art. xxxv. The Nature, Ufa,, Dangers, Sujferiugi, and Prefervatrves, of the Human Imagination* A Sermon, preached m the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, London, on Sunday, January 31, 1796. By William Jones, m.a. f.r.s. Author of the Man of Sin. fcc. 8vo. 30 pages. Price is. Rivingtons. 1796. The fubject of this fermon is uncommon, and the author's manner of treating it is Angular. He confiders the facnlty called imagination as the principal fource of the difference between good and bad men ; the former putting together the images of the mind faithfully, the latter falfely. Moral inftruction, he remarks, is beft conveyed by ad- dreffing the imagination ; and divine truths can only be taught by means of images borrowed from the natural creation. Vice, it is added, has been the offspring of a deluded imagination. ' In every temptation, fome alluring object is held up ; the image of it works Opon the heart; the heart reacts upon the head; falfe and irrational compositions are formed, and vain expectations are raifed : the act is fin ; the refult is error ; and the end is death.' To the pcrverfion of the imagination arifing from falfe alTociations, Mr. J. imputes the moors of the times. His illuftration pf this point difcovers more in* genuxty than liberality. It is as follows — jr. j 5. ' What a common artifice it is, to couple fomething that is great and facred with fomething which is mean and contemptible ; to make it ridiculous, and provoke infuh ! While that which is bafe, woithkfs, and pernicious, (hall be raifed and recommended, by joining k to fomething that is good ; or, which the times agree to call good. Thefe arts of deception are fo neceflary to the caufe of wickednefs, that prints, pictures, public fights, and lhews, are always employed to work upon rhe mind, by the fabricators of public mifchief. They can Iptf atligion and loyalty to .be hooted. at and .burned with difgrace ; while fS THEOLOGY, while fedition and treafon are carried home upon men's (boulders i* triumph* No prepofterous difguife* or deceptions can be wondered at* in any age or country, when it is remembered, that the Lord of Glory was disfigured by a wicked world with a crown of thorns ; and the hand, that can aim the lightnings of heaven, infulted with a weak reed for a fceptre : while, perhaps, Barabbas, the acquitted felon, was at* tended home with acclamations. c The ears are impofed upon by founds, as the eyes by appearances : the orator can work with deceittul images and falfe companions, to- inflame the paflions, and miflead the judgment. That prime intellectual juggler of the times, Vohaire, whofe logic has driven the world to madnefs, never fails to work upon his readers with faHe auoeiattons : (hey are his peculiar manufacture. His reafonlngs are contemptible ; but his power in debauching the minds of men, by fating falfe images before them, is prodigious, and would be unaccountable, if the prin- ciple now before us did not explain it all/ Other (imilar applications are made of the author's doctrine to the times ; and the difcourfe concludes with recommending, as the more effectual prefcrvatives from the diforders of the imagination, the Rudy of the Scriptures ; refraining from the reading of novels, and of books which € propagate ft range doctrines, with a colouring of religion upon diem, nearly allied to the old heathen magic, which lead people into a new kind of (hadows and dreams ;' the due regulation of the bodily ap- petites ; a diligent attention to bufinefs , and the habitual exercife of fefth, hope and charity. As far as concerns morals, the doctrine of this difcourfe is unexcep- tionable : but in fpeculative inquiry, Mr. J. raoft not expect to frighten men from the purfijit of truth, by reprefenting novel opinions under the image of magipal fhadows and fpectres. This at lead may be to practice the very delufion which he reprobates. Thofe conceptions and opinions, which to one man feem v'ifionary, may to another ap- pear* what they may be in reality, the fober deductions of reafon. Art. xxxvi. The Difpojition tequi/ue to an Inquiry into the Truth of Chrifiianity. A Sermon, preached before the Unhverjity of Cambridge, April 24, 1796. By Edward Pearion, b.d. Fellow of Sydney Coir lege. 8vo. 24 pages. Price 6d. Cambridge* Deightbn ; Lorti don, Evans. 1796* The prevention, rather than the cure of infidelity* is the object of this fcrmon. Mr. P. undertakes to (how, that, if men were (incerely deftrous of religious knowledge as a guide of life ; if they engaged iq the purfuit of truth with a becoming diffidence, of their own ability to difcover it ; and if they were confeicntious obfervers of all the mo- ral duties already known ; the refult of their inquiry would probably* be a conviction of the truth of chriftianity, The iermon is correcw and methodically written, but neither the argument* nor the ftyfe, i* particularly imprefiive. AtT. xxxvxi. The Liturgy of the Church of England recommended. A Sermon, preached in the Parj/Sb Church of St. Mary-le-Bonv, London,. §n Monday the z$tb of April, 1796 ; aenrdmg.to the laft Will tf Mr\ fthn Hutcbins, Citizen end GiUjfmith^ By the Rev. A* Macauley, Jackfon's Vtfitatlon Sermon. 77 H.a. F.A.a> Curate of Claybrook, in Lriccfterfhirev* 410* 26 p#. Price is. Billy. 1796. It has been the immemorial cuftom of the friends to a national ec- ckfiaftical eftabliihment, to fupport the alliance between church and ftate, by a fimilar alliance between the church and public charities. With more zeal than liberality, or found policy, the founders of ekemo- fynary inftitutions have commonly limited the operation of their mu- nificence, by making the profeftjon of the ehriftian faith according to the. forms or the church of England the indifpenfable term of admiwon* On thi* narrow ground moft of the old charity- fchools in the king- dom have been creeled : and of this kind is the institution which haa given occafion to the fermon before us. It is founded on the will o£ Mr. John H urchins, which requires, that a fermon be preached an- nually in the church of St. Mary-le-bow, by fome able minifter of the - church of England, who (hall be de$red, in fuch fermon, to enforce and recommend the excellency and ufe of the liturgy of the church of England, and to fet forth the advantages which do, and may be rea- sonably expelled to, accrue to fuch poor children as are educated in the dodrine and principles of the faid church, by voluntary fubferiptiooa and contributions in the fevcral fchools in and about this city and kingdom, commonly called charity fchools. The part of this will, which refpefts the fermon, has on the prefent occafion been very faithfully executed in this ingenious and well written difcourfe. The preacher, afterdefcribing the general effect of the chrif- tian religion in promoting a benevolent fpirit, and giving birth to charitable inftitutions, and infixing upon the utility of chanty fchoola at nurferies of ufeful citizens, enters more immediately upon the talk meferioed him, by delivering an eulogy on the reformed church of England and ir's liturgy. The national formulary is extolled for it's mayeftic Simplicity ; for it's clear and comprehenfiue nricw of ehriftian jbdrine ; for it's excellent models of the feveral branches of prayer; ' lor it'$ freedom front wtfcriptnral invocations, and confining it's addreffes to tic proper and file objecJ of <worJbip\ for it9 9 fajis and fifthvah \ for ap- pointing the conftant reading of the Scriptures ; for the divifion of tne service into prayers, hymns, and leiTons, and the repetitions and alter- nate refpoofes ; and for the directory it affords in family and private devotion. Some of thefe topics of panegyric would, probably, be difputed : the fubjeel, however, is treated lenfibly, modettly, and with . candour ; and the preacher fairly admits, that the liturgy, in feveral par- ticulars, requires alteration, and exprefles an expectation, on what grounds we do not perceive, that this laudable undertaking will be re- lumed. * Art, xxxVIil. A Sermon preached before the Clergy at Srttingfanrr, May 10, 1796,11/ the Vifitathn of the Archdeacon of Canterbury , and fublijbed at their Reqnejl. By the Rev. Jeremiah Jackfon, vicar of Ofpringe. * 4te: 14 pages. Price is. Canterbury, Simmons and Co.; London, Jobnfon. ' 1796. Tm b tendency of chriftianity to refcue mankind from religious^ aaoral, and civil bondage > is the topic of this difcourfe; and the fub- jed is difcufled with perfpicuity and elegance. The operation of the chriftian religion in relieving the jews from the burdemome ceremonial of ^8 THEOLOGY. of the roofaic law, and from the aufterities enjoined oy traditianrjr authority ; and, it's dill more important effect, in eflabii thing among it's fincere profeflbrs the belief of fuch doctrines as wookl reicue them from the tyranny of wicked habit* and vicious practices* are well difplayed. I The fubfequent introduction of corrupt mixtures of human inven- tion, the mifchievous- influence of thete corruptions on the date of religion, and the happy conferences of the correction of rhefe errouro at the reformation, are briefly reprcfentcd. — On the fubiecl of civil freedom, the preacher very happily illuftrates the moral influence of chrifliar&y in forming upright and benevolent rulers, and virtuous, or* derly, and peaceable fubjecls. With refpect to the actual ftate of civil fociety in enriftian countries, he perhaps aflerts too much, when lip fays, that * all reftraints on natural freedom, which did not promote the public benefit, have been gradually withdrawn, as the influence of true religion has prevailed/ This is a flare of things which cer- tainly has not yet been attained : it may, however, be confidently expected, that in proportion as the fpirit of univerfal philanthropy, taught' alike by pure chriflianity and found philofophy, prevails, man " will be emancipated from civil oppreffion. Art. xxxix. A Sermon preached at the Aimrverfary Meeting pf the Sens tftbe Clergy % in the Cathedral Church of$U Paul, m fburfiiay* Jk«r 7, 1795. £y Charles Peter Layard, d.d. f.r.s. p.a.s. Pre- bejufery of Worcefter, and Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majefty. 4t& 16 pages* With the Lift of the Stewards and Preachers, &€• annexed. Price is. Rivingtons. Sbrmons on occafions of public charity may, be reafonably ex- ptftcd to breathe a fpirit of liberality and candour. This has, we Relieve, been commonly the fpirit of the fermons preached at the an- niverfary meetings of the fons of the clergy : and we are forty to find, that it has not been preferved in the prefent difcourfe. Not (a- tisfied with pronouncing fuch an eulogy as the occaiion might juftify* on religious eftabliihments and the church of England/ Dr. L. has en- deavoured to excite the alarm of a general conspiracy againft chriC- tianity, and has more than infinuated, (hat all who have departed fro/n the orthodox faith are united in the plot. p. ix. — ' Ill-difpofed,' fays he, ' are thofe men to the oaufe of our common chriftiariiry, who, notwithstanding the rapid fucceflion of ex- traordinary events, which hath exceeded all the conjectures of the wildeft imagination, can yet affect to disbelieve, that a confpiracy of the moft formidable enemies of the church of Chrift, hath been indefa- tigably active in attempting, its definition. Let fuch men, for one moment, candidly reflect upon the violent efforts of certain feels and parties, who are naturally at variance with each other, uniformly di- rected to this one point. The outrageous folly of gigantic atheifm ; the wayward and obflinate perverfenefs of herefy ; the hypocritical craft of a fycophantic philofophy ; the pride and preemption of anarchy .itfelf, difebrdant as they are, have yet been made inftrttmental to thia dreadful purpofe. Every artifice hath been tried, to impofe upon the credulity of the ignorant, to excite and inflame the paflions of the profligate, to promote and accomplifh the dcfigai of the unprincipled ; fo Pickering's Faft Sermon. 79 lb. that bo approach hath been unat tempted, which the errors or finful propensities of human nature had left, either abfoiutely expofed, or at ocft weakly guarded. * To prove this, I appeal to that monftrous variety of fophiftical publications, with which the prtfs hath teemed, and which hath been lifted forth among thofe orders of men, among whom their authors hoped they would produce the mod pernicious effeds, with indefatiga- ble perfeverance and at enormous expenfe. In fome of thefe, the m- duftrious artifan hath been encouraged to lay afide the inftruments of his ufeful occupation, and ftand forth the felf-taught reformer of the Hate. In others, the . peaceable villager hath been falfcly told, that his ancestors have all lain proftrate in the chains of flavery, before the flurine of idolatry. He nath been called upon to refume the rights of a religious and rational being, by abjuring the worfhip oi the Son of God his faviour, and by ufurping the power of his lawful governors.' They who have ventured to ftep afide out of the beaten track of opinion are marked as ' wandering ftars— to whom is referved the Uackncfs of dacknefs for ever.* Jude, ver. 1 5. The fermon is more calculated to foftcr bigotry than to promote charity. Art. xl. The Social Worjhip of the One God agreeable to Reafon and Scripture : a Sermon, preached in the Chapel in Prince9 s Street% WeftminJUry Sunday, March if, 1796; on undertaking the P aft 0- rsl Office in that Place. By Thomas Jervis. 8vo. 32 pages* Price is. Robinfons. A formal defence of focial worfhip is not attempted in this fermon ; but important ideas upon the fubjeft are exprefled with corre&nefs, pcrfpicuity, and animation. The pleasure and benefit of focial worfhip, it's fpiritual nature, it's unlimited extent with refpeft to time and place, it's independence on external cere- mony, and it's intimate connexion with morality, are the prin- cipal topics of the difcourfe ; and they are treated in a manner, which will give the reader a favourable idea of the writer's talents and fpirir, of his ingenuity and liberality. A refpe&ful tefti- mony is paid to the memory of the late worthy and excellent Dr. Kippis, to whom Mr. J. is fuccefTor. " The fermon con- cludes with a modeft declaration of the preachers views and in* ttations, and fome confolatory reflections on the prefent Hate of reRgious opinions. ' Art. sj.i. A Sermon preached at Wickam in the County of South* amptotuon Wedhcfday^ March 9, 1796, being the Day appointed h b*s Mftiefly's Proclamation for a General Faft. By tofeph Pickerings M. a. Curate of Wickam. 4to. 18 pages. Pr. is. Gardner. -4796. A serious exhortation to juftice, mercy, and piety, as the beft means of fteuring perfonal and national prosperity. The preacher touchet. upon politics, only to lament the fevere vifita- tion ws are now iaceivin?y ajnd to call upon his countrymen, to * contribute SO AORlCtJLTtTEt, contribute by their private virtues to the fafety and profperiw' of*^ the ftatc, ' which/ fays he, * is blelt, and has long been bleff* with the bed government and the pureft religion upon earth.* The fermon is of that moderate degree of merit which, if it fcrecn from canfure, affords little room for praife. Art* zlii. A Scrmdn preached at Whitby ** the Fafl-Paj9 March 9,1796. By the Rev. T. Watfon. 8vo» 25 pages. Puis* Murray and High ley. 1 796. A gloomy profpeft is exhibited by this preacher. As the cenfequence of the prefent war, and for the punilhment of our fins, we are to expect, according to this ill-boding prophet, * ge- neral overturn of our happy conftitution ; a total fweep of all the wealth and greatnefs of thefe lands ; the levelling of all distinc- tions of rank and fortune ; the entire extinction of religion ; and, in a word, univerfal. anarchy and confufion. To avert thefe judgments, if they can be averted, Mr. W. calls upon his coun- trymen to repent and amend. There is a considerable degree of pcatnefs in the ftyle of this fermon ; but the writer's country is difcovered by the Jhibboltth of will for Jballi * this liberty w* will never find in the reign of anarchy.9 AGRICULTURE. Art* xliii.. An Account of the Manner in which Potatoes are cul- tivated and preferred, and the Ufes to which they are applied in the Counties of Lancajler and Chefter\ together with a Defcription of a new Variety of the Potatoes peculiarly convenient for forcing in. Hot-houfes and Frames. By H. Kirk pat rick. 8vo. 46 pages. Warrington. Eyre; London, Johnfon. 1706. The increafing attention, which has lately been paid to the potatoe root, may be confidered as an important national improve* meat. The fouthern counties of England hate flill much to learn concerning this very ufeful branch of hufbandry j and the intel- ligent writer of this pamphlet has rendered an acceptable fervice to the public, in giving a very clear and minute account of the 'manner in which this cultivation is carried on in Lancalhire, where, as well as in fome adjoining counties, potatoes have long been the chief fuftenance of the lower clafles of people. Mr. K. diflinclly defcribes the proper management of the land for produ- cing the moft abundant crops of potatoes, the various methods of planting and gathering them, the moft effectual way of pre- serving them through the winter, the different modes of cooking them, and the various ufes to which they may be applied ; a ca- talogue of the various kinds is added. The account is drawn up with fimplicity, and difcovers an accurate acquaintance with the fubjeft. The pamphlet will be more ufeful, than many a more odentatious publication. It may be acceptable to fome of our readers to be informed, that Mr. K., whofe rc6dence is at Park-lane, near Wigan, Lancalhire*, undertakes to execute any orders which may be font him for different kinds of fecdlmg potatoes. 9 POLITICS* \ Miles's Corrtftm<tUnti with M. Le Brun. 8l POLITICS. Alt T. XL I v • The political State of Europe at the beginning of 1 796 ; or Confiderations on the moft effectual Means of procuring a /olid Peace. With an Appendix ', in which feveral important Queftions are confidercd. By Monf. De Calonne, late Minifter of the Finances. TranUated from the French ms. by D. St. Quen- tin, a.m. 8vo. 236 pages. Price 5s. Debrett. We have already noticed the original [fee our Rev. Vol. xxilu p. 426,) ic is therefore only neceflary to announce this tranflationt* which appears to be well executed. Mr. St. Q^has affixed but one folitary note of his own, which perhaps had better been omitted; it is ia j unification of the in- tended march to Paris I Ait. xlv. Authentic Correspondence ivilh M. Le JBrun9 the French Minifter ^ and other -j, to February, 1793, inclufive, puhlijbed as an Appendix to other Matter not lefs important : with a\ Preface and Explanatory Notes. By W. Miles. 8vo. 156 pages. Debrett* 1796. Although confidentially employed by the prefent adminiftra- tion, and that too in matters of extreme delicacy and importance, Mr. M« throughout the whole of the prefent publication evinces a manly independence, and freely cenfures both the minifter, and his opponents, whenever he deems their conduct improper. * To talk of crowns and coronets, when they Nonly decorate crimes, or imbecility/ fays he, in his preface, * is an affront to the underfhindiugy and implies great ignorance, or greater fer- vility. My loyally is not of that ft amp. It is limited like my faith, and reafon muft maik the boundary : the only boundary that fecures us from the inroads of civil or ecclefiaftical tyranny.* After this open declaration, he recurs to fome recent fcenes, and thus forcibly expreffes his deteftation of them : 4 I have no objection to make every reafonable allowance for follies that are inofFenfive or unimportant. But the vice that impudently braves public juflice, and exacts homage from virtue ; that gigantic vice, which from the proud and infulting pre-emi- nence of rank, has the audacity to fet the magiftrate and the laws it defiance, and that we know to be as incorrigible in its nature, ts it is mifchievous in its confequences ; that defcription of vice 1 will ever maintain ought to bo felled to the ground by the club of Hercules. What! (hall we court, fawn, and attend like a gentleman ufher upon vice in embroidery, while we loath, deteft, . and confign to the gibbet, without pity or remorfe, the vice that we behold in rags ? Shall the unhappy female, driven by nc- ceffity, not luft, to the bitter and humiliating refource of profli- tution, fkulk in holes and corners, afraid of the beadle and his lafh, while the dignified proftitute infinitely more fortunate and atrocious* confident of protection, and honoured where fhe fliould be fpurncd, triumphs in her turpitude, and infults neglected vir- tue with impunity? Shall the tame cuckold, prfcud of his dif- . vol. x*tv« G hojaour, %% rotdjics. honour, turn .bawd to his wife, for favour, or for hire, an* fend- ing her fikft to my lord, and then to his highnefs, opening an account^ current witft infamy, himfelf the meaneft of thefirm^ dare to claim homage a* hi* right ; while the roan who from a fenfi* of public duty, holds out fuch treble guilt to public fcorn (anxious to fave a falling empire from deftrudUon) is branded a* libellous: or difaffe&ed ? O, thamelefs, ruinous inconfiftency ! a fubverfive ,of ail government as veil as of all morals, and that cannot be dc- ' fended even/ by thofe who praclife or applaud it. If, in defiance «f decorum, duty and public opinion, the titled harlot will play tne wanton ; if at her time of life file will allow her hot blood to - run- riot in her veins, and fcandalize her age and fex, let the rank that flic unworthily holds in fociety be deemed an aggravation of her'infamy, and while an indignant worjd hails her ilrumpet as fhe pafles, let her feel thofe pangs which die has bafely inflicled on virtuous innocence !-' Preliminary Olfewatiom. Thefe contain forne fevere aninlaoV Terfiohs refpe&ing the * ftigma* attached to lord Auckland's poli- tical character, and the deception made ufe of in his late publica- tion (fee our Rev. Vol. xxiii, p. 637,) the part of which re- fpefting the (locks is termed * fallacious.' Mr. Morgan, to whom many compliments are paid, is alfo blamed" fbf p'ubliftiing his alarming flatement refpe&ing the finance* [fee out ReV« Vol. xxni, p. 1^9, arid 632,] at fuch a critical period* Every new tax is termed 4 an advance towards a revolution,* and is laid to poifefs an 4 infectious quality.' That laid on dogs* is cenfured, as likely on one hand to afford an idea to foreigners of the impoverifhed ftate of the country, -and on the other to alienate the affections of thofe, who already groan under public burdens. AreviewefMt. Pitt's adminijhration. Mr. Fox is blamed, and certainly with great juftice, for his coalition with the mintfcr he had promifed to impeach, but it is to be hoped Mr. M. goes ra- ther too, far, .when he affirms, that the mantftbe peepk in adverfity forgets all his promifes in their. favour, the moment he- taftes the fafcinating cup of power : • « When the devil was ill, tne devil a monk would be, When the devil was well, the devil a monk was he.' After tracing Mr. F.'s political conduct from the perfecution of the printers to the difmiOion of him and his worthy colleague* lord North* from power, the author proceeds as fallows :. * Jt was at this epoch that Mr. Pitt, flow rifing above the hori- zon in all the majefty of confeious dignity, was hailed by his wounded country as it's faviour and proteclor* The engaging JimpUcity of youthful innocence gave brilliancy to his dawn, while his degraded, fallen adverfary, eclipfed by .the luftre of * triumphant rival, funk into darknefs and oblivion 1 O God! it was a moment that virtue herfelf might have envied him— it was a moment worth centuries of fame, and if the fenfibility of Mr. Pitt Ihguld (unhappily for his repofe!) hear any proportion tQ the vigor of his undertianding, the recollection of the rich pofleffioa he has loft, rauft render him the moft wretched of mankind ! I Turreau's Memoirs for the Hi/lory of the War of La Vendie. 83 ihall not ran into the unjuft and illiberal extreme of vulgar indis- criminate cenfure ; I fliall not pronounce in union with a fenfelefs multitude, that a mini fie r is culpable becaufc he is unfortunate; tbofe, however, who would abfolve Mr*. Pitt from all blame, may mean well, but their real holds no place with difbretiotf, ac& i* likely to do him mifchief, while thofe who attribute the whole of our difafters to his criminality, inflict a wrong that ill accorcfa with thejuftice and generofity of an ealightencd nation/ Lord Loughborough is confidcred as the advtfer of the latte ftate trials, and the attorney general is blamed, for carrying oh a profecutxOn> without being j uftirled bv fufficient evidence for* the crown. A lately created */*r/ is confidered as a legacy from lortt Bute1, and his frequent change of title is compared to the alias's, ufed by perfons ota certain defcription, to avoid -detection. The country is every where reprefented to be in the mod critical ftate, and the adminiitration on the ycry brink of deftrudtiqn. Ah eco- nomical, joined to a parliamentary reform, are alone thought ade- quate to our Taxation, and Mr. Dundas, and the other member* in the cabinet, who brought upon the nation the miferies incident to the americaft war, feem to be con fide red as improper colleagues for Mr. Pitt, who^ it is hinted, will perhaps yet keep his p'ropi/fe with the people ! The appendix Contains * variety of letters to and from MV. Maret, the marquis of Buckingham, Mr. Rofe, &c. and itfeems to be thelntentof this part of the publication, to refcuethe chati* eel lor of the exchequer, if not from the, whole, at Jeaft from great part of the « guilt* and refpbnfibility, annexed to the prefect war. This .is a curious and intereiHng publication. AftT.XLVr. Memoirs for the Hijhfy of the War of La»Vena%. In 'which the principal Events of that War are accurately related, from its Origin* until the 1 vh Florial »f the ficond Year of the French Republic. Trdnf hied from the French, of Louis- Marie Turreau, Commander in Chief pf the wxfiern 4rmy. 8vo. 201 pages.. Price Debrett. 1790; "The long and difaftrous war -of La Vendee, has exhibited many inftances of heroic intrepidity. Turreau, the author of the prefent work, by acling in a variety of fubordinate fituations, and at length as commander in" cliief, had an opportunity of ftudying the manners, coftoms, difpofifions, and prejudices of the people, All tbefe are here detailed by him in (uch a manner, as to intcreft the feelings of the reader, more efpeciajly, if he have paid any degree of attention to the wonderful events, which the hiftory of the trench revolution prefents. • We ought,' fays he, * to attribute in part the aftonifhing prpgrefs of the vendeans, to their fubmiflion and their entire confidence in their generals and priefts. The latter, then confined to hold a, fecpndary rank, were raoft ufeful co-operators to the. party. They aflifted the chiefs po we/fully by all the manoeuvres familiar to the apoflles of faha- ticifm: They pfefehted th£m every where as the favioors of religion and royalty ^ as men appointed- by God himfelf to guide his beople and protect his worfhip. Thefe priefts had of courfe the gift of pro- phecy. They employed alfo the refources of magfc to continceby means of impoftures, minds that were heated and already too much G a dif- §4 POLITICS. , difpofed to enthufiafm. and to the wonderful, by ignorance and fapef- ftkion* Miracles were foen fpoken of in La Vendee : here the virgin had appeared in perfon to confecrate an altar provifionally erected in lie woods; theft the fon of God himfelf had defcended from heaven to affift at a benediction of the colours ; in another place angels had - been feen adorned with their wines and rays, announcing and pro* Boifing victory to the defenders of the altar and the throne. < 1 riefe fupernatural occurrences always happened at night, and often ttir the eve of an expedition. They formed the chief fubject of the Sermons of the day, in .which the preachers, the mjffionaries of the party, warranted to the victims of the battle a glorious refurrection in this life *, as well as in the other. To all this was added the celebra- tion of mafi, and the vendeans intoxicated with all the poiibns of fanaticifm, quitted their churches only to ru(h upon the enemy, faced with audacity the greateft dangers, fure to conquer or to receive in death the palm of martyrdom.* The nobles, as well as the priefts, joined in the infurrectioo, and this donbtlcfs is one of the reatons why the republicans have always beheld with fufpicion, and often treated with uncommon harihnefs, a body of men, which, with a very few exceptions, ananimoufly, and from the very firft, declared itfelf againft the new conftitution. * Another caufe contributed to give the chiefs of La Vendee this defpotic influence, which was necefTary to enable them to govern a party ' compofed of fo many heterogeneous elements. In this croud of coun- ter-rev olutionifts which the revolt had rallied in Poitou, there were found individuals of high name, titled men of quality. Thofe who had directed the firft movements of the rebels, and who, for the mbft part, were but Ample country gentlemen, knew how to avail themfelvea of circumftances to maintain themfelves at the head of the party ; and ' they were much fought after and carefled by thefe men of hign nobi- lity, of whom they were only the feudatories, the vaflals in the order of the feudal hierarchy, and who in other times would have without doubt, difdained thefr fuccour and afliftancc. Thus we faw the Tal- rtonts, the cf Autlchamps, the Lefcures, &c. clofely connected with obicure beings, fuch asPyron, Joly, Stofflet, Charette, Sec and the former as wen as the latter, happy to be the lieutenants of the Bean- champs and the d'Elbees. « We ought to place in the number of the caufes of the aftonifhing prosperity of the rebels, the fpecies of madnefs, of ebriety, which they derived from unexpected fuccefles. Thefe would ferve but to augment; their confidence in their generals, whofe efforts and talents were each day crowned with victory. Add to this the critical fitaarion of the republic, Whofe misfortunes thefe chiefs took great care to exaggerate ; the rapid and victorious march of the auftrian and pruflian armies on our frontiers ; the little confiftency of our military forces in the weft ? the hope to bring over to the royalift party the firft generals employed by the republic in La Vendee, or at leaft to difperfe them, to lead ' them to inactivity ; the frequent defertions of the troops of the line; • * ft is proved that the vendeans believed for a long time that they would revive three days after their death. Wives and mothers afed to . prcferve the bodies of their children and their huibands,* "even A Vindication tf Monf. De La Fayette. J5 even of confidence parts of different corps fent to the banks of the Loire; the public mind corrupted in all the neighbouring departments in consequence of the correspondence and manoeuvres of the agenu* who were fecret accomplices of the revolted citizens ; about 20o,oqo fbldiers, half of whom were armed with firelocks, and already inured to warfare by tweoty battles, or rather by twenty brilliant viclbries, ib connected by local firuation, and by the difpofition of their pofts, that, if I may be allowed to exprefs myfelf, they feemed to form but 4>rie fquare battalion placed on a central point, the diagonals of which they traverfed alternately in manes of 30,000, 40,000, 50,000 men. Sec. Thefe were the principal motives of hope and encourage-* ment that animated the people of La Vendee.' It is repeatedly infinuated, that many of the misfortunes incident to this interline war originated in the folly of employing ci devant nobles, againft a party that wifhed for the restoration of a king and a nobility.' Until real fans culotte generals were brought into the field, no impreffion whatever was made, as we are here told, on the yea- deans. This pamphlet is tolerably well tranflated ; fome paflages, however, difcovcr great bafte, and betray a foreign idiom* Art. xh v 11. J Vindication of Monf. Dt La Fayette, front the libellous Jfperfions of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke ; with the Charader of the latter Gentleman faithfully delineated. Extruded from the political Writings of W. Miles 3 Eff. 8vo. 38 pages. Price is. 6d, Symoads. 1796. Ma. Burke's attack on Mr. de Ja Fayette was, in every point of view, equally unjuft and illiberal— unjuft, becaufe urrfuppoited by iadt; illiberal, becaufe the man on whom he vented his malignity was * detained at that very moment, in oppofition to all laws human and divine, in a foreign prifon, after having been arretted on neutral terri- tory. ^ \ ' Mr. Miles here afks, in what confifts his guilt ? Whom did he betray? What friends, what party, has he. perfidioufly deferted? In what inftance has he proved himfelf an apoftate ? Mr. Burke's prefent opponent is to the full as petfohal as himfelf. 'It is not private hiftory that I mean to inveftigate,' fays he, * but the impudent profligacy and arrogance of a man in public life, who has the effrontery to hold himfelf out as a model of loyalty. Faulty, rcpre- henfible, and marked by an infinity of lew cunning, as his private life may be, it is beneath my cenfure or regard. I will not conjure up from the filent manuons of the dead, the ghofts of departed friends ! Peace |o the venerabie and lamented manes of Saunders, Rockingham, and Reynolds! Peace to the haplefs injured ihades of Verney and of Hargrave ! let them Heep in quiet ; they can neither be cozened nor'* impeached ! I will not rake among their afhes, left I fhould be com- pelled to call for civet to fweeten my imagination. But when a man comes forward in a public character, inverted with a public troft, He Challenges our notice, and muft abide the fcrutiny.' By means of a variety of extracts from Mr. B.'s writings end fpeechei9 Mr. M. endeavours to prove, that the doctrines laid down by him, * daring his whole life, Have been fo the fol) as jacoiiwal, as tbofe of #c men ^rfrom he now rcyiks, 0 A»?# 86 '• •■ % foiitics. Aft:T. xiTin. Remarks jufm the Coitdutl of the Perfint fojfcffid of the tonoert of Government in France, and upon the official Note ofM, Bar* thetemi, dated at Bajle, March 26, 1796. 8vo. 58 pages. Price is, 6d. Owen, 1796. M*. Wxckham, minifter plenipotentiary from the britifh court to the fwifs cantons, addrefled a note, dated from Berne, march 8, 1796* to Mr. Barthelcmi, ambaflador from the french republic, but who was not acknowledged as fuch in this official communication. TKe teplj breathed an ardent defire of peace on the part of France, a doubt of the finceri'ty of the englilh government, and a fixed refolu- tiori not to con fen t to the alienation of any of the territories of the republic declared fuch by the exiting laws. Thcfe are fpecihed to confift of the following, viz. 2 . France as it flood at the commencement of the war ; 3. The french colonies in the Weft Indies dill occupied by France ^ •3. The iiles of France and Mauritius; 4. Martinico and Tobago; t y The whole ifland of St. Domingo ; 61 Pondicherry, Chandenagore, Carical, Make, and the other french eftablimmcnts in' India; 7. Avigaon, and the county Venaiffin ; g. The principality of Montbeliard, and bifhopric of Porentrui ; •p. Savoy, Nice, and Monaco; 1 p. Auftrian Flanders and Brabant, and generally, whatever belongs to the emperor on this fide the Rhine ; 11. Macftricht, Venlo, and Putch Flanders; 1 2. The bifhoprick of Liege. Much is faid about « the haughty and prepofterous vanity of France,* iriinfifting on fuch term's; but the editor forgets to mention the diflo- wtatic ihfiilt offered to the new republic, and does not once Gate the priginal capfe which induced this * magnanimous nation/ to commence and persevere in a war, fo deftruclive to her commerce, manufactures^ population', and finances. Aut. XLi*. Pifpaffionatc Obfervations on the SuhjeS of the Death and Snccejfion to the late Nabob ofArcot, and the Carnatic. 8vo. 22 pages, frice 6d. 1796. _ Th* recent death of the nabob Mahomed AH Cawn is an event, We are here told, of fingular magnitude :' it is the awful paufe that por- tends a war of elements, or that will leave the horizon without a cloud/ Omdat ul Omrah Bahaudur has been fpecificatly recognized as fucceffor to his father in all the treaties, from that of the peace of Paris in 1 763, to the one concluded between lord ComwalHs and the late nabob. Notwithftanding this, the author feems to dread left our government in India fhould proceed as heretofore on a fyftcra of fpohation, and * ;an' affumption or fUGnemberment of the nabob's countries' be the Cgnfequence. ', ~i Already I am informed,' adds he, ' tl\at Tippoo SaheJ) has) founded. his tocfin, and called upon the mahrattas, *nd the other powers of Indoftan to recollect his predictions, that' when time (hai| ierye, we ihould not fpare either the perfon «r family .of Mahome4 Alt: in a word," let us; Kaflen to tell him, that be Iks in hU ttroat9*[ This perhaps may be diplomatic language in Afia I , JJbort Piftv of the Inconmniencies of War. , -8j ^tT%L, Confideratiotrs upon the prefent State of public Afahrs in thn\ Beginning of the Tear 1796. 8vo. 97 pages. Price 28. 6d. 3d edit. Owen. 1796. This author, who is a ftrenuous advocate for the continuation of lioftilities, infifls that the fir ft aggreflion was on the fide of the french ; and he cannot conceive how any one is Jed to expert, that * the fpiric of war (hould vanifh at the bidding of his fellow-devil fedition.* Thofe * perfidious tears/ (hed fix times a week in parliament and the news-papers, • proceed*, it feems, * from men more anxious to call wax nearer home, and to light it up 2n thebofom of their country, than to drive jt to the confines of the earth, or extinguifh it altogether.' 'The author feems to look for a peace that will rein ft ate -our allies in aft! their pofleffions, reftore the balance of Europe, and indemnify our (elves. .According to him, the conqueft of Holland has been of" fome fervice tons, as France, in confequence of that event, is faid to have made a- direct prefent to England of the Cape of Good Hope, and Ceylon, probably of Batavia, and all the dutch colonies. Among a multitude of paradoxical aflertions, we are here told, that ' the fcarcity in England, . though exaggerated by malevolence, -and affigned by ignorance exclu- itvely to the war, is in fome degree the refult of the national profperity* and that France herfelf will one day own her gratitude to us for the prefent war, * as all Europe befides now does/ After telling as, that * infidel fovereigns' are more fatal to ancient fyftems than the ridicule of wits and philofophers, the author gives us the following theory of the late revolution : * Jofeph the Second, and Frederic the Greet > Staniflans of Poland, and Lewis the Sixteenth, -were all of them reformers ; and excepting the fecond of them* they have all met with the fate of reformer* ;— it was only under their aufpices that the Volta Ires and Rouffeaus, theMirabeaus and Condorcets worked'at the common ruin, and at their own. When pofterity (hall contemplate the relation of the laft fix eventful years, its incredulity x will disappear and its doubts fubfide, becanfe it will find thera pre* ceded by the expulfion of the monks in Flanders, by the definition of the barrier in the Netherlands, by the writings of Frederic the Second, by the Comte rendu, and minifterial ^democracy of Neckar— -perhaps even its aftoniihment will be little or momentary, for it will haVe come frefli from beholding all Europe leagued together in defence of the rebellious colonies of America, and united to pull down and anni- hilate the only power which could protect its liberties, and which had protected them fo often. All thefe events and circuroftances are dif- tincl and predifpofuig caufes of the french revolution, as they are alio of the forced and violent pofition in which we actually find OBrfelves, v from the moral corruption and phyfical inequality of the workl.' o« A*T. LI. A fart View of tie IncotrveuUncies of War ; nuithfomt Ob* Jerwations on the Expediency of Peace: In a Letter to a Friend. 8vo# ' 46 pa. Price »is. Jordan. 1796. Ta b queftion concerning the expediency of protracting the prefent war has been fo fully canvaffed both in the fenaseand from the prefs, and at prefent £0 univerfally engages the attention of the public, that roach novelty of argument is not to be expected from this pamphlet. We may, however, venture to .recommend it to our readers, as con* • , G 4 tainwg 88 POLITICS. fining t clear and forcible ftatemcnt of the confideiations which urge an immediate negotiation. The writer appears to be well acquainted with the politics of the times, and exprettea throughout, with temper, but, at the fame time, with firrarfefs, confidently liberal principles : he alfo poflefles, in a confiderable degree, that accuracy of tafte which produces elegance in writing, Art. li i. Thoughts on the Anti-monarchical Tendency of the Meafnrti of the Britijb Minifler, contained in a Letter to a. noble Lord. By Wil- liam Adams. 8vo. 30 pages. Price is. Symonds. 1796. An ironical cenfure of the minifter, as a fecret friend to republic canifm. His primary- intention, in the commencement of the war with France, was, it feems, to ftimulate the french people to throw off the yoke of royalty ; in his domeftic politics, he is friendly to the plan of univerfal fuffirage, and all his meafures tend towards parlia- mentary reform ; in fine, his conduct feems ftudioufly calculated to ' teach the people, that monarchy is inconfiftent with liberty.— The writer's meaning is pretty clear, but he is not very fcilful in the oic of the delicate weapon of irony. .Art. LIU. AnAddrefs to the JLleBors of Great Britain, Svo. I $ pa* Price 6d. Johnfort. 1796. ' This pamphlet might be termed a feafonable and fpirited admonition {o that fmall part of the community, to whom, in the prefent mode of reprefentation, the elective franchife belongs. It inftrucls them what kind of reprefentatives they are bound to choofe ;— not placemen, pen* fconers, and officers under the crown ; — not men who, in the former parliament, voted for/41* bills which deftroy the freedom of britons j— out men of known ability, and tried integrity, who are friends to the constitutional liberty of the country, and will endeavour to obtaiu a more general and equal reprefentation. How far the obvious, but intereftwg fuggeftions of this pamphlet have been attended to, at the late important moment of exercifing the fir it right of free citizens, will be ihortly feen. a. d. Art. liv.JA Letter to the King, in f unification of a Pamphlet, en* titled 9* Thoughts on the Englrjh Government," with an Appendix in Anfwerto Mr. Fox's Declaration of the Whig Club. 8vo, About 140 pages* Price as. 6d. Owen. 1796. We are at fome lofs what to think of the pamphlet before us, and have more than once doubted whether the author be ferious. The addrefs to the king is adulatory in the extreme; his majeiry's virtues are praifed in filch, a manner, as to approach exaggeration, and not- withstanding the prefent Hate of civil government, we are faid to • live in the mild reign of one of our beft princes, whofe public virtue is equar to the righteous adminiftration of Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Aurelius, &c, of whofe bleffed time Tacitus fays, with ecftacy, «• Rara . temporumfeiicitate, ubf fentirequas velis, & quae fentias dicere liceat." Mr, Reeves's pamphlet experience* the fame unqualified praife ; he himfelf is represented as the faviour of his country, and his fenti- ments are faid to be thofe of his majefty's miniiters : ' there is, and I affirm it without fear of contradiction, not a fingle member of the pie- ient Townfhend's Defence rftbe Right Hon. Edmund Burke. 89 fart cabinet who is not of the author's opinion, whatever he may af- fed to the contrary* Had I fen thoufand pounds, I would ftake the whole that it is the opinion una 'voce, and the wifh ex ammo of the pre- fent miniftry, and indeed of every adminift ration.' In the following paftage, we do not recognize any thing that betokens an adherence to Mr. K/s fentiments, which are tnanifeftiy hoftile to the democratic or representative part of oar eftablifhment : * Should time produce aa alteration in our conftitution, ^for time changes all things)/ 1 appre- hend it will be in the ariftocratic branch. That is the branch which I think can be beft difpenfcd with ^confident with the principles of * mixed government, and the parity of national liberty. The arifiocracr may be confidered more as tne appendage of monarchy, than as a div» trad branch of the conftitution. Peers are the creatures, and generally the echo of fovereignty. It is no folecifm to fay it is the very crea* tare of its creator. If ever peers are in oppofition, it is becaufe their ambition is not fufficienjly gratified. Titles, ribbands, feathers and top, often infpire the virtue, and animate the wifdom of this branch of the engliib government. It confifts of two parts, fpiritual and tern* poral, equally eager to gratify their ambition and venality, Arifto* 1 cracy is the bane of every monarchy, and a libel on the equal righta and liberty of this nation : the ambition and the imperious influence of this order are the greateft misfortunes of a fret ftate. Ariftocracy is not congenial to liberty/ In my apprehenfion that brandh of the conftitution mav be well (pared without-any injury to our fyftem of t government j wnich I contend will be more pcrfecl by lopping oh? the great fource of national corruption and political prostitution, which. Eke the peftilence, infe&s the democratic order, and threatens by its ambition and overbearing influence on the legiilative and executive powers, to roufe the people to constitutional refiftancc.' The letter to the king is figned « Jofeph Caw t home/ and dated s • Greenwich park, decembe'r 26, 1795/ Ait. lt. A fummary Defence of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke* In two Letters. Letter I, addreffed to the Rev. Gilbert Wakefield* in Refutation of all his Pofetiont. Letter II, addreffed to the Honourable Somerfet Loivry Cony : including StriSurcs upon a late virulent Pamph- let, written by Mr. William Miles. By Thomas Townfhend, Ef<|. of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. 8vo. 155 pages. Price 38, R. White. 1796. . It is thus that Mr. Townfhend replies to Mr. Wakefield, on the qucftion of Mr. Burke's contingency : * Liberty— -the mellowed, culti- vated, manly liberty of his country — has ever been the proud theme of his talents. The fpears of our iron barons of old, like the rod of the jewifh legiflator, opened ia the vaft deferts of ignorance and flavenjr. the (acred fountain of liberty ; and from that our engliih fpring have meandered in devious ft reams, throughout the difturbed furface of *Je- fcending ages, thofe irriguous rivulets, which coalefcing in their force, hive fometimes bur ft in cataracls, and fometimes glided clear, tranquil and majeftic, purifying the atmofphere by their fmooth currency, and JertUiGng the foil by gentle overflowings. The lips of the thkfty mul* titude have drank the limpid boon of nature— not to glut, but to re* fitfc themfclves. No bloated, anafarcous, dtopfica} libtfty aroie front thcjur fO tOUTlZS* their temperate and wholeforoe meafuirs. Percolating through all the vaft intervening ftrata of clays, but rendered feculaut from the many noxious particles which it imbibed in its progrefs-^it trickled through all the vaft impediments which temporarily checked its courfe, and dole in concealed dreams, fathoms deep, to clefs the foil of France in bappier days. Time, defecating time, might, as it fjpontaneoufly ap- proached the surface, have purified and rendered it falutary ; but the mad-brained metaphyseal del vers, who due the hell-deep .grave of loyalty, opened the noxious turbid puddle, which burft upon tnem into day, worfe than Circe's cup, converting thofc who faffed of it into vocfe than fwine.' After lamenting the overthrow of ( the ancient and venerable column «f french royalty, covered with the hoar of innumerable ages,' the author recurs to the wonder-working genius of our minifter, by whofe wifdom* vigilance, forefiehr, and virtue, fo much has been already achieved : ' a gallant and invincible navy, efficiently fuperior to that of all Europe, protects us in all the fecurities of peace. All India confeffes britilh fupremacy, and pours out her tributary trea fares. The fpice trade ki our hands ; the Cape of Good Hope fortified and fecured to us j the treafures of Dutch induftry in our ports and funds; < commerce extended over the habitable globe ; acts and manufactures 1 progieffive. at home,-— Great Britain wears the bluih of happinefs, drffufive and general, and tinged only with the fraall and tranfitorj Ucmilh of fcarcity, which no human wiftlom could avert/ In letter ii, Mr. B. is represented as an oU man, of the moft ty { ixtereficd, zeal, * fmoothemag the flope of life in a harmlefs and * peaceful refinement.' The author * nas read and execrated1 Mr, Miles'* pamphlet : ' there is a mind in it, a caft of deleterious thinfing beyond the ordinary mifchiefs of the mortal temper. Sometimes it rages with volcanic might, pouring a hot Java of reproach, which fcorches even the foul crater, from whence it iflues ; and fome times it ^ Hands in fullen meditated peftilence— like the deadly breathings of the ppos tree, which defolates all around it, and (lands itfelf, amid the .circle of it's own deft ruction, a lonely, avoided, and abhorred princi- ple of evil. Sometimes we fee the angry ranting railer, and at other times the corrofioqs of the fedate thinking man, <wbofe black blood runs temperately bad, ' Inftead of commencing his ftudies under the jefuits, and finishing them under the fophifts, as has been aflerted by Mr. M. ; we are told, that Mr. fi. ' commenced his ftudies under a preceptor of the quaker •feci, and finifhed them in Trinity College, in Dublin — a college of a moft rigid obfervance in every efTential principle and practice of the cftablifhed religion ; of exemplary moral discipline ; and of as mdeh I elegant, folid, and profound learning, as any other feminary in i Europe.' , | The following paflfage is a dofe imitation of the gnfio of the Burkeian school, both in language and morals : « The prince of Wales, the . duke of Grafton, and1 Mr. Burke, have all beea {loomed to the fad fepaft of glutting .the grinning hunger of this infatiate ogre. The former was as probable a victim as any other : he pofleifed thofe ex- ! cellencies which only haftened and aggravated his doom. Elegant and | -polite, refined and cultivated, the graces of a gentleman, united with 'she generoua magnificence of a prince The friend of genius,, the patron Howlett on Mr^PiuU Speedy A£~i2, 1796. 9*, natron of the arts j hi* liberality was not naeafored by the frigid mo* deration which the,dwarfifh prudence of humble life would preferibe* He ought to be judged not by four oeconomifts in theory, but oy a fair and manly consideration of his proud rank and dignified exaltation. The auguft hope of the greateft empire on the globe, ihould not have hi* munificence meafured by customary limits; the very exceues of neat and noble qualifications are decorous to a prince of Wales., What is relatively imprudent* may be pofitively excellent. Every thing is afie&ed by circumjtances. But the narrow, little calculating feirit, which is now called philofophy, precludes every generous con* fundi on, of men's actions ; and to have folicited from his cpuatry a more liberal attention of income, that the rank of the prince may corrtfpond with the qualities of the man, has fubjecled this exalted' perfonage to feel the tomahawk of Mr. Miles.' In this very declamatory production, Mr. T. feems to have over* looked the eflentiaj duties of the fituation he has aflumed, for tit : He has omitted to defend Mr. B. from the charges of avariep and venality, idly : He hai failed in proving an "uniformity of political conduct 1 far his diftindion between the americans and trench, in their refpec- tive ftruggles, is vifionary. At firft the latter indeed grounded their caofe on conventions, but from the moment that Independency was proclaimed, like the former they alfo appealed to the < rights of man/ rights anteriour and paramount to any pofjtive ftipulations whatever. 1 Andjdly : Although Mr. T., with an unwarrantable licence, unfup* ported by fciftory, aSecls to call John Ruflel, the firft jjeer of the houfe of Bedford, ' the child of royal profligacy,* yet he is forced to ice [of Bedfprd] is not anfwerable for the crimes of allow, * that his grace his anceftors,' and that this is only a~fubje& of « qualified animadverfion.* - Try author is highly blameable in fubftitutfcg abufe for argument, * and the threat which he throws out in page 133 can only fubjeft him to ridicule. ' AiT. lvu A few Reflediojts upon the prefent State of Commerce and Public Credit : wthfome Remarks on the late Conduc? of the Bank of England. By an old Merchant, 8vo. 23 pages. Price 6d» Sewell. 1796. An 'old merchant' here infills on the propriety of the conduit of the Bank of England, in withholding it's Support from the circulation of accommodation paper. He feems to hint, that the miniftry are mora intent upon the immediate receipt of an immenfe revenue, than in advancing the true interefts of the nation, and conuders the ifluing of exchequer bills as a precedent fraught with danger. . a. * POLITICAL. ECONOMY. AtT. l VI f. Examination of Mr. Pitt's Speech, in the Houfe of Commons > on Friday, February 12, 1796, relative to the Condition of the Poor. |y tbe |£eT. J. Howlett, Vicar of Great Dunmow, Efou 8vo. lapses. Price is. Rjchafdfon. 1796. ». 1. ' Nothing can be more interefting to humanity, nor mom, immediately oonntcltod with. the wtjfiue and profperity of a nation, than 9* POLITICAL ICOKOMY. than that tbc lower and labouring chuTes, from whom we ultimately receive every enjoyment, every convenience and elegance of life* Hioirld be enabled, by the indoftrious exertions of that ftrength and thofe abilities which the Almighty has given them, to maintain then*- Clves and families in a certain degree of domt ftic eafe and comfort z that they fhould at Icaft have food to eat, clothes to pot on, and fire to warm them/ ^ t Such is the equitable and humane fentiment with which this pam- phlet opens. The ingenious writer appears to have paid much atten- tion to the condition of the poor, and to be well qualified to animad- vert upon Mr. Pitt's fpeech on the fufejecl. — In this fpeech U wag vaintained ; (p. 4.} ' firft, that the fyftem of our poor~Iaws, bad in its origin, worfe in its progrefs, has been the chief caufe of the dif- treftes and miferies of the poor. Secondly, that the legal regulation of their wages, though at prcfent inadequate to their neceffities, is in itfelf extremely abford, and would, inftead of removing the wretched- nth complained of, greatly increafe and aggravate it/— Mr, H. exa- mines each of thefe positions. The object of oar fyftem of poor laws, in the language of judge Blackftone, is, to relieve the impotent, and to find employment for inch as are able to work. Concerning the humanity of this fyftem there can be no doubt. Mr. H. is of opinion, that the fyftem is as wife as it is humane.; that inftead of being, as fome have aiferred, an incitement to idlenefs by the fecurity which it/affords againft abfolute want, it is a reftraint upon it, in confequence of the degradation, and die hardfhips whieh accompn/ the legal grant of relief, and fay the difcouragement, which it occasions, of charity ro vagrant beggars.— ~ The effea of the law of fettlement, Mr. H. remarks, is a beneficial re- ftraint upon a rambling difpofition ; he adds, that, however injurious it «jay occasionally have been to fome individuals, it has not prevented the young and healthy from changing their refidence, as is evident from the rapid increafe of our large manufacturing towns ; and that no Tery fanguine expectations ought to be entertained from the entire re- peal or more judicious regulation of this law. — Mr. H.'s observation* on the legal regulation of wages merit attention. ». 23. « The ©bjeeVof the acl of the 8th of his prefent majefty for regula- ting the wages of tailors and filk weavers, was to prevent the combi- nation of the worfoiftt ; the objeel pf Mr. Whi thread's hill is to diflbive the combination of the mafcrs. Not a combination indeed formally drawn up in writing and faaclioned under hand and feel ; a combina- tion* however, as certain (the refult of contingencies or providential events) and as fatally efficacious as if in writing it had filled five hun- dred fkins of parchment ; a combination which has operated for many years with a force rapidly increafing ; a combination which has kept htck the brre of our labourers *who have reapt dawn our fields, and has, at length, torn the clothes from their backs, fnatched the food from their mouths, and ground the deft from their bones. Their cries have pierced the heavens, and afcended to the throne of God 1 A combinal tjon fo pernicious ftould fa rely be diifolved j if not freely, by legal interference. By legal interference, the combinatioa of weavers and tailors was broken, and their wages limited to their wants. Was not this the end in view, and was not this end accomplifhed ? Were not #e matters benefited* And though then} did not the benefit xedoun4 * to Appeal to popular Projudtcf in Favour of the Jews. 93 to the public ? It is not denied<--Did evil follow ? Did k plunge the- workmen in wrctchednefs and ruin ? It is not pretended.— What was ^Beneficial in one cafe, why mould k not in another fo perfectly alike? Legal regulation anfwered its end in favour of one fet of men, why fhoold it not in behalf of another ? And is not the urgency- refpcding the latter, ten times as great as it was in the former r Other weight/ considerations are fuggeiled on this fubjecl. With refpecl to the. plans fuggefted by Mr. Pitt for alleviating the drftreffea of the poor, Mr. H. obfervis, that amicable focietiet are not likely to produce any general benefit \ that lending fmall capitals from the public would foon prevent private kindnefs o ft his fort, and would be inefficient, either by becoming too burdenfome, if the fum be lent without fecurity, or by requiring as fecurity that private interference* which would have anfwered the purpofe without public aid ; and, thztfehookofinduftry are not likely to produce more benefit than houfes of induftry have done.— The abfolute neceflity of an advance in agri- cultural wages is clearly mown, ' and we heartily recommend the pamphlet to the attention of the public. A*T. iviil. Speech of the Right Hon. Henry Dundat, delivered** the Houfe of Commons, the i$th of March, 1796, ori the farther Can/deration of the Report of the Committee upon the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade ; with a Cop of the Billy and Notes illuftrative of fome Pajjages in the Speech. 8vo. 74 pages. Price it. Debrett. 1796. The heads of this fpeech have been already before the public in the daily papers : it is unneceflary to inform our readers, that it's object was, to prevent the immediate abolition of . the tore trade, and that it but too fuccefsfully accomplished k's eucL The right hon. fecretary has exercifed the whole force of his in- genuity in this fpeech ; but every difiuterefted and impartial reader will perceive, that it's arguments are incontrovertibly re- futed in the concife preamble to the bill, which, nevertbelefs, to the eternal difgrace of this nation, did not pafs into a law : Whereas the Jlave trade is contrary to the principles ofjkftice and hu- manity, &c. If there be any virtue or fpint lcic in the nation, this important queftion will not long be fuffered to deep. A*T. Lix. An Appeal to, Popular Prejudice, in favour of the Jews: in a Litter addrejfed to a Member of Parliament. 8vo. 43 p. Price is. Johnfon. 1796. Th£R£ is an obvious impropriety in the title of this pamphlet. Popular' prejudice is a bad thing to appeal to, for any good par* Sale. The writer certainly meant to appeal from popular preju- iceto reafon and humanity, in behalf of a much injured race of men : and the appeal is well founded, and ably fuppotted, and in concurrence with Mr. Cumberland's late excellent play on the fame fubjelt, may be ex peeled to have fome good effect; in coun- teracting the fupcrftition which has kept the jews in a Hate of op- predion and perfecution. Many particulars of ,the rigour and cruelty with which they have been formerly treated, and of the ridicule and contempt which are at prefent catf upou them, are bere . % ~ related. >4f >OI,mCAL ECONOMY. related. Thofc peculiarities of character with which they arc chargeo4, as far as the charge is well founded, are ttiown to have originated in their fufferings. If in their religious character they be objects of c&mmlfe ration, it is remarked, that they are en- titled to humane and refpectfui treatment for their confeientious adherence to their principle; and that, as induftrious, ingenious, and orderly people, they have an equitable claim to be regarded as ufeful members of fociety, and as capable of being rendered much more fo by kind and generous treatment. The writer thus candidly apologizes for the prefent jewifh character : p. 29. — * Let us for a moment dived ourfclvcs of all partiality, ' and examine what weight and influence thofe objections ought ~ 'to 'have upon us, which are ufually brought forward agarnft ' this people. They are accufed of being.knaviib, crafty, and de- figning, and no doubt many of them too juitly deferve the cha- racter. But .are thefc prcpcrti'es peculiar to the jews? Let us walk through the inns of court, and let us find out all the rogues and knaves there. When ' we have performed this more than Herculean labour, when we have eleanfed thefe Augean ftables, and hanged every diflioneft lawyer, let us then proceed to our churches, and purify them in the fame manner; and from thence let us- go through our ftreets, and execute every cheating tradef- man at his own (hop-door* — When we have performed all this, we may then proceed to abufe, torment, and perfecute all the joguiflijews. We may exclaim againft them as perfons unfit to live in fociety, and as the grcateft villains on the earth. 4 That fome of them are very diflioneft characters muil be ad- tnitted ; but among every people the lowcft orders are, and ever Trill be, moft addi&efd to vicious habits. Many an inhabitant of St. Giles's will far exceed any jew in Duke's Place, in all kind 4>f wickednefs. But we fhould not from thence infer that all the ^ ' people in St. Giles's are abominably wicked and licentious. Yet Decaufe a poor jew boy now and then overvalues hb goods, and • perhaps overreaches us- in a bargain to the amount of a penny or , two pence, we, therefore, in an unqualified manner, call them a parcel of thieves and infamous fcoundrels. Bat theref are jews in London, it is faid, who receive ftolcn goods, who will com- mit perjury, and who will be guifcy of other bad practices. It it granted; but thefe are characters whom the jews themielves aif- owo, and they are but a very few out of an immenfe multitude. * But fairly and candidly fpeaking, is it net Our pfejadice agarnft them, and our injurious treatment which compels them to follow a courfe of life, and to adopt practices which they would • ptherwifc avoid ? If you make it the irttcreft of a man to be fconeft, it will be as eafy for him to be fo as otherwifc; but if you drive him from fociety, if you abufe him with appellations which he does not deferve, you obHge him to have recourfe to expedients which he may not altogether approve* The* tranftilon • if very natural, from being thought a rogue and being treated as one, to become one in reality. For the want of thofe privileges Which we enjoy, for the want of a fettled habitation, the jews are obliged to negieft, in a great meafure, the education of their childreny Battye on Parochial Athtfes irt Manchejier. 95 \ children, whx> art ufed principally for the purpofes of procuring ft^fiitcnce. From hence originates much of that artful cunning*, and tricking difpofition, which rt learnt by too early a communi- cation with tiie loweft ranks of focicty. Ignorance is often the parent of vice, or at leaft it is a ftock on which it may be eafily ingrafted. How is it jDoffibtc for children to be flan ding in thd Greets all day, witneffing the tnoft vicious examples, and not have their morals contaminated, particularly when they have never; been taught fo make the neceiTary difcrimination between vright and wrong, any further than as it may prevent them from vio- lating the laws of the land, ami thereby of avoiding trouble and inconvenience to themfelves. Betides, their temptation to be guilty of fraud is. irreiiiHbk* if we confider what a vaft variety of characters they have to deal with, fome of whom do not un- derstand, others defpiie,* and others do not care about the value of the articles offered to fale* One or two fuccefsful frauds j* fufficient to corrupt a boy in fuch circumftances ; and indeed many a (railing, imifking tradefman, who is perhaps called a good many is not altogether proof again ft the fweet allurements of dandefline imposition.' The author of this pamphlet, who writes with equal judgment r and candour, hefitates on the expedieney • of giving. the jews* permanent eftabliftiment as a corporate body, but is of opinion* ' that public fchools ought to be permitted for the education of their youth, and that they fhould be allowed to fhare the comraotl rights of citizenfhip. He. laments., as every enlightened pbtlan* fhropiuY mu(t do, that the manly eloquence, and found reafoning, which were employed 'by lord Lyttelton a*nd others in .fupport cf the bill for the naturalization of the jews, brought into par* Hatnent in the rear 1 7C3, notwithstanding the juftice, expediency* and policy of tne meatdre, were not able to overpower the cki- isour of the populace, or combat with fuccefs the prejudice of opinion. The fubjedt, it may be hoped, will, at no very diftant period, be again brought under parliamentary difcuffion. A*t» LX. A'Difcourfe of Parochial Alufe% Artifice and Peculation^ in the Tontm of 'Manchester, which have been the Means of ' burden- ing the Inhabitants with the prefent enormous Pdrijb Rates : with, otter exi fling Imtofitions of Office, in a Variety of PaRs^ exhibiting the cruet and inhuman ConduB of the hireling Officers of the Town* towards the Poor, To .which is added \ a Book of County Raits\ . Jbewhg the exaSt Proportion of every Hundred in this Country and of every Town/hip rn the Hundred of Salford. By Thomas Battye. Second Edition. 8vo, 114 pages. Price as. Manchefter, Thomfon. 17.96. A»T. LXI. A Reply to Mr. Unite's Addrefs to the Ley-Payers df Mancbefier. By Thomas Battye* The Fourth Edition. 8vo. 21 pages. Price 3d. Ibid. Thc object of thefe two publications is, to fix a charge of abufe of truft on a late overfecr and deputy conftable of the town (hip. tf Magchefter, The allegations are' of a very ferious nature, and ffr MISCELLANEOUS* and are ftrongly fupported by numerous details: yet, brought forward at they are by an individual from the prefs, and not in a, courfe of legal invefhgation in a court of judicature, they will not be thought fufficient to criminate the perfon again ft whom they are directed ; efpecially as the chief magiftracy of the town* of Manchefler, the borough-reeve and conftables, have, in anfwer to the requeft of a committee of inquiry on this bufinefs, de- clared, at a meeting held the 4th of march, 1 795, that a public meeting cannot with any degree of effeft% or propriety* be called foe this purpofe, as fuch a meeting could not be competent to acquit the accufed, if innocent, or punifh him if guilty, Mr. UmteV Addrefs has not yet come to our hands. o. s . MISCELLANEOUS. Aet. LXII. Rt marls on the very inferior Utility of clafiral Learn- ing, By W# Stcvenfon. 8vo. 36 page's.' race is, Symondsv 1796. / The qucflion canvafTed in this pamphlet is a very important one, and has not yet, perhaps, been di feu fled with perfect accu- racy. Several writers, among whom, at lead in the englilh fchool, Dr. Knox is entitled to the firfl: place, have ftrenuoufly maintained the great and ext^nfive utility of claffical learning, and the pro- priety of continuing it as a part or general education. If there be any folid arguments on the oppolite fide, they ought to be heard and duly confidered ; for the early years of life, which are commonly devoted to this object, are too valuable to be thrown away upon a trifling purfuit. Without attempting to decide the f>oint, we (hail briefly ftate this writer's leading ideas. It is not neceflary to have recourfe to the ancients for ku*w- ledge in any branch of fcience, for, all fcience depending upon fact and experience, the moderns po fiefs, in this refpedt, great advantage over the ancients. The credit of feveral of the ancient hiftorians is queftionable : but, however this be, fads may be as well learned from tranflations as from the original. During the feven years commonly devoted to claffical learning, little know- ledge is gained of facts, and lefs of principles, and the laws of nature. With refpedt to the knowledge and command of language, it is admitted, that the greek and roman claffics afford good models of ftyle in every branch of composition; but our own language can boaft of writers not inferiour in elegance ; and the accurate ftudy of the englilh language, and of the general principles of grammar, is a more direct way to form a good eqgltth ftyle, than 2udyingsthe peculiar niceties of the greek and latin tongues. —Even in the prrfeffions, too much firefs has been laid upon claflical learning. A moderate acquaintance with latin is fufficient for law and phytic ; and, to a divine, the ftudy of moral fcience is of more importance than that of ancient languages, a moderate acquaintance with which is all that is neceffary to qualify him for difcharging his profeflicmal duties with credits—The time now devoted to this object might be more advantageoufly employed in gaining The Triumph of Acquaintance w*r Friendjhip. 97.. gaining a knowledge of nature, and of the principles of feience, particularly of morals. As far as the knowledge of fads, or feience, is concerned in this qucftion, there appears confiderable weight in what Mr. S. has advanced: but he does not feem fufficiently aware of rhe importance of a learned education to the profeflions, or of the value of the fludy of the ancients as the bafis of correal and ele- gant tafte. We mud add, that we (hould have been better fa- t is lied of Mr. S.'s competency tar judge of the point in difpute, if he had given more unequivocal proofs of his acquaintance with the ancients* The fubjed is not treated .in a maitcrly way; but feveral weighty rcafons are fuggeiled again ft the practice of making claffical learning a part of general education* Art. LXlli. The Triumph of Acquaintance over Friendjhip : An EJfay for the Times % by a Lady. 12 mo. 88 pages. Price as. 6d. Cadell and Davies. 1796. Ik this fmart little eflay, the reader will meet with a curious phenomenon— a female writing again (I friendfhip ! This is, it ia true, the lefs furprifing, as the writer honefriy confelfes, that though not abfolutely ' fallen into the fear/ a * tinge of the yellow leaf begins to warn her of the approach of freezing- winter. Yet (he feems to retain enough of the fire of youth to be ftill fufceptible of tender fentiments : we, therefore, hardly know how to think her fincere in her attempt to perfuade the world, that the polite infipidity of acquaintance is preferable to the rude familiarity of friend/hip. The eflay is written in a Angularly de- fultorv flyle, without any apparent regard to method, and indeed with luch a total neglect of it, that the reader is much at a lofs to . difepverwhat the writer means to maintain, or whether (he be in jeft or earneft: as he proceeds, he is amufed with fomc floating fhadows of thought, and light ftrokes of pleafantry ; but, when he arrives at the end of the eflay, no diilind impreffion is left upon his mind, and he feels little deli re of a more intimate ac- quaintance, or friendjhip^ with the writer. — Perhaps our account of this whimfical performance, for wc can confider it in no other light, may have fufficicntly excited our reader'3 cuiiolity, to lead him to wifh for a fliort extract \ we fhall give then the conclud- ing palfage : > p. 82. — « To the power of Faricty, though witlings confine it to the weakefl of women, the wifell of men condefcend to fub~ fcribe. ' 1 Lord Bacon even affirms, that " a man would die for variety, though he were neither valiant nor miferable, only upon a wcari* oefs to do the fame thing fo oft over and over.'9 4 Hoiy neceflary, we thence infer, the affiftance of nwtlty <c To fill the void of an unfurnifii'd brain/* 4 A little old maid in a country town, I many years imagined constantly on her knees, earneflly fupplicating a natural deli- verance from the narrow round of her ownt bought*, and that of her alTociates. TOL.XXIV. H * But 9* MlSCILLANEOttf. * But pity, like envy, is often mifapplicd ; and* as feme objc&F are too waft* fo are others too minute for a hafty in tc (ligation. * On a nearer attention to her whom 1 com mi fe rated, I was very foon convinced that when ihe had found out who her neigh- bour had invited to. fupper, what was the top di(h, bow it was drefled, and bow much it coft, the meafure of her delight could only be guejfei at by mifs Hers c well, od her firfi difcovery of a comet. ( And if ever a fenfibfe man chanced, in his overflowing bene' violence, to hand her over the kennel, or wbijpered in her ear tr feeret of the election, tbe Georgium Si Jus , tbe grand cekfial Jpecn- lum and apparatus dwindled at the inftant decree of this important little being into mere ignis fatuusf which betrays the nightly wanderer into a quagmire. 4 I ramble, however, from my fubje£t, and hazard my credit as m fpeculatiit, in thus introducing to the reader fo apparent an union of happinefs and pic a fu re. * Willing, notwithftanding, to hope that a Jingle exception can* not overturn an hypothecs, 1 haften in the dxfpofition of happr- nefs to manifeft my constancy. * After much *• myfterious reverence," and much profound animadverfion, I place her in that cottage which I had fixed on as her abode at the age of eighteen* * Fleafure, on the contrary, is not as I then had imagined herr an inmate of this peaceful habitation; nor can I with confidence affert that (he has any borne ; for though fhe occafionally repofes in a palace, as fhe is often feen climbing the mountain, wandering on the fea-fliorc, and taking (belter in an ale*houfe, I fufped her to be an unboufed vagabond, who owes her fopport to the bounty of others* •* Ignorance is bKfs." • Intelligence is pleafure. * And now, »y generous reader, I humbly make thee my enrt* fey; trufting thou wilt j mi lingly lay down thy half crown; that I may bid a fliort adieu to rural friendjbipsy and enliven my fancy with town acquaintance*9 Art. LXIV. Addrefs to a Young Lady on ber Entrance into the- World. In two Vols. 8vo. 4r8 pages. Price 8s. in boards* Hookbam and Carpenter. 1 796. If wc be to determine the merit of a publication either by the manifeft intention of the ^writer, or by the evident tendency of the work, we are bound to bellow much commendation upon thefe volumes. Through every page the writer appears unaf- fectedly'impreffed with a ftrong fenfe of religious and mojjal obli- gation, and wifrh an affectionate concern for the happinefs of the you«g female friend whom fhe addreflcs. The advice, though is iorne particulars 9 may be thought too rigorous, is on the whole weir adapted to promote, among younsj women, an attention not- only to good manners, but to the principles and habits of reli- gion and virtucr After infilling, perhaps fomewhat too largely. Look before you Leap. 99 on the id ft ru mental means of religious improvement, particularly reading the Scriptures, and the ftrict obfervance of the fabbath, the addrefler, hi the character of a governefs on the termination of her office, forcibly inculcates upon her pupil, both by autho- rities and examples drawn from Scripture, and by an appeal to- reafon and experience, a Ariel adherence to truth in the ufe of fpeech ; a habit of content, as eflential to the enjoyment of hap* pinefs, and the practice of virtue ; the excrcife of fortitude, in circumftances of difficulty and adverfity ; a diligent watchfulneft over the date of the mind, to preferve it from pride, a temper deftructive of every amiable attention ; and, through the whole duration of the relation between the mother and the daughter, the faithful and affectionate difcharge of filial duty* Thefe fub- jecta are treated with great plainnefs and fimplicity, and without any attempt at amufement : but the addrefs bears fuch marks of fincerity, and is written with fo much regard to real occurrences in life, as will not fail of rendering it, to young perfons who are well difpofed, an intereftiog performance. Art. lxv. Look before you Leap ; or, a few Hints to fuch Artizansf Mechanics* Labourers, Farmers and Hujbandmen, as are defirous of emigrating to America* beine; a genuine ColleHion of Letters, from Perfons <wbo have emigrated ; containing Remarks, Notes and Anec- dotes, political* philojophical, biographical and literary, of the pre-' fent State, Situation, Population, ProfpeHs and Advantages, of America, together viith the Reception, Succcfs, Mode of Life, Opi- nions and Situation, of many Characters who have emigrated, par- ticularly to the federal City of Wajbingtou. Illufirative of the pre- vailing Practice of Indenting, and aemonftrative of the Nature, Effects and Confequcnces, of that public Delufion* 8vo. 144 pages. Price 2s. od. Row. 1790. At a period when, from various caufes, a difpofition to migrate to America is gaining ground in this country, it is very delirable to have a fair itatement of the probable advantages and difad van- tage* of emigration. This we have under flood to have been very candidly given by Mr. Cooper, in his * Information reflecting America,' [See our He v. vol. xx, p. 251.] But if Mr. Cooper's re- prefentation be correct, that of the prefent publication muft be far •therwrfe ; for the two accounts are in many particulars incon- fident. It is a circumtiance which raifes fufpicion againft the authenticity of this piece, that the writer has neither favoured the public with his own name, nor with the names of the perfons by whom the letters were written. The ftyle of the letters is re- gular and uniform, not much unlike that of the preface, but very different from that which we (hould have expected from youn£ carpenters, ftone-mafons, plafterers, and painters ; and ther* is throughout a wonderful agreement, and frequent repetitions of (entiraent * circumftances which give the publication a doubtful In order to difcourage emigration, every difficulty is repre* icqied with aggravation, and every advantage kept out of fight* We sue told} for example, that the climate is fo unhealthy, that H a cvea I^OO • MISC E 14. AN EGITS* * eyca the feafooed inhabitants, with a furprifin'g tfegrec of irnifrr^ mity, fall vicUms to the unwholefome effluvia ; that the meat is iuch (hocking fluff, that it would be burnt in this country, if ir were (hown i« any market ; and that indented fcrvants are treated as tranfported felons were formerly, and are pining away, mar- tyrs pf their own credulity* The writer will not allow, that any- •f the promifes of emigration* are rcalifed, except that emigrant* have no tithes to pay the clergy. No one, who is acquainted with the legal provifiou in America for the payment of the clergy' of all denominations, will credit the following ridiculous ftory told in a letter from George-town aear Wafliington. p. 92. 4 There is a fmall chapel, at which I have attended feverafc times ; the tenets inculcated are prclbyterianifm : after' the fcr- raon, a perfon ufually comes round to the congregation with a lone (lick, having a purfe fattened to the end, and holds it before •each individual, until fuch time as they drop their douceur into* rt> and then he preferas it to another: while this ceremony is» performing, the preacher (lands begging, a ad exhorting the be- nevolence of his auditory, by ranfackwg ail the- fcriptural text* his memory affords, as a ilimulus to the cfcarity x>f his flock- After the purfe has gone round, it/is prefented up to the mimfterr who immediately pockets the contents, which I am informed i% the only recompense he receives for his labour*/ Of the federal city of Wafliington, one letter alTcrts, that there are not forty good houfes hi it, and another, that there are not {6 many as twenty brick houfes :• it is added, that not above 150* another account fays not above 100 men. of all defcriptionsv are employed there : — other reports, at lead equally credible, give a very different account. We cftnnot believe, that the work- men at Wafliington are fent every week twelve miles*, to the Bank of Alexandria, for their wages ; when- we are told, in ano- ther letter* that at Alexandria, where this bank is kept, the* Workmen commonly receive their wages not in fpecies, but by ^ barter. If we believe one of the writers of thefe letters, h«" found only two englifhmca in America, who did not wifli to re-» turn, and of thefe, one was a fraudulent bankrupt, the other hack been guilty of forgery. To an- anonymous production fo full 0$ exaggeration little credit can be due. Art. lxvi. A Letter from a Chancellor ant of Office to a Kmg im Ponuet : containing Reflexions on the ALra ofhis.prefent A&ajefy's Accef- fion to the Throne of his Anceflors ; on the War with America, tb* Spanijb and Ruffian Armaments, and the prefent War «mith France ; "Thoughts on Church and State Efiablijhments ; firming an Enquiry rmta the immediate Expediency of Reform , Political, Religious^ ana Mom /j in the Courfe of vihich are examined the relative Prints* about <wbi:J> Trinitarians and Unitarians chiefly differ, as well Of Thomas Palme* » AJfertions concerning -Jeftts Ghrifl : laftly, on the Lanys that njoere, Gmtit the Laws thatare\.:tnterfperfed **ith occafional Retro/pecJivet efAJfbcu** tionst, National Bankruptcy, Revolutions, and untverfal Patrhtifm : tit ' whole being afoltmn Appeal to the Jufiict, Benevolence* and Political WifdoM of our gfttciour King, Qeor)ge At Third, *ro» 172 {ago* Price 3t. 6x1. Eaton, »7g6» Fm*ic WilTon tm the Gonduft of the Rev. G+ Marlham. iox From thr preceding long bill"of fare, and the well known tafte of the boft, the reader will eafily conjecture what kind of entertainment is provided in this pamphlet, The publication is a roafs of complaint's 4nd cenfures, without difgtiife of fentiment, without nicety of lan- guage, and without, relpcft of perfons. /Nothing efcapes the writer's random ftrokes ; but they are dealt with little regard to difcretton : he appears to be a zealous advocate for public freedom and public virtue; it is pity, in fo good a caufe, to employ the coarfe weapons of -exaggeration and abufe. The language is ftrong, but inaccurate and vulgar; well enough adapted to that-clafe of readers, for whom pro- 'bably the publication is chiefly intended : they will not, however, be Ynuch beneficed by the writer's ftiameful apology for Barringtoiu Art. lxvu. StricJxrex on the ConissS of the Rev. George Marlham^ M. A. Vicar <f Carlton in Yorhjhire-: occafioned by his Profecuthv of federal Members of the People called <$uakcrstfor their Non-payment of Tithes* 1st a Letter to R. — JPU-. ofH. — a Member of that Society. By Charks Wilfon. 8vo. 50 pages* Price is. 6d. Owen. 1796* The age of perfection, like the age of trhivarry, is* We truft, gone, never to return. Yet it rriay ftill be in the power of a bigotted or felfifh individual, to render extfting laws fubiervient to his paffions or his intereft. A charge of this kind is, in the prefent pamphlet, brought ' arainft a clergyman. We do not take upon us, to authenticate the charge ; but we (hall give the heads of the affair from ' a ftate of the x cafe,' figned by eight pcrfons imprifoned in Yolk caftle. According to this ftatement, about the latter part of 178 1, or the beginning of 1782, Mr. Markham procured a fummons for fome quakers to appear before the indices at the quarter fefllons at Skepton, to {how caufe why they did not -comply -with his demands for fmall tithes : they1 obeyed the ftimmons; the juftices deemed the vicar's claim unreason- able, bnt told him, that if he would make reafonable demands, they would grant him warrant to obtain them : this he declined ; and, after Jmr years, commenced a fuit in the court of exchequer againft fix - perfons, only one of whom wa* a quaker. While this fait was pending, an 1780, he obtained procefles out of the fame court againft ten per- ions of the perfuafion called quakers. The defendants dated their religious icruple againft complying with any demand of this nature; mentioned the fummary, and comparatively eafy mode of proceeding provided by acls of parliament ; pleaded that they had at no time refitted the taking 01 their goods by legal authority for any fuch claims ; and (aid, that a fmall payment had been cuftoroarily made in lien of titheable grafs made into hay. The profecutor ft ill continaod his fait, with con&derable delay, till a decree was obtained for the tithes and cofcs of fuit; the latter amounting to 182]. as. After feveral attempts to oerfaade the profecutor to defift, the defendants* having been haraffed by the proceedings about fix years, were by attachment taken into caftody, and committed to the county gaol in York, where they ftill remain in confinement. Moft of the prifoners ' ase in tow oucumftaaces, and all of them dependent on their induftry for fupporf . It is faid to have fince appeared, that, above a year before the imprifonmeBt took place, the rev..<£, M, had received of the land- lords of fevcwJ of the prifoners a cefnpea&uon for his demands* $1* ' The 102 MISCELLANEOUS. The author of thefe ftriclures, on the ground of the preceding atttfta- tion, animadverts with freedom on the feverity of that coriducYwnicji could treat as criminals, and purfue with unrelenting rigdur, any members of a profeflion, the principles of which are adveffe to hatred and perfecution. The peaceable and orderly behaviour of the quakers certainly enti- tles them to complete protection* from the flake, without any conlideri- tion'of the ground of their religious fcruples: and if it has been To the power of any unfeeling individual to harafs any of their fraternity in the manner defer ibed in this pamphlet, the laws refpecting religion are in a very defective date, and require an immediate and* thorough revifal. It is much to be' regretted, that the late, reafonable petition of the quakers to the legiflature was rejected: . . • Art. XX vin. A Letter to William Garrow, Efq. on the SuhjeSl of his illiberal Behaviour to the Author , on the Tri'd of a Caufe {Ford againfi Pedder and others) at the Lent AJfizes, 1796, held at King* fion in the County of Surrey. JVitb an Apology for it's Publication to Sir Beaumont Hotham, Knt. one of tie Baron's of bis Majeftyys £x+ chequer. By Matthew Concanen, junior. Svo. 2$ pa* i>rice6d. Jordan. 1796. - It does not belong to a court of literary criticifin to enter into the merits ofperfonal altercations. Mr. C. brings before the public a grievous complaint of ill-ufage againft Mr. Garrow, For illiberal behaviour in his profeffional capacity ., Whether the complaint be well grounded j or whether Mr", (iarrow be exculpated by that licenfe of fpeech, which is by general confent granted to advocates, we leave the public to determine, ' • ■ ■ . / Art. lxxx. Letters addre/fed to the Monthly Reviewers for April, ij$6. By Thomas Tremlett. i2mo. 51 pages. Price it. Johnfon. 1796. ' '• Though we decline making ourfelves parties in a djfoute be* tween an author and another corps of literary journalifts, and, there** fore, (Jull take no notice of the complaint fta ted in thefe letters, we may inform our readers, that Mr. T. purfues the argument of his late publication recommending feverfionary annuities; for an account of which fee our Rev. Vol. xx 11 1, p. 197. - • * - In fupport of his plan he pleads, that the experiment was tried with advantage by the americans, during theii conteft with Great Britain, in their deferred fock ; and that prefidentWaihingtonjuitified the meafure which laid a burden upon pofterity by faying, that they who were to difcharcre the incumbrance would, even with this clog, become more opulent than they could be by means of any other re- sources on which he could rely. Reverfionary payments are a kind of forlorn hope, which ought only to be retorted to in cafes of defpc> /ate emergency. • - ». • » ■»..-.-.,.. * . ^ A*RT. lxx. A Narrative of the Lofs of the Catherine; Vtnm, and . Piedmont Tranjperts; and tb* Thomas ± Golden Grove, and JEolus . Merchant Ships, near Weymouth, on- Wednefday the 1 M of November ' ■ ...,.,.. < • loft* Narrative of the InfurneStion in Grenada. jog 4a/?, draram atp fnm Information taken on tie Spot &y Charlotte Smiths and puhlijbedfor the Benefit of an unfortunate Survivor front one of the Wrecks, and her infant Child. 8 vex 41 pages. Price 2s. Law. 1796. Thtl elegant pen of Mfs. S. has here been employed in drawing np a very affecting narrative -of the fatal difafter referred to in the title. The diftrefling circumftances are mod feelingly related. Thofe who purchafe this pamphlet will at once give themfelves an oppor- tunity of exercifing fome of the bed: aife&ions of the Juiroaa heart, and perform a meritorious a& of liberality. Art. Lxxt. A Narrative of the Revolt and lufurre&io* *f the French Inhahitauu in the JJland of Grenada, fiy an Eye Wit» nefs. 8vo. 168 pages. Price as. 6d. Vernor and Hood. »79S- This pamphlet exhibits a diftrefling pl&ure of the miferies of an inteftine war, far more horrible than the civil commotions of Europe. The infurredtion firft broke out at Belvedere, a planta- tion belonging to a mulatto called Julian Fedon, who, * thougk of mean abilities, had influence enough to be chofen the chief.9 The flag-was inscribed with the motto, ' Liberte, Egalitc, ou la More.' Out of fifty-three prisoners, many of them perfons of ■ property, three only efcaped maflacrc ; u is but juftice, however, to flate, that the French commiiTiooer at Guadaloupe aclually lent a fchooner, for them, and brought off the furvivors. It ought alfo to be mentioned, that a proclamation had been iflued by the prefident of the council, in which, with an eaual defici- ency of humanity and policy* were offered 4 twenty joes 'for * each head9 of the infurgents. It appears from the prefident's fpeech to the aflembly, that , many of the f reach inhabitants had joined the infurgents ; a very general fpirit of revolt had (hown itfelf among the Haves ; and * Targe proportion of the eftates had been defolated by fire and pil- Jage. The author feeins quite ailoniihed at the ingratitude of the negroes. ' It is worthy of remark in this place,9 (ays he, * that the favourite domeftics, drivers, tradefmen, and other principal flaves on e dates • in fhorr, thofe who had been raoft trulted, and be ft treated, both men and women, were the firft to join, and the moft active in the infurreclion. This muft certainly appear ex- traordinary to fome of the good people in this country, who con* ceive that the tyranny of the weft india planters to their flaves, is the caufe of all infurre&ions. But this ungrateful dereliction of xhe higher -order of the negroes imift be attributed, in a great mea- ftire, to the connexion which fubfifted between them and the free coloured people. The field negroes, or thofe employed in the culture of the ground,, and particularly the afrUan negroes, who had not been long in the illand, and whofe minds had not yet Imbibed the baneful principles of the J)fi<em ready mentioned, jvere the iaft to aflbciate with the infurgents/ We moft fincerely lament the wanton murders that have taken taken place, and the lofles that have enfued, which are here cal* -culated at 2,500,0001. : but to the degrading fyftem of flavery n*ch of thefe horrible excefles ought afftredly to be attributed, s. H 4 A*t. 10+ , MISCELLANEOUS. AkT. Lxxir. Fourth Tear of the French Republic. 1795. Dreffet ' of the Reprefentatives of the People, Members of the Tnvo Councils, and of the Executive Directory : aljb of the Minifters, Judges, Mef- fngcrs, Ujhers, and other Public Officers, &c. from the Original Drawings gi*uen by the Minifter of the Interior to Citizen Grajfet S, Sauveur. The Whole is illufirated by ak hiftorical Defcription* ■ tranjlated from the French. 8vo. Price 1 05. 6d. fewed. Printe4 at Paris. — Reprinted at London for Harding. 1796. If the coloured plates of this publication give, as we fuppofe, a true reprefentation of the prefent cofiume of the french governors and officers, they afford a pretty plain proof of the truth of the vul- gar proverb, * What is bred in the bone. &c.9 A frenchman, whe* ther a monarchift, or a republican, muft, it fhonld feem, be fond of foppery. Fifteen diftincl plates are given, not very elegantly en- graved or coloured, but very well fuited to convey an idea of the vreffes. Each plate is accompanied with a page or two of de- scription. Art. l X x 1 1 1 . Hints to Frejh-Men,frem a Member *f the Uni<verfity of ■ Cambridge lfcmo. 24. page's. Price 1 «. Booker. 1796. In the form of detached precepts, or maxims, excellent advice, prudential and moral, is here given to young men at their entrance into the univerfity. The writer appears to be well acquainted with college manners, and with the allurements to idfenefs, ditiipation, and extravagance, which attend college life. We feleft three or four of thefe leflbns as a fpecimen. ; p. 5. — «Darb to be wise. If the batteries of ridicule be planted againft yon, maintain your ground, and finite at their im- potency.' p\ 8.— ' Do yon contemplate with reverence the walls that once contained a Bacon, a Milton, a Locke, a Nekton ? You allure tee that you do. Then I pronounce— Spes ejf.* t. 11. — ' How hateful, how loathfome were the words that met toy ear this morning! A son defcribed with fatirical mirth the foibles of a p a rbnt !* lb.—* BcaWaANGLER no where, but in the Senate-Houfe.* What pity, that amidft much good do&rine, and in fchools where the firft objeft ought to be to preferve moral integrity ; —fandofqut recejfus Mentis, et incoBum generofo peBus honefio, it mould be found neceffary to introduce fuch an obfervation as the following ; ' Somebody has remarked, that there are oaths which ihouM be taken like pills, fwal lowed whole ; left, if we chew them, they prove bitter : the hint may be of fervice to you on the day pf matriculation ! — With the exception of this paflage, we recommend this fmall manual to the attention of every frefn-man : he cannot fpend his firft bulling at college better than in purchasing, or his firft hour yi his new room more profitably, than, in conning over thefe Hints, m. p. LITERARY C **s 1 LITERARY INTELLIGENCE- HISTORY OF ACADEMIES, . . « A R T. I. Berlin. Der GefeMbajft naturforfchender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Scbriften, fcfr. New Memoir* of die Phyfical Society at Berlin. Vol. i. 4*0. 400 p. 4 plates, 1795. In confequence of fome improper conduft on the part of thetf bookfeller, the Society have refolved to publish their tranfa&ions themfelves, and begin a new feries. The papers in this volume are, 1 . Natural hiftory of the elk : by grand ranger von Wangen- heim. &. On potafh in general, and particularly on the Dantzic or caftiub afhes: by Dr* Lampe. 3. Eflays towards a better expofitiori •of the theory of found: by Dr. Chladni. Dr. C. obferves, that the, theory of founds muft not be investigated by considering the pro- perties of air, but rather by the laws of motion,' and particularly the vibration of the pendulum. The theory is ncceflarily divided into three parts ; the general idea of the fcience of found, Without reference to any determinate elaftic body ; the confideration of va- rious kinds of fonorous bodies, a table of which is added ; and the production and intention of found ; which are here illoilrated by ex- *unples and calculations. [We have formerly noticed a publication by Dr. C. on this fubjeel : fee our Rev. Vol. I, p. 371.] 4. Oa the founds produced by burning inflammable air in a tube : by the feme. Thefe founds appear to be produced in the fame manner at thofe of a flute, not as thofe of the harmonica. 5. Defcription of a viverra narica, L. : by Dr. Walbaum. 6. Sketches of the natural hiftory of the lordihip of Jevcr : by Dr. Seeizen. Short but intereft- tog. 7. Mineralogical accounts from Daurieo : by Mr. Bindhtiat. $. On hitherto unobferved cryftaliizatioos of fome foffils : by Prof* Hunger. 9. Mineralogical rbapfodies: by Prof. Hacqoet. 10. Defcription of fome apes from Kafi or Benares in the north of Bengal; by Mr. John, miffionary at Tranquebar. 1 1. On a fpecies of agaric mineral from the Hartz; by Mr. Karften. 12. Inveiligation of two fpeculative queflions on foffils : are there individuals among tho fuhftances of the mineral kingdom? and are there degrees of perfec- tion in foffils?** by the fame. 13. Obfervations on the production of horned rye : by G. M. Hermes. 1 4. Geognoftical obfervations on a tour in Silefia: by Mr. Karften. 15. Miaeralogical remarks on a tour to Carlfbad : by Dr. Reufs. Dr. R. makes it appear veTy pro* bable, that bafah owes the fpherical form in which it is fomeiimes found to decompofition. 16. On the diftribution of nebula: and . crafrers of ftars in the univerfe, occafioned.by the obfervations of Kerichel : by Mr. Bode. 1 7. Remarks on an caft-indian tortoife : oy Mr. Heroft. 18. Mineralogical defcription of the country roand .Bennftedt, Beyderfee, and Mori, with probable conjectures on the ori* & of the ftrata of clay and porcellain earth in that region : by Mr* ten. 19. Experiments on the objects remaining in the eye: by count f 06 LITERAtT JKTEtUGENCE. count Platen. 20. , Dcfcription of fomc eaft-indian infers: by Mn John. 21. Brief geognoftic obfervations from a letter to Mr. Klaproth from Dr. Reuls. 22. Deicription of the gigantic tortoifc : by Mr. Walbanm. The former feries concluded with the fifth, or eleventh volume, which, befide many interefting memoirs, contains an index to all the papers publiihed by the fociety. The index fills twelve {beets. Jen. Alfe. Lit. Zejt. . THEOLOGY. ^RTV 11. Gottingen. Die chriftlicbe Sktenlebre nacb einem rwtffhn^ Jkbaftlichen Grunfrijfct cjfr. A Sketch of chriftian Morality on fcicntific Principles, intended chiefly as a Text-Book for his Lec- tures, by Dr. C. Fred. Amnion. 8vo. 338 p. 1795. Though prof. A. is fometimes more verbofe than his plan feems to require, at others more- concife than we could wiih, this is a valuable performance, mowing the agreement of the chriftian reli- gion, when the fpirit is feparaced from the letter, with the dictates of pure reafon. Jen. AUg. Lit. Zeit* Art. in, Amfterdam. Htt Boek Job, cifr. The Book of Job, tranflated from the Hebrew, with Remarks, by H. Alb. Schultens, publiihed after his death, and finished, by Herm. Muntinghe. Svo. 427 p. befide the introduction. 1794.. As the late Schultens united great ta6e with profound knowledge of the oriental languages, we took up this book with much avidity, and thought ourfelves not ill requited for the trouble of penning it; though it was not the objed of prof. S. fomuch to gratify the learned reader, as to preient fuch of his countrymen, as are unacquainted with the hebrew, a feleclion of the bell remarks that have been pub- liihed by others on the book of Job, enriched from his own ftores. The learned prof, is of opinion, that little knowledge of the hebrew poetry is fufficient to (how, that Job could not have been written after the babylonim captivity ; and he is clear, that it could not be the work of Mofes. He remarks, too, that the firft and iecond chapter, and the latter part of the laft chapter, are by another hand, and were added to the original when it was received into the jewifh canon. From chap. 3 to chap. 29 are by prof. S., the reft were un- dertaken, at his requeft, by Mr. Muntinghe. Jen. Allg. Lit. Zeit. MEDICINE, Art. iv. Coburg. Pbanomene und Sympatbie der Nctxr9&c. The Phenomena and Sympathies of Nature, with the wonderful Secret of Healing Wounds by mere Sympathy, without Con tad, by means or" Vitriol, according to Kenelm Digby. With Permiffioi^ 8vo. 316 p. 1795. It is fomewhat wonderful, to find a man of exteniive reading and connderable learning, father Celeftine Stoehr, a benediftine of tianz, explaining the aclion of fir K. Digby 's fympathetic powder, in the efficacy of which he is a true believer, at the end ot the ejgbteensb ^ century. ?HY«JQX.0PX. ^ . i«7 £ jj^iry. father S. alfo belkves many other old wife's wles, the ws and whies of which he very fyftematicaily cxjplains. PHVSXOLOCT. Art. y. We learn from a german journal, that Mr. yon Hun> boldt has finilned his promifed work ffee our Rev. Vol. xxn, pi *44>], and that it was to be published at Berlin Toon after midfum- tner, -under the title of Verfucbe uber'die gtrdxjte MuJktU und Ncr<ven» faftr, &c. < Experiments on the ftimukted Mufcuiar and Nervous 'Fibre, with Conjectures on the chemical Prcccfs of Life, by F. A. Von H. ; with fome Remarks by Aulic Conns. Blurnenbach, and Plates? The 'following is the account given of it by the author iumfelf. ' The work commences with the experiments of Galvani, not becanfe they conftitute it's principal matter, but as they led me to the fubfeqoent obfervations on vitality. From the manner in which i conduct the galvanian experiments, without any metal or coaly fubftarTce,* parity with merely organically connected animal parts, I am induced to believe, that I have inconteftibly demonftrated the ftimulus' in tBefe wonderful phenomena to proceed from the organs themfelves, and that thefe organs are by no means paffive on the -occafiori. I have carefully endeavoured to feparate falls from con- jectures on their caufes; as it would be extremely painful to me, to perceive facia, the difcovery of which have, coit me fo much labour; fink into oblivion together with the theoretical conjectures deduced £om them* 1 have alfo made it a law to myfelf, to deliver only new bbiervatibns, nniefs where I have been able to confute or extend loch as have been made by others. The following are the principal fubjects on which I have treated. ' c The general conditions under which the galvanian mufcuiar movements take place, according to the various rates of the organ* with refoect to fucceptibility. Increafed and diminilhed excitabi- lity, pontive and negative cafes, according to determinate laws. The fameexpreffed by* general iigns after the manner of algebraic for- mulae. Action of the nerves as anthracofcopes [indicating the pre- fence of coal]. Effects of ligatures on the nerves, and dividing .them. Permeation of a fluid through parts not cohering. Senfitivc ktmofpheres of the nerves, and determination of their extent accord- ing to the various degrees of vital power. How animal matter acts at a diftance. Examination of what takes place in the conductor. New galvanian experiments with the Jiuman fubject, infects, anj worms. Experiments with the nerves of the heart. Modes of ex- plaining the galvanian ftimulus, and catenation of the phenomena with others obferved before. Refutation of the theory of Mr. Volta. Flame is not a conductor of the galvanian fluid. Damping metals with the breath: vapour-electropborus. Ufes of the metallic nH, xnulus. Wonderful appearances on the application of bliftering platters. ^New method of proving the fenfibiluy of animal organs to fHmulus by the experiments of Galvani. Difcoveries on the fpeciifc ftimulus of irritable and fenfuive fibres. Retrofpect of Brown'* partial fyftem of fthenic and aithenic powers. Effects of alkalies on the , . - , • • .. - . . ...... . , - uervotft V$8 tlTERARY itfTEtEIOENCE. tocrvous fibres, and of acids on the mufcuiar. Experiments with oxy- dated arfenic, oxygenated muriatic acid, ibfution of ammonia, and other fubflances, on the animal organs. (A feparated organ, provided with irritable fenfnive fibres, cart be raifed in a frw feeonds from .a (late of the profoundeft inexcitability to a (late of the extremeft fenfibillty to flimulus, and *vice <vcrfa. This alternation of increafed and dim^nifhed vital power may be produced at will four or five times in the fame nerve, with as much certainty as the hand of the artift (trains or relaxes the firings of a mufical inflrument.) Senfi- bility of the organs to ftimulus in the fun, in various temperature •>' in oxygen air, azotic air, and hydrogen air, and in the ftate of reft. Examination of the queftion, whether increafed or diminjihed fenii- bility depend on an alteration in the structure of the fibres, cr on die communication of an aeriform fubftance. -One fmgle fubftance, oxygen, does not determine the degree of vital power. Proof that azote has infinitely greater eifect on. the increafed feqfibHity of the organs. Conjectures on the chemical procefs of vitality, and the affinities which promote, prevent, and again excite this procefs. The vital functions are to be afcribed to feverai fubfiances. Mus- cular motion, it's flrength and debility. Death. Twofold ftate of xhe animal fibres in death. Putrefaction. . Action ef the nervoo* power on putrefaction* Definition of animate and inanimate mattefW /Conjectures on the character of animal individuality.' HOTANY. Art. VI.. LeipflC. Defcriptio & Adumbratio Plant arum e Clajfi; Cryftogamicci) &c. Defcription and Delineation of the Plants of -Linne's Clafs Cryptogamia which are called Lichens. By G. F. Hoffmann, &c Vol. 11. Faf. iv. fol. p. 63-78: plates xliij— XLVIII. 1794. The plates here given are of great excellence, fo that it would be difficult to wifh more frcm a coloured botanical work, ufeful tp (Science, and not immoderately expeniive. Jen. Allg. Lit. Z tit* GEOMETRY. Art: v i i. We are informed, that, befide the polygons ordinariljr known to be capable of a geometrical conftruction, there are a great iiumber of others, fuch as a feventeen fided figure for inftance, that may be geometrically conftructed. This is properly no more than 2. corollary of a theory of much greater extent, which is not yet com- pleted, and as foon as it is will be laid before the public. For this difcovery we are indebted to Mr. C. F. Gaufs, of Brunfwic, a youth of eighteen, now ftudying mathematics at Gottiogen. ARCHITECTURE. Art.' viix. Paris. The younger Peyre, member of the fec- tion of architecture of the national inftitntion, has juft publifhed a .new edition of his father's architectural works, Qewvres cP Arcbite&uu 4e Peyre, in large folio, with 20 plates, to which he has prefixed au excellent introductory efTay, containing, among other things, a fcientific £ientific companion of the temples of the ancients with the churches of the moderns, and fereral elegant deflgns for public edifices in , the ancient ftyle. Jen. Allg. Lit. Ztit. AGRICULTURE. Art. tx. A correfpondent has favoured trs with the Following account of A ww Method af raifing Wheat for aferles of rears on tht fame 1W, which, from th* importance of the fubjeft, we flulllay ' before our readers at length. The erroneous idea, that plants draw from the earth fuch particles' only as ate congenial xxy their own natures, has probably occafioned tlw farming maxim, That wheat cannot be raifed for a feries of "years upon the fame land. But the truth is, that,; under the broad- caft huibandry, there is not fufficient time for manuring and ftirring* the earth, between the operations of reaping and (owing. Such beings die cafe, -may we ;not remove the obftacte by fubftituting Trans-" plantation for Sowj n o. With a view to decide upon this im- portant que (lion, a gentleman has inftituted the following experi- ment : — In October 1795-, a quart of wheat was drilled in a piece of ga/den- ground, and on the zzd of march, 1796, the plants wer* taken up and tranfplanted into a field, which before had born a Crop of potatoes. The foil was a light loam, and contained fix hundred fquare yards, or half a rood. The land was only once plowed, harrowed, and rolled, after which the plants were pricked 2own at the depth of one inch, within the ground, and at the diftance* •f nine inches from each other, each fquare yard containing fbcteen plants. The expenfe of planting out was, by a fkilful farmer, efti- mated at one guinea per acre, fuppofmg the work to be chiefly done by women and children. At this, time, June 14, the plants make a ine appearance, not one of them having failed. Should this expe- riment anfwTcr the purpofe for which it is made, it is propofed, after the crop is cut down, to have the land well plowed and manured, in order to prepare it for receiving another crop of tranfplanted wheat in the fpnfig, and it is alfo propofed to continue the experi- ment for a number of fucceffive years, in order to determine the doubtful point, c whether Wheat can be raifed for a feries of years •< ■pon the fame land/ Independent however of the original purpofe fcr which the experiment was inftituted, there is reafon to iuppqfe> that the tranfplantation of wheat for a fingle year will turn out a beneficial improvement. The following rcafons prefent themfelves': i. The fcheme fares ii-iaths of the feed ufually fown. 2. It employs tho feeble hind*> •f the village at a time when they have but little work. 3. Land, that in winter has become too wet for fowing, may be planted in the fprine, whereby it will be kept in it's regular courfe of tillage.. 4. The wheat may be hoed at a fmall expenfe, which will keep the knd clean, and (ave hand-weeding in fummcr. 5. The crop will probably exceed in quantity. 6. It will give the farmer a taftc for garden culture, which will infenfibly remove that flovenlinefs too generally obferved in farming operations. 7. Wheat may be tranf- slanted upon any lan<Uiowever light, if a judgment may be formed * 1 from lift UTtlAJlY INTELLIGENCE. from a finall experiment made this year upon a piece of* laid, aknoft too light for rye. 8. As it feems to be in eUablifhed law in nature,* that land will not puih up more ftalks from one feed than (he catf well fupport, it follows, that the greater the ftirface a plant has to Hand upon, the greater will be the number of ftems produced. In this mode' of culture each plant has eighty-one^ inches of (bo to grow upon, whereas, in the broadcaft hufbandry, thft plants have only twelve inches. 9. Land, inftead of lying wafte under a fuxnaaer fallow, may be made to produce a crop of cabbages, tnrnijps, peafe* beans, potatoes, or fummer vetches, as preparatory to it's being planted with wheat* 10. Should experience prove the juftneft of this idea, a field of five acres, kept conftanUy under transplanted wheat, will afford a fuficient fupply of bread-corn for a fainily of fourteen perfons. This experiment is made in a field at Middlethorp, near York* belonging to Samuel Barlow, efq., and may be viewed from the left hand fide of the road leading to Bifhopthorpe* CLASSICAL LITERATURE. Art. x. Zurich. Attifcbes Mujeum, &c. The Attic Mufeum* publifhed by C. M. Wielahd. Vol. u Part 1. 8vo. 151 n. 1796. Under this title Mr. W. intends to prefent his countrymen with translations of the principal greek writers of the age of Pericles and Alexander, and original eflays explanatory of the works tranflated* or illuftrative of intercfting matters of antiquity. Of the mannbr in which we may exped the work "to be finiihed, the name of W. is a Sufficient indication : from the extent of the plan, however, part of it will be excuted by other hands ; but every piece, that is not by W., will be diftinguiihed by the initials of the writer's name* This part commences with the Panegyric of liberates, to which is prefixed an eflay, containing every excellence to be found in the introduc- tion to the Satires and EpLftles of Horace. Jen. Allg. Lit. Zeit* Art. xi. Gottingen. Can Si lit Italic} Pwttcorum Libri XFII, &r» Cains Silius Italicus's Seventeen Books of the Carthaginian War* with various Readings, and a perpetual Commentary by G. Alex* Ruperti. Vol. 1. With a Preface by C. G. Heyne. 8vo- 728 p. 1795. Mr. R. intends this edition to.anfwerthe purpofe of all that have pre* ceded it ; and, though onc-of lefs bulk may fatisfy him who wiihes merely to underftand the author, it will undoubtedly be acceptable to the fcholar, who cannot fail to admire the editor's learning and induf- try, and the proofs of extenfive reading which the work difplays. The prolegomena are divided into fix fe&ions : 1. The life of Silius Ita- licus; from Cellarius. 2. On the nature and argument of the poem/ and the authors followed in it. 3. On the excellence and ufes of the poem. It is a valuable fchool book* 4. Literary hiftory of the poem, and review of manufcript copies: from Drackenborch.- 5^ Catalogue of the editions hitherto published. 6. Defign of the pre? "> fent edition. The preface of prof..Heync is a critical eflay on the* * ufu msTorf; m tfes to be derived by youth from reading the poets; Tie form of tke edition is the fame with that of Heyne's Virgil. It will be com- pleted m another volume. Jen. 4llg. Lit. Zeia ANTIQUITIES Art. xii. Umi. - Mr. Zwoega is employed on a confiderable work on obeliflts, and the hieroglyphics engraven on them, from which much is expected. Art. xui. Paris. We are informed, that fauve! the painter has made fome very interefting propofals to the national directory for undertaking antiquarian and architectural researches in the Pelo- ponnefus, which may lead to important difcovferfes. F, fefided fif- teen years in the regions of the Archipelago. He was a long time in the fuite of Choifeul-Gouffier, who employed him in examining the plain of Troy. He then refided fome years in Egypt, and had planned a journey to the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Ammon, which he was prevented from executing by the envy of Choifeul. , Since that period he was fome years examining the antiquities of ' Adieus, where the favour of fome principal turks was of great ufe to hiro,~and enabled him to do more than even Stuart. His laft in- quiries were at Olympia, where he difcovered the place in which the greeks anciently afiembted, with all it's dependencies : and as he con- ctives, that confiderable treafures of ancient art lie buried there, this * is the place to which he is defirous of dire&ing his refearches with- out delay, particularly as fome englifh travellers have fihee followed him in the lame track. HISTORY. * Art. XIV. Vienna. J. Eager s Neue Beweife der Veryoandtfchafi der Hungarn mzt den Lapplandern, &c. J. Hager's New Proof of the Relationship between the Hungarians and the Laplanders. A Supplement to Sprengel and Former's New Eflays on Geography andHiftory. 8vo\ 129 p. 1794. When Sainovics and Hell made an agronomical journey to Ward- fcous in the year 1 770, they found the language of the laplanders to be the fame with that of the hungarians, and imparted their ob- Jervation to the public. The hungarians, accuftomed to trace their origin to the victorious hordes of the huns, and the fplendid court of Attilas, were little difpofed to confefs any relationfhip to the oftiaks or the famoiedes, and fome of their writers liave endeavoured, to invalidate any fuch pretentions. It is here fhown, however, by* Mr. H., that thelapland tongue is a dialeft of that original extenfive fpeech, which at this day is current from the rocks of Finland to the icemountains of Lapland, and in it's various dial efts to the remoteft hanks of the Oby and the fources of the Wolga. We have hitherto read nothing fo fatisfaftory on this fubjeft as die work before us, in which much hiflorical and philological knowledge of no common kind Is difplayed. Jen. Allg. Lit. Zeiu Art. xv. Vienna, .OefckicUe der Stadt Wien9 fcfr. Hiftory of the City of Vienna, in a certain Degree connected with the Hillary of 11% lITE&AKr. *HTELUG£NCE. • of the Country, by An^^yjG^nfaq, Kt» 4fr\ , 4 Vofc. &v<fc 1386^ with 20 platen jW&fttyttttiQgve^&fpf,^ ' This is a very valuable coUe&ion of fecV «4tfpe£ttag. the ftate of Vienna at different periods, and it's* hiftory* fltan it's foundation to the year 1793, extratted from vaiitfufe'&tfhenifc documents • -*-yi fern,. Allg. Lit. Zeiu , . 5::: • ir . BIOGRAPHY. ,' Art. •xvi., Paris. Notices hifioriques fur ' Cbret. Guill. Lamoigntm ' Male/herhes, £sV. Historical account of C. W. Lamoignon Ma- lefherbes, by Dubois. This is a good account of a man, who may be compared in miny refpe&s with the celebrated chancellor More. Jen. Allg. I+it. Zeit. Art. xvii. Nuremberg. Aufirlefene Brie ft D. Martin Luther *, &c. Seleft Letters of Martin Luther, intimately difplaying his worthy mind. With literary Remarks by G. Theod. Strobel. zd ' ed. 8vo. loop. 1796. . 1 . Thefe letters*are valuable for their matter, and as they prove 7 the noblenefs and rectitude of Luther's mind. The firft edition con- i tuned fifty-two letters, to which twelve are added in the prefent* fome never before printed. They are addrefled to various perfons, but the greater number to his wife. The remarks explain many circumflances, which would otherwife be unintelligible to the reader. * Jen. Allg. Liu Ztit. Art. xviii. Berlin. QrrI Pilgers Roman feines Lehens, &c. ! Charles Pilgrim's Romance, of his own Life. Written by himfelf. . Containing Hints on Education and the Improvement of the Mind* 3 vols. &vo. ^ Mr. C. Spazier, at prefent aulic councillor at Berlin,, here gives an account of his own life, under the title of a romance. To thofe who are engaged in the education of. youth, an occupation which Mr. S, ha* followed in- various forms and different countries, it will be particularly inflruftive. The laft volume contains ah interefting account of the Philanthropin, a fcholaftic cftablifhment at DefTau, in which Mr. S. was one of the tutors, and which has been fome time given up. In this he takes occafion to give characters of Bafe- dow, Wolke, Dutoit, BufTe, and Salzmann, the Lift two of whom are reprefented to much advantage. The work finilhes with the author's arrival in Switzerland, his tour in which he had already given us [fee our Rev. Vol. x in, p. 479]. Jen. Allg. Lit* Zeiu 1 Art. xix. Abo. Minne afver J. Elai Terjirus, Tb. D. &c* Memoirs of J. E. Terferus, d. d. and Biihop of Linkoping, which obtained the Prize of the Society of Education; by Ja Tcug- ftrocm, Th. Prof. 8voP 249 p. 1795. This is a wellwritten life of a man, "whofe liberal fentitnenfc ex- pofed him to the unremitting perfecution of the envious and fe&ariaa fpirit of his contemporaries. • -Jen* AUgi Lfa Zeil. TBI ANALYTICAL REVIEW. For AUGUST, 1796. BIOGRAPHY* Art. I. Mifceilaneous Works of Edward Gihhon^ Efquire. With Memoirs of bis Ifife and Writings* compofed by him/elf: illujtrated from bis Letters, ivttb occa/ional Notes and Narrative. By John Lord Sheffield. [Continued from Fol XXIII, p: 367,] . * The Memoirs of Mr* Gibbon, written by himfelf, of which a pretty full account was given in a preceding number, terminated foon after his return to Switzerland in 1 788, iix years before his death. The editor, lord S., in (lead of filling up the chafm by ft continued narrative, has judged thit the belt continuation would be, the publication of bis letters during that period. Theft let- ters are feparated from the general 1 cries, and fubjoined, as an appendix, to the memoirs. The whole collection occupies up- wards of two-thirds of the flrft volume. — In thefe letters, as in all rial epiflolary correfpondence, there is much matter of a private, and, confide red in itfelf, of a trivial nature: nevertheless, we cannot with fitch pafiages expunged ; for, befide that they give an air of familiarity to the letters, they introduce the reader to that intimacy with the writer, which contributes fo much towards rendering this kind of reading agreeable. The greater part of jhe letters are addrefted to Mr. G.*s friend, lord S. : they arc , written with as much cafe, as was continent with the writer's earhr habit of attention to precifion and elegance. Fi anknefe, ur- baoity, vivacity, and friendlinefs, are their leading chara&eriftics. The writer's friendly fpirir, on proper occafions, foftens into ten- der affeclion, and his natural vivacity frequently finds an oppor- tunity of riling into plea fan try.* _In the letters which touch upon politics, the reader will perceiveT that Mr, G. was no friend to plans for the cx'tenfion of liberty : his ideas on religious fubjedls Seldom appear —From this large mafs of epiltolan correfpondence oar readers will, of courfe, expedt fome interefiing and amuGng extracts : in making them we fliail follow the chronological order, ' veu xlxv. ko. xu I l and XI4 BIOGRAPHY. and (hall introduce, in their proper pkicei, fome paiTages front thofe letters, which the editor hat feparated from the, reft as s fupplenlent to the memoirs/ The correfpondence commences with feveral letters, written in french, or in latin, and tranilated into englifti, between Mr. G. and fome learned foreigners oh fubjec"U of criticifm, which dif- cover a cpnfiderable degree of critical acumen, as well as an early ambitjon to be di(lingui(hed as a fchoiar. Thcfe are followed by a long letter, probably written about the time of Mr. G.'s firtfc leaving Laufanne, in the aflumed character of a fwedifh traveller, delineating the defects he had difcovered in the government of Berne. In Mr. G.'s early correfpondence, we find an excellent letter from George Lewis Scott, eftjuire, on the moft advantageous method of profecuting mathematical ft u dies. From Mr. G.'s firft letter to Mr. Holroyd, afterwards lord S., written during his tour in Italy, and dated may 16, 1764, we Hull extraft a pleafant ac- count of his vifit to Turin, vol. i. P. 434. ' I hardly think you will like Turin ; the court is old and dull; and in that country every one follows the example of the court. The principal amufement feems to be, driving about in your coach in the evening, and bowing to the people you meet. , If* you go while the royal family is there, you have the additional pleasure of flopping to falute them every time they pafs. I had that advantage fifteen times one afternoon. We were prefented to a lady who keeps a public affembly, and a very mournful one it is-; the few women that go to it are each taken up by their ciciibeo; and a poor englifhman, who can neither talk piedmon* tois nor play at faro, {lands by himfelf without one of their haughty nobility doing him the honour of fpeaking to him. You mull not attribute this account to our not having ftaid long enough to form connexions. Jjt is a general complaint of our countrymen, except of lord * * #, who has been engaged for about two years in the tervice of a lady, whofe long note is her moft dicing uifhing fine feature. The moft fociable wqmen I have met with are the king's daughters/ I chatted for about a quarter of an hour with them, talked about Laufanne, aad grew fo very free and eafy, that I drew my fnuff-box, rapped it, took fnufF twice (a. crime never known before in the prefence chamber), and continued my difcourfe in my ufual attitude of my body bent forwards, and my fore finzer flretchcd out *•' % In a Tetter from London, written to his friend in 177a, among. Other parliamentary anecdotes, Mr. G. relates the following- *. 45°- 4 * This attitude continued to be chara&criftic of Mr. G. The engraving in the frontifpiece of the memoirs is taken from the figure of Mr, G. cut with fciflars by Mrs. Brown, thirty years after the date of this letter. The extraordinary talents of this lady have furniflied as complete a likenefs of Mr. G., as to per- foh, face, and manner, as can be conceived ; yet it was done in hit abfence/ ' ' " *~ . . . « To*day r Gibbon's Mifctttaneous Works and Memoirs. . n£ * To-day the houfe of commons was employed in a very odd way. Tommy Townjhend moved, that the fermoa of Dr. Kne* well, who-p reached before the houfe on the 30th of Januarys (iifjl, before the fpeaker and four members, ) (hoald be burnt by the common hangman, as containing arbitrary, tory, high* flown do&rincs. The houfe was nearly agreeing to the motion* till tbey recollected that they had already thanked the preacher for his excellent difcourfe, and ordered it to be printed. Kno* well's bookfeller is much obliged to the right honourable Tommy Town(hend/ In the fame year we find an elaborate letter from Dr. Hurd* now bifbop of Worcefter, to Mr. G«, in defence of the prophecy of Daniel ; but it is too long for infertion in this place. Mr. G. thus humouroufly defcribes a vilit from an ancient fe- male relation, p. 484. ,* Guefs my furprife, when Mrs. Gibbon of NorthamptonfhirC fuddenly communicated her arrival. 1 immediately went to Surrey flreet, where (he lodged, but though it w4s no more than half an hour after nine, the faint had finiflied her evening devotions, and was already retired to reft. Yefterday morning (by appoint- ment) I breakfafted with her at eight o'clock, dined with her *b* day at two in Newman-ftreet, and am juft returned from (biting; ber down. She is, in truth, a very great curiofity : her draft and figure exceed any thing we had at the mafquerade : her lan- guage and ideas belong to the lad century. However, in point of religion (he was rational ; that is to fay, filent. I do not be-* Ikve that (he afeed- a (ingle queftion, or (aid the lead thing con- cerning it. To roe die behaved with great cordiality, and in hot fMvexprefied a great regard.* The following pleafant political letter we (hall give entire. '•495- * Edward Gibbon Efquire to J. Holhoyd EfquWt. * Bentinck-ftreet, October 14th, 1775. ' I fend you two pieces of intelligence from the bed authority? and which, unlefs you hear them from fome other quarter, I do not with you (hould talk much about, ift, When the ruffians ar- rive, (if they refrcfh themfelves in England or Ireland,) will you- go and fee their camp ? We have great hopes of getting a body of thefe barbarians. Iu confequence of fome- very plain advances, king George, with his own hand, wrote a very polite epiftle to fifter Kitty, requeftinj her friendly afltftance, Full powers and inftrucYions were fent at the fame time to Gunning, to agree for any force, between five, and twenty thoufand men, carte hlancbt for the terms ; on condition, however, that they (hould ferve, not as auxiliaries, but as mercenaries, and that the ruffian general (bould be abfolutely under the command of the britifh. They daily arid hourly expert a meffengcr, and hope to hear that the bu- finefs is concluded. The word of it is, that the Baltic will fooa be frozen up, and that it muft be late next year before they can S: to America, a. In the mean time we are not quite eafy about nada ; and even if it (hould be fafe from an attack, we cannot flatter ourfelvcs with the expectation oi .bringing down that mar- Is tial Il6 B10CHAPHY* tul people on the Back Settlements. Tbe priefts tre ours ; the get*- j tlemen very prudently wait tbe event, and are difpofed to join the ttronger party ; but the fame lawlefs fpirit and impatience of go- vernment which have infe&cd our colonies, are gone forth among tbe Canadian peafants, over whom, fince the conqucft, the nobleifc have loft much of their ancient influence. Another thing which will pleafe and furprife, is the a flu ranee which I received from a man who might tell me a lie, but who could not be miftaken, that no arts, no management what foe ver, have been ufed to procure the addrefles which fill the Gazette, and that lord North wa* as much furprifed at the firft that came up, as we could be at Shef~ field. We (hall have,' [ fuppofe, fome briflc ikirmi thing in parlia- ment, but the buflnefs will loon be decided by our fupcrior weight of fire. Apropos, 1 believe there has been fome vague but ferious converfation about calling out tbe militia. The new levies go on very flowly in Ireland. The diflenters, both there and here, are violent and active. Adieu. I embrace my lady and Maria.' In the courfe of this correfpondence are inferred feveral com-~ pliracntary letters to Mr. G., on the firft appearance of his hif- tory in 1776, from Mr. Fergufon, Dr. Robcrtfon, Dr. Campbell, fir William Jones, Dr. Adam Smith, &c* from which it appears, that his work was highly approved by the mod competent judges* On the appearance of two anfwers to the chapters on chrif- tianity, Mr. G. remarks to bis friend : * an anonymous pamph- let, and Dr. Watfon, out again ft me. In my opinion, the former feeble, and very illiberal ; the latter uncommonly genteel.9 — A polite correfpondence follows between Dr. Watfon, and Mr. G.f on this occafion, which, on account of it's * uncommon* urba- nity, we lhall copy. p. 510 • Mr. Gibbon to the reverend Dr. Watson (now hiJbopo/Lzndnft). 4 Bentinck ftreet, November 2d, 1 776. 4 Mr. G. takes the earlieft bpportunity of prefenting his com- pliraents and thanks to Dr. W.f and of ex pre (Ting his fenfe of the liberal treatment which he has received from fo candid an adver- fary. ^ Mr. G. entirely coincides in opinion, with Dr. W., tha% as their different fentiments, on a very important period of hi£ tory, are now fubmiited to the public, they both may employ their time in a manner much more ufeful, as well as agreeable, Chan they could pofiibly do by exhibiting a (ingle combat in the amphitheatre of controverfy. Mr. G. is therefore determined to reiift the temptation of jultifying, in a profefled reply, any paf- fages of his hiftory,. which might perhaps be eafily cleared from cenfure and mifapprehenfion ; but he ft ill refer ves to himfelf the privilege of inferring in a future edition fome occasional remarks and explanations of his meaning, if any calls of pleafure or bu- Anefs mould bring Dr. W. to town, Mr. G. would think himfelf happy in being permitted to folicit the honour of his acquaint* ance.' * Dr. Watson to Mr. Gibbon. 4 Cambridge, November 4th, 1776. 1 Dr. W. accepts with pleafure Mr. G.'s polite invitation to a yerfbnal acquaintance. If he comes to town this winter, will cer- 1 * t»inl/ Gibbon's MfiiBamcut Works and Memoirs. 117 tainly do himfelf the honour to wait upon him*. Begs, at tht fame time, to aflfure Mr. G., that he will be very happy to have an opportunity of (hewing him every civility, if curiofity, or other motives, fhookf bring him to Cambridge. Dr. W. can have fomc faint idea of Mr. G.'s difficulty in refitting the temptation he fpeaks of, from having been of late in a (ituarion fomewhat fimilar him* felf* It would be very extraordinary, if Mr. G. did not feel % parent's partiality for an offspring which has juftly excited the admiration or all who have feen it ; and Dr. W. would be the laft perfon in the world to wifh him to fupprefs any explanation which might tend to exalt its merits.' p. 537. « />r. Watson (now bijbop of Llandaff) to Mr, Gibbon. • Sir, Cambridge, January 14, 1779. * It will give me the greateft pleafure to have an opportunity of becoming better acquainted with Mr. G. 1 beg he would accept my fincere thanks for the too favourable manner in which he hat fpoken of a performance, which derives its chief merit from the elegance and importance of the work it attempts to oppofe. I have no hope of a future exiftence, except that which is grounded on the truth of cbriflianity. I wifh not to be deprived of this hope ; but I (hould be an apoltate from the mild principle of the reli- gion I profefs, if I could be actuated with the lcalt animofity again ft thofe who do not think with me upon this, of all others, the moft important fubjedt. 1 beg your pardon for this declara- tion of my belief; but my temper is naturally open, and it ought aflu redly to be without difguife to a man whom I wifh no longer, to look upon as an antagonift, but as a friend. I have the honour to be, with every fentiment of refpedt, your obliged fervant, - « Rd. Watson/' The letters which pafled between Dr. Prieftley and Mr. G. are admitted into this feries ; but, as they have been already be* fore the public, we fhall pafs them over. Several letters of friend- (hip are given in french, without a tranflation, between Mr. G. and his fwifs friend Mr. Deyverdun.— Mr. G.'s philofophical contemplation of the buftle of the houfe of commons, from his retreat in Laufanne, is thus pleafantly cxpreffed, in a letter to. lordS., dated Dec. 20 , 1783. p. 617. * I conclude, that on every principle of common fenfe, before this moment your active zeal has already expelled me from the houfe, to which, without regret, I bid an cverlafting farewel. The agreeable hour of five o'clock in the morning, at which you commonly retire, does not tend to revive my attachment ; but if you add the foft hours of your morning committee *, in the dif- cuffion of taxes, cuftoms, frauds, fmugglers , &cf I think 1 (hould beg to be releafed and quietly fent to the gallies, as a place of leifure and freedom. Yet I do not depart from my general prin* ciples of toleration. Some animals are made to live an the water, others on the earth, many in the air, and fome, as it is now be- "■■' '»»— ■— — **— —^«^— * * A feleft committee for inquiring into frauds committed in icfpe& to the revenue.* J j lieved. lift fclOfJJtAPHT. lteved, even In fire. Your prcfcnt hurry of parliament I per* UB&y underftand ; when oppofition make the attack, . Hora Mfimento cita mors wentf, aut viBoria lata. But when the minifter brings forward any ftrorig and decifive mea- sure, be at length prevails ; but his prog re fs is retarded at every ftcp, and in every ftage of the bill, by a pertinacious, though, linfuccefsful, minority. I am not fo'rry to hear of the fplendour of Fox ; I am proud, in a foreign country, of his fame and abi- lities, and our little animofities are exftnguifhed by my retreat from the engliftt ft age. With regard to the fubftance of the bufi- uefs, I fcarcely know what to th\pk : the vices of the company *, both in their perfons and their conflitution, were manifold and manifeft ; the danger was imminent, and fuch an empire, with, thirty millions of fubjetfs, was not to be loft for trifles. Yet, on die other band, the faith of charters, the rights of property ! X "hefitate and tremble. Such an innovation would at lcaft require that the remedy fhould be as certain as the evil, and the proprie- tors may perhaps infmuate, that thty were as competent guar* dians or their own affairs, as either * * * * * or **»**••♦. Their acting with out 'a falary, feems childifli, and their not being- removable by the crown, is a itrange and dangerous precedent* But enough of politics, which I now begin to view, through a thin, cold, diitant cloud, yet not without a rcafonable .degree of curiolity and patriotifm.* A very entertaining letter to lady S. affords us the following amufing extract, p. 642. 4 A year, a very fhort one, has*now elapfed fince my arrival at Jraufanne ; ' and after a cool review of my fenriments, 1 can nceYely declare, that 1 have never, during a fingle moment, re- pented of having executed my abfurd project of retiring to Lau- ianne. It is needlefs to dwell on the fatigue, the hurry, the vexa- tion which I muft have felt in the narrow and dirty circle of engliih politics. My prefent life wants no foil, and {nines by its own native light. The chofen part of my library is now arrived, and arranged in a room full as good as that in Bentinck-ftfeet, with this4 difference indeed, thatinfteadof looking on a ftone court, twelve. feet fquare, I command, from three windows of plate-giafs* ail unbounded profpeft of many a league of vineyard, of fields, of wood, of lake, and of mountains ; a fcene which lord S. will tell you is fuperior to all you can imagine. The climate, though -fevere in winter, ha3 perfectly agreed with my coniiitutton, and the year is accomplifhed without any return of the gout. An ex- cellent houfe, a good table, a pleafant garden, are no contemp- tible ingredients in human happinefs. The general ftyle of (o- ciety hits my fancy ; I have cultivated a large and agreeable circle of acquaintance, and I am much deceived if I have not laid the foundations of two or three more intimate and valuable connec- tions ; but their names would be indifferent, and it would require * * Eaft indk company." •„ pages, Gibbon's MifceUinem tPbris and Memoirs. Y19 pages* or rather volumes, to defcribe their perfons and charac- ters. With regard to my (landing difh, my dome ft ic friend, I could not be much difappointed, after an intimacy of eight-and- twenty years. His heart and his head are excellent ; he has the warmeft attachment for me, he is fatistied that I have the fame for him : fome (light imperfections fnuft be mutually fupported ; two bachelors, who have lived fo long alone and independent, have their peculiar fancies and. humours, and when the made of form and ceremony is laid afide, every moment in a family -life lias not the fweetnefs of the honey-moon, even between the huf- bands and wives who have the trued and mod tender regard for each other. Should you be very much furprifed to hear of my being married ? Amazing as it may feem, I do afore you that the event is lefs improbable than it would have appeared to myfelf a twelvemonth ago. Dey verdun and I have often agreed, in jeft and in earned, that a houfe like ours would be regulated, and jrraced, and enlivened, by an agreeable female companion ; but each of us feems defirous that bis friend (hould facrifice himfelf for the public good. Since my refidence here I have lived much in women's company ; and, to your credit be it fpoken, I like you the better the more I fee of you* Not that I am in love with any particular perfon. I . have difcovered about half-a-dozen wives who would jpleafe me in different ways, and by various merits : one as a miurefs (a widow, vaftly like the Eliza; if (he returns I am to bring them together) ; a fecond, a lively entertaining ac- quaintance ; a third, a fincere good-natured friend ; a fourth, who would reprefent with grace and dignity at the head of my table and family ; a fifth, an excellent ceconomift and houfe- keeper ; and a Gxth, a vtxy ufeful nurfe. Could I find all thefe. qualities united in a (ingle perfon, I (hould dare .to make my ad- dreffes, and (hould defervc to be refufed.' The pleafantry of the following paflage is out* apology for tran- fcribing it, p. 050. * Extract from a weekly englifli paper, feptember jth, X785. *4 It is reported, but we hope without foundation, that the cele- brated Mr. Gibbon, who had retired to JL*aufanne in Switzerland to finifli his valuable hiftory, lately died in that city/9 * The hope of the newfpaper- writer is very handfome and obliging to the hiftorian ; yet there are fcveral weighty reafons which would incline me to believe that the intelligence may be true. Primoy It muft one day be true : and therefore may very probably be fo at prefent. Seemndo, We may always depend on the impartiality, accuracy, and veracity of an enghfh newfpaper. Terticy which is indeed the flrongeft argument. We are credibly informed, that for a long time paft the faid celebrated hiftorian }iaa not written to any of his friends in England ; and as that re- peclable perfonage had always the reputation of a mod exa£l and regular correfpondent, it may be fairly concluded from his filence, that he either is, or ought to be dead. The only objection that 1 can forefee, is the affurance that Mr. G himfelf read the article as he was eating his breakfaft, and laughed very heartily ax the miftake of bis toother hiftorian ; but as he might be defi- I4 *°W **fr . . *Ktt*A?HT. rout of concealing tHt.unplcafanr event, we (hall not infift tm his apparent health and fpirits, which might be affe&ed by that ^Tubtle politician. He affirms, however, not only that he is alive, *nd was fo on the fifth of feptember, but that his head, his heart, his ftomach, are in the moft perfect Aate, and that the climate of Laufanne has been congenial both to his mind and body* He 'confefles indeed, that after the laft fevere winter, the gout, his old enemy, from whom he hoped to have efcaped, purfued him to His retreat among the mountains of Helvetia, and that the Ocge was long, thou eh more languid than in his precedent attacks ; ^fter fome exercife of patience he began to creep, and gradually to walk ; and though he can neither run, nor fly, nor dance, he fupports himfelt with firmnefs on his two legs, and would will- jngly kick the impertinent Gazetteer ; impertinent enough, though more eafiiy to be forgiven than the infolcnt Courier du Bos Rhin, who about three years ago amufed himfclf and his readers with a ' ficTitious epiftle from Mr. G. to Dr. Robertfon.' Mr. G.*s amiable difpofition is ftrongly marked in the follow* ing letter to lord S., from Laufannc, may iofh, 1786. p. 658. * By the difference, 1 fuppofe, ot the ports of France and Ger- many, pr Stanier's letter, though fir ft written, is {till on the road, and your's, which I received yefterday morning, brought me the ifiirfl account of poor Mrs. rorten's departure. There are few events that could afflift me more deeply, and I have been ever jince in a ftate of mind more deferving ot your pity than of your reproaches. I certain lv am not ignorant that we have nothing fetter to wifti for ourfefves than the fate of that beft-h urn o urea woman, as you very juitly fly le her; a good understanding and an excellent heart, with health, fpirits, and a competency, tp live in the midft of her friends till tne age of fourfcore, and then to (hut her eyes without pain or remorfe.. Death can have de- prived her only of fome years of weaknefs, perhaps of mifery ; and for myfelf, it is furely lefs painful to lofe her at prefent, than tp fincj her in n?y vjfit to England next year, linking under the weight of age and infirmities, and perhaps forgetful of herfclf and of the perlons once the deareft to her. AJJ this is perfectly true : but all thefe reflections will not difpel a thoufand fad and tender re- membrances that rufli upon my mind. To her care I am indebted, in earlielt infancy, for the prefervation of my life and health. I was a jpuny child, neglcc"tea by my mother, ltarved by my nurfe, and' or whofe being very little care or expectation was entertain- ed ; without her maternal vigilance I fhould either have been ia jny grave, or imperfectly lived a crooked ricketty monfter, a bur- den ro myfelf and others. To her inflruclions I owe the firft ru- diments of knowledge, the firft exercife of reafon, and a. taftc for fcpoks, which is ftill the pleafure and glory of my life ; and though fte taught me neither language nor fcience, (he was certainly the moft uieful preceptor I ever had. As I grew up, an tntercourfe of thirtv years endeared her to me, as the faithful friend and the agreeable companion. You have feen with what freedom anfi confidence we lived together, and have often admired her char f after and converfation, which, could alike nleafe the young sn<| ' "• ' ' ' t&* Gibbon's MifcelUmtous Wvrh and Memoirs. &$\ the old. All .this is now loft, finally, irrecoverably loft! I will agree with nay lady, that. the immortality of the foul is at fome times a very comfortable doctrine. A thoufand thanks to her for her con (Ian t kind attention to that poor woman who is no more. I wifh I had as much to applaud, and as little to reproach, in my own behaviour towards Mrs. Portcn lince I left England \ and when 1 reflect that my letters would have footbed and comforted her decline, 1 feel more deeply than I can ex pre fs, the real neglect, and feeming indifference, of my filence. To delay a letter from the wednefday to the faturday, and then from the faturday to the wednefday, appears a very flight offence ; yet in the repetition of Juch delay, weeks, months, and years will elapfe, till the omiflion may become irretrievable, and the confeauence mifchievous or fatal. After a long lethargy, I had rouzed myfelf laft week, and wrote to the three old ladies ; my letter for Mrs. Porten went away laft poft, faturday night, and yours did not arrive till mom* day morning. SirStanter will probably open it, and read the true pitiure of my fentiments for a friend who, when I wrote, was already extinct. There is fomcthing fad and awful in the thought, yet, on the whole, I am not forry that even this tardy epiftle preceded my knowledge of her death : but it did not precede (you will obferve) the information of her dangerous and declining itate, which I conveyed in my laft letter, and her anxiqus con- cern that (he fhould never Tee or bear from me again. This idea, and the hard thoughts which you mull entertain of me, prefs fo ' much on my mind, that I muft frankly acknowledge a ft range in. excufable fupinenefs, on which I defire you would make no com* ment, and which in fome mcafure may account for my delays in correfponding with you.' Mr* 6. gives the following account of a vifit which he received from Mr. Fox at Laufanqe, in October 1788. p. 102. * The man of the people efeaped from the tumult, the bloody tumult of the Weftrmnfter election, to the lakes and mountains of Switzerland, and I was informed that he was arrived at the Lyon d'Or. I fent a compliment ; he anfwered it in perfon, and fettled at my houfe for the remainder of the day. I have eat and drank, and converfed and fat up all night with Fox in England ; but it sever has happened, perhaps it never can happen- again, that I fhould enjoy him as 1 did that day, alone, from ten in the morn* )ng till ten at night. Poor Dey verdun, before his accident, wanted , fpirits to appear, and has regretted it fince. Our conversation/ never flagged a moment ; and ne feemed thoroughly pleafed with the place and with his company. We had little politics ; though he gave me, in a few words, fuch a character of Pitt, as one great man (liould give of another bis rival ; much of books, from my own, on which he flattered me very pleafantly, to Homer and the Arabian Nights : much about the country, my garden (which he understands far better than I do), and, upon the whole, I think he envies me, and would do fo were he minifter. The next morning J gave him a guide to walk him about the town and country, and invited fome company to meet him at dinaer. The fpllQWing day he continued his journey to Bern and Zurich, and Tift *!#GRA?HY. 8 have beard of him by various means. The people gaze on iiim as a prodigy, but he (hews little inclination to converfe with them, &c. &c. &c.' / In 1789, Mr. G. writes as follows concerning France, p. 207. ^ * What would you have me fay of the affairs of France ? We mre too near, and too remote, to form an accurate judgment of ifhat wonderful fcene. The abufes of the court and government <alled aloud for reformation ; and it has happened, as it will al- ways happen, that an innocent and well-difpofed prince has paid the forfeit of the fins of his predeceflbrs ; of the ambition of Lewis •the fourteenth, of the profufion of Lewis the fifteenth. The tfrench nation had a glorious opportunity, but they have abufed, and may lofe their advantages. If they had been content with a liberal tranflation of our fyftem, if they had refpecled the prero- gatives of the crown, and the privileges of the nobles, they might bare raifed a folid fabric on the only true foundation, the natural ariftocracy of a great country. How different is the profpc&t Their king brought a captive to Paris, after his palace had been Gained with the blood of his guards ; the nobles in exile; the clergy plundered in a way which ftrikes at the root of all pro- perty ; the capital an independent republic ; the union of the provinces diflblved ; the flames of difcord kindled by the worft *f men ; (in that lfght I con fide r Mirabeau ;) and the honefteft «tf the aflembly, a fet of wild vifionarics, (like our Dr. Price,) Hfho gravely debate, and dream about the eftablifhment of a pure •and per left democracy of five- and-twenty millions, -the virtues of the golden ngt9 and the primitive rights and equality of mankind, which would lead, m fair reafoning, to an casual partition of lands and money*- How many years muft elaple before France can recover any vigour, or refume her flat ion among the powers of Europe ! As yet, there is no.fymptom of a great man, a Rich- lieu or a Cromwell, arifing, either to reftore the monarchy, or to lead the commonwealth. The weight of Paris, more deeply engaged inthe funds than all the reft of the kingdom, will long delay a bankruptcy ,* and if it fhould happen, it will be, both in the caufe and the effect, a mcafure of wcaknefs, rather than of ttrength.* • > •In 1792, in a letter to Mrs. G., Mr. G. fays : p. 60,3. * What a ftrange wild world do we live in ! You will allow me to be a tolerable hiftorian, yet, on a fair review of ancient and modern times, f can find none that bear any affinity with the torefent« My knowledge of your difcerning mind, and my recol- lection of your political principles, aflure me, that you* are no more a democrat than myfelf. Had the french improved their .glorious opportunity to eredl a fr^e conftitutional monarchy on the ruins of arbitrary power and the Baftille, I fliould applaud their generous effort ; but this total fubverfion of all rank, order, and government could be productive only of a papular monfler, which, after devouring every thing elfe, muft finally devour itfelf. I was once apprehenfive that this monfter would propagate fome imps in our happy ifland, but they feem to have Deen crufhed in their cradle ; and I acknowledge with pleafore and pride the good Gibbon's JkEfalbntm Works and Memoirs. 1*3 mod fenfe of the englifc natioi, who feem truly confcious of the bleffings which they enjoy : and I am happy to find that the moft refpe&able part of oppofition has cordially joined, in 'the fttppbrt of *l thing* as they are." Even this country has been foroewhat tainted with the democratical infection ; the vigilance of government has been exerted, the malecontents have been awed, the mifguided have bpen undeceived, the fever in the blood has gradually fubfided, and I flatter myfelf that we have fecured the tranquil enjoyment of obfeure felicity, which we had bee* almoft tempted to defpife.' In the fame year he writes to lord S. p. 271. * You have now crufhed the daring fubverters of the conftU ftiturion ; but 1 now fear the moderate well-meaners, reformers* Do not, I befeech you, tamper with parliamentary reprefenfa* tion. The prefent houfe of commons torms, in f>r aft ice ^ a body of gentlemen, who mud always fympathize with the interefct and opinions of the people ; and the flight eft innervation launches you, without rudder or compafs, on a dark and dangerous ocean «f theoretical experiment. On this fubject I am indeed ferious.* Of the war with France, Mr. G., in february 1793* thus ex- prefTcs himfelf : p. 278. * I wifh, although I know not how it could have been avoided that we might dill have continued to enjoy our fafe and prof- Serous neutrality. You will not doubt my bell wi flies for the eftrudion of the mifcreants ; but I love England ftill more than I hate France. All reafonable chances are in favour of a confe- deracy, fqch as